Introduction to Energy Essentials: Insight into Nuclear, Renewable, and Non-Renewable Energies

Front-Matter_2021_Introduction-to-Energy-Essentials

Copyright_2021_Introduction-to-Energy-Essentials

Dedication_2021_Introduction-to-Energy-Essentials

Contents_2021_Introduction-to-Energy-Essentials
Contents
About-the-Authors_2021_Introduction-to-Energy-Essentials
About the Authors
Preface_2021_Introduction-to-Energy-Essentials
Preface
Acknowledgment_2021_Introduction-to-Energy-Essentials
Acknowledgment
Chapter-1---Population-growth-driving-energ_2021_Introduction-to-Energy-Esse
Chapter 1 - Population growth driving energy demand
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Energy demand projection
1.3 A role for everyone
1.4 Behind the scenes: how we forecast to 2040
1.4.1 Global energy demand varies by sector
1.4.2 Energy demand shifts toward non-OECD
1.4.3 Global energy mix shifts to lower-carbon fuels
1.5 Transportation energy projections
1.5.1 Transportation energy demand growth driven by commerce
1.5.2 Global transportation energy demand relative to GDP
1.5.3 Commercial transportation grows in all aspects
1.5.4 Access to personal mobility increase
1.5.5 Efficiency mitigates light-duty demand growth
1.5.6 Electric vehicles grow rapidly
1.5.7 Liquid demand trajectory uncertain but resilient
1.6 Residential and commercial energy projections
1.6.1 Residential and commercial demand shifts to non-OECD
1.6.2 Residential energy use reflects efficiency gains
1.6.3 Electricity demand surges
1.6.4 Household electricity up in non-OECD
1.7 Industrial energy projections
1.7.1 Industrial undergirds global economic expansion
1.8 Oil, gas, and electricity fuel industrial growth
1.9 Heavy industry migrates to emerging markets
1.10 Heavy industry energy evolves toward cleaner fuels
1.11 Consumer demand propels chemicals growth
1.12 Rising prosperity lifts chemicals energy demand
1.13 Chemical production relies on oil and natural gas
1.14 Electricity and power generation projections
1.14.1 Electricity source shift
1.14.2 Natural gas and renewables dominate growth
1.15 Renewable penetration increases across all regions
1.16 Electricity generation highlights regional diversity
1.17 Natural gas is a key fuel for reliable electricity generation
1.18 Different policy or technology choices can impact outcome
1.19 Meeting climate change goals through energy efficiency
1.19.1 What are the opportunities
1.19.2 Key recommendations
1.20 Energy supply projections
1.21 Liquid supply projections
1.22 Emissions
1.23 Fuel cell car power plants
References
Chapter-2---Nuclear-power-plant-history-from-pas_2021_Introduction-to-Energy
Chapter 2 - Nuclear power plant history from past to present and future
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Fission reaction energy generation
2.3 The first fission chain reaction
2.4 The first self-sustaining fission chain reaction
2.5 Nuclear criticality concept
2.6 Nuclear energy expands and stagnates for peace usages
2.7 Government and nuclear energy
2.8 Fundamental of fission nuclear reactors
2.9 Reactor fundamentals
2.10 Thermal reactors
2.11 Nuclear power plants and their classifications
2.12 Going forward with nuclear energy
2.13 Small modular reactors
2.14 Small modular reactors: safety, security, and cost concerns
2.14.1 Safety concepts of the MSR
2.14.2 Economies of scale and catch
2.14.3 Are small modular reactors safer?
2.14.4 Shrinking evacuation zones
2.14.5 Safety conclusions of nuclear power plants
2.15 Why we need nuclear power plants
2.16 Methodology of combined cycle
2.16.1 Why we still need nuclear power
2.16.2 Is nuclear energy renewable source of energy
2.16.3 Argument for nuclear as renewable energy
2.16.4 Argument against nuclear energy as renewable energy
2.16.5 Today safety of nuclear power plant
2.16.6 Summary
References
Chapter-3---Nuclear-energy-research-and-developm_2021_Introduction-to-Energy
Chapter 3 - Nuclear energy research and development roadmap and pathways
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Nuclear reactors for power production
3.3 Future of nuclear power plant systems
3.4 Next generation of nuclear power reactions for power production
3.5 Technology roadmap for Generation IV nuclear energy systems
3.6 Power conversion study and technology options assessment
3.6.1 Heat exchanger components
3.6.2 Turbomachinery
3.6.3 Advanced computational materials science proposed for GEN IV systems
3.6.4 Material classes proposed for GEN IV systems
3.6.5 Generation IV materials challenges
3.7 Generation IV materials fundamental issues
3.8 End of cheap oil and future of nuclear power
3.9 The future of energy
3.10 Nuclear power in the world today and time for change
3.11 Improved performance from existing reactors
3.12 Other nuclear reactors
3.13 Summary
References
Chapter-4---Small-modular-reactors-and-a-modern-p_2021_Introduction-to-Energ
Chapter 4 - Small modular reactors and a modern power conversion approach
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Industry opportunities for advanced nuclear technology development
4.3 Benefits of small modular reactors
4.4 Modularity
4.5 Lower capital investment
4.6 Siting flexibility
4.7 Greater efficiency
4.8 Safeguards and security/nonproliferation
4.9 Industry, manufacturing, and job growth
4.10 Economic development
4.11 Cost of electricity from nuclear power
4.12 Cost of nuclear technology is too high
4.13 Cooling water requirement for nuclear power reactors
4.14 Next generation of nuclear power reactions for power production
4.15 Technology roadmap for Generation IV nuclear energy systems
4.16 Open air-Brayton gas power cycle
4.17 Modeling the nuclear Air-Brayton cycles
4.18 Currently proposed power conversion systems for small modular reactors
4.19 Advanced Air-Brayton power conversion systems
4.20 Design equations and design parameters
4.20.1 Reactors
4.20.2 Air compressors and turbines
4.20.3 Heat exchangers
4.20.3.1 Primary heat exchangers—sodium to air, molten salt to air
4.20.3.2 Economizer—air to water
4.20.3.3 Superheaters —air to steam
4.20.3.4 Condenser—steam to water
4.20.3.5 Recuperator—air to air
4.20.3.6 Intercooler—water to air
4.20.4 Pumps and generators
4.20.5 Connections and uncertainty
4.20.6 Validation
4.21 Predicted performance of small modular NACC systems
4.22 Performance variation of small modular NACC systems
4.23 Predicted performance for small modular NARC systems
4.24 Performance variation of small modular NARC systems
4.25 Predicted performance for a small modular intercooled NARC systems
4.26 Performance variation of small modular intercooled NARC systems
4.27 Discussion
4.28 Intermittent renewable energy systems and other challenges
4.29 Dealing with the intermittency of renewable energy systems
4.30 Energy storage as heat or electrical charge
4.31 Energy storage as heat—two approaches
4.32 Hydrogen combustion to augment NACC output
4.33 Hydrogen combustion to augment NARC output
4.34 Hydrogen combustion to augment intercooled NARC output
4.35 Conclusions
References
Chapter-5---Thermonuclear-fusion-reaction-driving_2021_Introduction-to-Energ
Chapter 5 - Thermonuclear fusion reaction driving electrical power generation
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Magnetic confinement fusion (MCF)
5.2.1 Magnetic mirrors
5.2.2 Toroidal machines
5.2.2.1 Z-pinch machine
5.2.2.2 Stellarators confinement system
5.2.2.3 Tokamaks confinement system
5.2.2.4 Other systems
5.2.2.5 Compact toroid
5.3 Inertial confinement fusion (ICF)
5.3.1 How inertial confinement fusion (ICF) works
5.3.2 How fast ignition (IF) works
5.3.3 Issues with successful achievement
5.3.4 National ignition laser facility
References
Chapter-6---Other-electrical-power-generation-_2021_Introduction-to-Energy-E
Chapter 6 - Other electrical power generation energy sources
6.1 Introduction
6.2 What is natural gas?
6.2.1 How did natural gas form?
6.2.2 How do we get natural gas?
6.3 Coal
6.3.1 Types of coal
6.3.2 Coal explained: coal prices and outlook
6.3.3 Coal transportation costs can be significant
6.3.4 Most coal is purchased for power plants
6.3.5 The price of coal can depend on the type of transaction
6.3.6 A more expensive coal used to make iron and steel
6.3.7 The outlook for coal prices in the United States
6.4 Petroleum
6.4.1 What is crude oil and what are petroleum products?
6.4.2 Products made from crude oil
6.4.3 Nuclear energy provides one-fifth of US electricity
6.4.4 Nuclear fuel—uranium
6.5 Renewable energy sources
6.5.1 What is renewable energy?
6.5.2 What role does renewable energy play in the United States?
6.6 Biomass
6.6.1 Biomass—renewable energy from plants and animals
6.6.2 Converting biomass to energy
6.6.3 How much biomass is used for fuel?
6.7 Hydropower
6.7.1 Hydropower relies on the water cycle
6.7.2 Moving water drive hydroelectric power
6.7.3 History of hydropower
6.7.4 Fish ladders help salmon reach their spawning grounds
6.8 Geothermal power plants
6.8.1 Geothermal energy comes from deep inside the earth
6.9 Many factors influence electricity prices
6.10 Electricity prices are usually highest in the summer
6.11 Electricity prices vary by type of customer
6.12 Electricity prices vary by locality
References
Chapter-7---Electricity-production-and-renewable-_2021_Introduction-to-Energ
Chapter 7 - Electricity production and renewable source of energy, economics
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Electricity production in the United States
7.3 Energy supply, demand, and market
7.4 What is a capacity market?
7.5 Renewable and nonrenewable energy sources
7.6 Role of renewable energy
7.7 Frequently asked questions
7.8 Snapshot of energy
References
Chapter-8---Energy-storage-technologies-and-their-_2021_Introduction-to-Ener
Chapter 8 - Energy storage technologies and their role in renewable integration
8.1 Introduction
8.2 The electric grid
8.3 Power generation
8.4 Transmission and distribution
8.5 Load management
8.6 Types of storage technology
8.6.1 Kinetic energy storage or flywheels concept
8.6.2 Superconducting magnetic energy storage
8.6.3 Batteries
8.6.3.1 Lead-acid batteries
8.6.3.2 Lithium-ion batteries
8.6.4 Other and future batteries in development
8.7 A battery-inspired strategy for carbon fixation
8.8 Saliva-powered battery
8.9 Summary
References
Chapter-9---Energy-insight--an-energy-essent_2021_Introduction-to-Energy-Ess
Chapter 9 - Energy insight: an energy essential guide
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Knowledge of energy management and efficiency
9.2.1 Energy management systems
9.3 Understanding by measuring
9.4 Reducing energy costs and minimizing risks
9.5 International energy standard
9.5.1 Complying with policies and regulatory frameworks
9.5.2 Improving organizational effectiveness
9.5.3 Improving corporate social responsibility
9.6 How to manage energy
9.6.1 The business case
9.6.2 Implementing energy management
9.7 Energy management standards
9.7.1 PLAN portion of PDCA
9.7.2 DO portion of PDCA
9.7.3 CHECK portion of PDCA
9.7.4 ACT portion of PDCA
9.8 In-depth data analysis
9.8.1 Monitoring and targeting energy review
9.9 How much do you spend on energy?
9.9.1 What did we learn?
9.9.2 How do I lower my energy bills?
9.10 Energy sources comparison
9.10.1 What is energy?
9.10.1.1 Which energy source is best?
9.10.1.2 What are the sources of energy source is best?
9.10.2 Energy technology
9.10.2.1 Delivering energy
9.10.2.2 Nanotechnology
9.10.2.3 Natural gas extraction
9.10.2.4 “Clean coal” technology
9.10.2.5 Carbon capture and sequestration technology
9.10.2.6 Renewable technology
9.10.2.7 Seismic technology
9.10.2.8 Alternative transportation fuels and technology
9.10.3 Energy challenges
9.10.3.1 Encouraging growth of alternative energy sources
9.10.3.2 New transportation technologies
9.10.3.3 Reducing environment impact
9.10.3.4 Increasing energy efficiency
9.10.3.5 Recruiting the next generation of engineers and scientists
9.10.3.6 Energy sustainability: will we run out of fossil fuels?
9.10.4 Sustainability
9.10.4.1 Energy for the future
9.10.4.2 Increasing energy efficiency
9.10.4.3 Conserving energy
9.11 How to compare power generation choices?
9.11.1 Capacity versus energy
9.11.2 Initial cost comparison
9.11.3 Variables versus fixed expenses
9.11.4 Cost per kWh comparison
References
Chapter-10---Heat-pipe-driving-heat-tran_2021_Introduction-to-Energy-Essenti
Chapter 10 - Heat pipe driving heat transfer
10.1 Introduction
10.1 Heat pipes history
10.3 Heat pipes description and types
10.4 Principles of operation
10.4.1 Container
10.4.2 Working fluid
10.4.3 Wick or capillary structure
10.4.3.1 Sintered powder
10.4.3.2 Grove tube
10.4.3.3 Screen mesh
10.4.4 How heat pipe works?
10.4.4.1 Heat pipe assemblies design guidelines
10.4.4.2 Orientation with respect to gravity
10.4.4.3 Temperature limits
10.4.4.4 Heat removal
10.4.4.5 Reliability
10.4.4.6 Forming or shaping
10.4.4.7 Effects of length and pipe diameter
10.4.5 Wick structures
10.5 Operating ranges
10.6 Constraints
10.7 Lesson(s) learned
10.8 Applications
10.9 Applications
10.10 Summary
References
Chapter-11---Thermodynamic-systems_2021_Introduction-to-Energy-Essentials
Chapter 11 - Thermodynamic systems
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Continuity
11.3 System thermodynamics
11.4 Heat transfer and fluid flow
11.5 Extended application
Reference
Chapter-12---Thermal-hydraulic-analysis-of-nu_2021_Introduction-to-Energy-Es
Chapter 12 - Thermal-hydraulic analysis of nuclear reactors
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Basics understanding of thermal hydraulics aspects
12.3 Units
12.3.1 Fundamental units
12.3.2 Thermal energy units
12.3.3 Units conversion
12.4 System properties
12.4.1 Density
12.4.2 Pressure
12.4.3 Temperature
12.5 Properties of the atmosphere
12.6 The structure of momentum, heat, and mass transport
12.7 Common dimensionless parameters
12.8 Computer codes
12.8.1 Probabilistic risk assessment codes
12.8.2 Fuel behavior codes
12.8.3 Reactor kinetics codes
12.8.4 Thermal-hydraulics codes
12.8.5 Server accident codes
12.8.6 Design-basis accident (DBA) codes
12.8.7 Emergency preparedness and response (EPR) codes
12.8.8 Dose and risk calculation software
12.8.9 Radionuclide transport codes
References
Chapter-13---Energy-storage-driving-renewab_2021_Introduction-to-Energy-Esse
Chapter 13 - Energy storage driving renewable energy
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Hybrid energy system introductory
13.2.1 Hybrid system as source of renewable energy
13.3 Energy storage systems
13.4 Compressed air energy storage description
13.4.1 Compressed air energy storage
13.4.2 Advanced adiabatic compressed air energy storage
13.5 Variable electricity with base-load reactor operation
13.6 Why we need nuclear power
13.6.1 The merits of total transformation
13.6.2 The downsides of monoculture
13.6.3 The other zero-carbon energy: nuclear
13.6.4 A diverse portfolio
13.7 Security of energy supply
13.8 Environmental quality
13.9 Nuclear power plant as renewable source of energy
13.10 The future of nuclear power
13.11 Small modular reactor driven renewable and sustainable energy
13.12 Small modular reactor driven hydrogen for renewable energy source
13.13 Why we still need nuclear power
13.14 Is nuclear energy source of renewable energy
13.14.1 Argument for nuclear as renewable source of energy
13.14.2 Argument against nuclear as renewable source of energy
13.15 Safety
13.16 Renewable energy policies
13.17 Electricity markets
References
Chapter-14---Cyber-resilience-and-future-of-ele_2021_Introduction-to-Energy-
Chapter 14 - Cyber resilience and future of electric power system
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Cybersecurity
14.3 CPS driving energy sector
14.4 Securing utilities against cyberattacks
14.5 Modern threats driving modern cyberattacks
14.6 ICS security guideline
14.6.1 Overview of ICS
14.6.2 Overview of CAD, DCS, and PLCs
14.6.3 ICS operation
14.6.4 Key ICS components
14.6.5 Control components
14.6.6 Network components
14.7 SCADA systems
14.8 Distributed control systems
14.9 Programmable logic controllers
14.10 AI driving modern protections against modern threats
14.11 AI and cybersecurity
References
Appendix-A---Plan-do-check-act--PDCA--cy_2021_Introduction-to-Energy-Essenti
Appendix A - Plan-do-check-act (PDCA) cycle
A.1 Introduction
A.2 Plan
A.3 Do
A.4 Check
A.5 Act
A.6 About
A.7 When to use PDCA
A.8 PDCA procedure
A.9 Using the process approach to create a well-design process
References
Appendix-B---Cumulative-sum-control-chart-_2021_Introduction-to-Energy-Essen
Appendix B - Cumulative sum control chart (CUSUM)
B.1 Introduction
B.2 Method
B.3 Control chart formula
B.4 Estimating the target value
B.5 Estimating sigma—sample range
B.6 Estimating sigma—mean of standard deviations
B.7 Estimating sigma—weighted approach
B.8 CUSUM charts
References
Appendix-C---Basic-of-heat-transfer_2021_Introduction-to-Energy-Essentials
Appendix C - Basic of heat transfer
C.1 Introduction
C.2 Heat transfer mechanisms
C.3 Fourier Law of heat conduction
C.4 Heat equation (temperature determination)
C.5 The heat equation derivation
C.6 Thermal hydraulics dimensionless numbers
C.6.1 General convection (forced and free)
C.6.2 Forced convection only
C.6.3 Free convection only
C.6.4 Newton’s law of cooling
C.7 Definition of symbols
C.8 Radiation heat transfer introduction
C.9 Absorption and emissivity
C.10 Gray body radiation heat transfer
C.11 Radiation view factors
C.12 Heat transfer between two finite gray bodies
C.13 Some definition and symbols in radiation
C.14 Forced laminar flow over an isothermal plate
Appendix-D---Permafrost-phenomena_2021_Introduction-to-Energy-Essentials
Appendix D - Permafrost phenomena
D.1 Introduction
D.2 What is permafrost made of?
D.3 How does climate change effect permafrost?
D.4 Study and classification of permafrost
D.5 Permafrost extent
D.6 Continuity of coverage
D.7 Alpine permafrost
D.8 Subsea permafrost
References
Appendix-E---Glossary_2021_Introduction-to-Energy-Essentials
Appendix E - Glossary
Index_2021_Introduction-to-Energy-Essentials
Index