Introduction to Digital Communications

Introduction to Digital Communications
Copyright
atl_0002257240_
Preface
Acknowledgements
Introduction
Historical Review of Communications
Block Diagram of a Digital Communication System
Organization of the Book
References
Fundamental Aspects of Digital Communications
Introduction
Why Digital?
Advantages of Digital
Disadvantages of Digital
Communications modalities
Text
Audio
Visual
Communication network models
Layered Architectures
OSI Model
TCP/IP Protocol Suite
Guided-Transmission Media
Twisted-Pair Cable
Coaxial Cable
Fiber-Optic Cable
Radio transmission
Advantages of Radio
Disadvantages of Radio
Radio Spectrum
Wave Propagation
Transmission impairments
Attenuation
Distortion
Interference
Noise
Modulation process
Fundamental limits in digital transmission
Digital communication design aspects
Summary and Sources
Signals, Systems, and Spectral Analysis
Basic operations on signals
Operations Performed on Dependent Variable
Operations Performed on Independent Variable
Classification of signals
Continuous-Value and Discrete-Value Signals
Continuous-Time and Discrete-Time Signals
Analog and Digital Signals
Deterministic and Random Signals
Real and Complex Signals
Periodic and Nonperiodic Signals
Even and Odd Signals
Energy and Power Signals
Causal and Noncausal Signals
Time-Limited and Band-Limited Signals
Baseband and Bandpass Signals
Classification of systems
Baseband and Passband Systems
Invertible and Noninvertible Systems
Lumped and Distributed Systems
Adaptive and Fixed Systems
Systems with or without Feedback
Systems with or without Memory
Systems with Single/Multiple Inputs and Single/Multiple Outputs
Passive and Active Systems
Causal and Noncausal Systems
Stable and Unstable Systems
Continuous-Time and Discrete-Time Systems
Power-Limited and Band-Limited Systems
Linear and Nonlinear Systems
Time-Invariant and Time-Varying Systems
Linear Time-Invariant LTI Systems
Sinsuoidal signals
Characteristics of Sinusoidal Signals
Benefits and Applications of Sinusoidal Signals
Relation between Sinusoidal and Complex Exponential Signals
Elementary signals
DC Signal
Unit Step Function
Exponential Signal
Sinc Function
Gaussian Pulse
Unit Ramp Function
Signum Function
Rectangular Pulse
Dirac Delta or Unit Impulse Function
Periodic Pulse and Impulse Trains
Fourier series
Orthogonal Functions
Dirichlets Conditions
Quadrature Fourier Series
Polar Fourier Series
Complex Exponential Fourier Series
Spectrum of Periodic Signals
Power of Periodic Signals
Fourier transform
Fourier Transform Pair
Fourier Spectra
Fourier Transform for Periodic Signals
Properties of Fourier Transform
Numerical Computation of Fourier Transform: Discrete Fourier Transform
Time and frequency relations
Bandwidth Definitions
Time-Bandwidth Product
Summary and Sources
Probability, Random Variables, and Random Processes
Introduction
Contents
Probability
Basic Definitions
Axioms of Probability
Conditional Probability and Bayes’ Rule
Random variables
Single Random Variable
Important Single Random Variables
Expected Value
Conditional cdf and pdf of a Random Variable
Functions of a Single Random Variable
Chebyshev Inequality
Pair of Random Variables
Independent, Uncorrelated, and Orthogonal Random Variables
Jointly Gaussian Random Variables
Sum of Random Variables
Random processes
Basic Concepts
Statistical Averages
Stationary Processes
Ergodic Processes
Power Spectral Density
Response of Linear Time-Invariant Systems to Random Processes
Gaussian Random Process
Noise
Narrowband Bandpass Noise
Sampling Theorem of Random Signals
Summary and Sources
Problems
Analog-to-Digital Conversion
Introduction
Sampling process
Sampling Theorem
Undersampling and Aliasing Effect
Natural Sampling and Flat-Top Sampling
Upsampling and Oversampling
Sampling of Bandpass Signals and Random Signals
Quantization process
Uniform Quantization
Nonuniform Quantization
Vector Quantization
Digital pulse modulation
Pulse-Code Modulation PCM
Differential PCM DPCM and Adaptive DPCM ADPCM
Delta Modulation DM and Adaptive DM ADM
Line codes
Line Coding Schemes and Selection Criteria
Power Spectral Density of Line Codes
Summary and Sources
Problems
Baseband Digital Transmission
Introduction
Baseband binary PAM transmission system model
Intersymbol interference
Nyquist Criterion for Distortionless Zero-ISI Transmission
Raised-Cosine Pulse Spectrum
Eye Diagrams
Optimum system design for noise immunity
Bit Error Rate Derivation
Optimum Transmitting and Receiving Filters
Design Procedure and Example
Baseband M-ary signaling schemes
Bandwidth and Bit Rate
Power and Bit Error Rate
Binary vs. M-ary Signaling Schemes
Equalization
Viterbi Equalizers
Linear Equalizers
Decision-Feedback Equalizers
Adaptive Equalization
Summary and Sources
Problems
Passband Digital Transmission
Introduction
Optimum receiver principles
System Model
Gram-Schmidt Orthogonalization Procedure
Geometric Representation and Interpretation of Signals
Receiver Implementation
Probability of Error
Nonwhite Noise and Noncoherent Detection
Binary digital modulation schemes
Binary Amplitude-Shift Keying
Binary Frequency-Shift Keying
Binary Phase-Shift Keying
Comparison of Binary Digital Modulation Schemes
Coherent quaternary signaling schemes
Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying
Offset Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying
Minimum-Shift Keying
M-ary coherent modulation techniques
M-ary Amplitude-Shift Keying
M-ary Phase-Shift Keying
M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
M-ary Frequency-Shift Keying
Comparison of M-ary Modulation Schemes
Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing
Summary and Sources
Problems
Synchronization
Introduction
Synchronization levels
Scrambling
Pseudorandom Scrambler
Self-Synchronizing Scrambler
Phase-Locked Loop PLL
Basic Operation
Linear Model of PLL
Carrier Recovery
The Mth-Power Loop
The Costas Loop
Symbol Synchronization
Nonlinear-Filter Synchronizer
Early-Late Gate Synchronizer
Summary and Sources
Problems
Information Theory
Introduction
Measure of information
Information Content
Average Information Content
Extended DMS
Classification of source codes
Block Codes
Fixed-Length Codes
Variable-Length Codes
Distinct Codes
Prefix-Free Instantaneous Codes
Uniquely Decodable Codes
Kraft Inequality
Extension Codes
Source Coding theorem
Lossless data compression
Huffman Source Coding Algorithm
Lempel-Ziv Source Coding Algorithm
Discrete Memoryless channels
Channel Transition Probabilities
Mutual Information
Capacity of Discrete Memory Channel
Channel coding theorem
Gaussian Channel Capacity Theorem
Summary and Sources
Problems
Error-Control Coding
Introduction
Errors
Types of Errors
Methods of Controlling Errors
Classes of Codes
Decoding Methods
Error-detection methods
Parity-Check Codes
Checksum
Cyclic Redundancy Check
Automatic Repeat Request ARQ
Stop-and-Wait, Go-Back-N, and Selective-Repeat ARQ Techniques
Performance of ARQ Systems
Block codes
Description and Capabilities of Linear Block Codes
Syndrome-Based Decoding
Well-Known Codes
Convolutional codes
Representations of Convolutional Codes
Maximum-Likelihood Decoding: The Viterbi Algorithm
Trellis-Coded Modulation
Compound codes
Interleavering
Simple Combining Codes
Turbo Codes
Low-Density Parity-Check Codes
Summary and Sources
Problems
Communication Networks
Introduction
Multiplexing
Frequency-Division Multiplexing
Time-Division Multiplexing
Wavelength-Division Multiplexing
Duplexing
Frequency-Division Duplexing
Time-Division Duplexing
Multiple Access
Frequency-Division Multiple Access
Time-Division Multiple Access
Code-Division Multiple Access
Random access
ALOHA
CSMA
Controlled Access
Reservation
Polling
Wired Communication Networks
Circuit-Switched and Packet-Switched Networks
Topology
Routing and Flow Control
Local Area Networks
Telephone and Cable Networks
Network Security and Cryptography
Private-Key Cryptography
Public-Key Cryptography
Digital Signatures
Summary and Sources
Problems
Wireless Communications
Introduction
Radio-link analysis
Sources of Interference, Loss, and Noise
Received Signal Power and Path Loss
Noise Temperature and Receive Figure of Merit
Link Margin and Link Threshold
Frequency reuse
Dual Polarization
Spatial Separation
Mobile-radio propagation characteristics
Radio-Propagation Mechanisms
Doppler Effect
Delay Spread and Coherent Bandwidth
Doppler Spread and Coherence Time
Large-Scale Fading and Small-Scale Fading
Fast Fading and Slow Fading
Flat Fading and Frequency-Selective Fading
Diversity
Time Diversity
Space Diversity
Site Diversity
Frequency Diversity
Polarization Diversity
Angle Diversity
Path Diversity
Diversity-combining methods
Selection Combining
Maximal-Ratio Combining
Equal-Gain Combining
Emerging wireless communication systems
Evolution of Wireless Communication Systems
4G Systems
TV White Spaces
Summary and Sources
Problems
Analog Continuous-Wave Modulation
Introduction
Analog Continuous-Wave CW Modulation
Amplitude moDUlation
Conventional Amplitude Modulation
Double-Sideband Suppressed-Carrier Amplitude Modulation
Single-Sideband Amplitude Modulation
Vestigial-Sideband Amplitude Modulation
Frequency modUlation
Representation of FM Signals
Spectral Analysis of FM Signals
FM Modulation and Demodulation
Amplitude Nonlinearity in Analog CW Modulation
Effect of Amplitude Nonlinearity on AM Systems
Effect of Amplitude Nonlinearity on FM Systems
Noise in analog CW modulation
Effect of Noise on AM Systems
Effect of Noise on FM Systems
Commercial radio broadcasting
AM Radio Broadcasting and Reception
FM Radio Broadcasting and Reception
Comparison of Analog CW Modulation Schemes
Summary and Sources
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
Z