Introduction to Clinical Psychology: Bridging Science and Practice

Half title
Title page
Imprints page
Dedication
Contents
Detailed Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Significant Dates and Events in the History of Clinical Psychology
1 What Is Clinical Psychology?
Contents
Chapter Preview
An Overview of Clinical Psychology
The Definition of Clinical Psychology
The Popularity of Clinical Psychology
What Does it Take to Become a Clinical Psychologist?
Clinical Psychology and Related Mental Health Professions
In Review An Overview of Clinical Psychology
Clinical Psychologists at Work
What Do Clinical Psychologists Do?
Where Do Clinical Psychologists Work?
How Much Do Clinical Psychologists Earn?
Who Are Clinical Psychologists?
Who Are the Clients of Clinical Psychologists?
In Review Clinical Psychologists at Work
Clinical Psychology in the 21st Century
Science and Practice
Thinking Scientifically About Evidence
Eclecticism and Integration
The Health-Care Environment
In Review Clinical Psychology in the 21st Century
Chapter Summary
2 Clinical Psychology’s Past, Present, and Future
Contents
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The Roots of Clinical Psychology
The Empirical Tradition
The Psychometric Tradition
The Clinical Tradition
In Review The Roots of Clinical Psychology
Clinical Psychology Begins to Grow
Psychological Testing Expands
Clinicians Become Psychotherapists
Clinicians Form Professional Organizations
In Review Clinical Psychology Begins to Grow
Clinical Psychology Branches Out
The Psychodynamic Approach
The Humanistic Approach
The Behavioral Approach
The Cognitive Approach
The Cognitive Behavioral Approach
Social Systems Approaches
The Biological Approach
Comparing Approaches: The Case of Rachel Jackson
In Review Clinical Psychology Branches Out
Looking Ahead
Mechanisms of Change and Transdiagnostic Approaches
The Burden of Mental Illness and the Science–Practice Gap
Mental Hospitals Versus Prisons and Jails
The Changing Landscape of Clinical Practice
New Approaches to Diagnosing Psychological Disorders
Chapter Summary
3 Basic Features of Clinical Assessment, Classification, and Diagnosis
Contents
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An Outline of the Assessment Process
Receiving and Clarifying the Referral Question
Planning Data Collection Procedures
Collecting Assessment Data
Processing Data and Forming Conclusions
Communicating Assessment Results
In Review An Outline of the Assessment Process
The Goals of Clinical Assessment
Classification and Diagnosis
Description
Planning and Evaluating Treatment
Prediction
In Review The Goals of Clinical Assessment
Factors Influencing the Choice of Assessment Instruments
Reliability
Validity
Standardization
Bandwidth Versus Fidelity: A Complex Tradeoff
Other Factors Affecting Assessment Choices
In Review Factors Influencing the Choice of Assessment Instruments
Clinical Judgment and Decision-Making
Clinical Intuition
Improving Clinical Judgment
In Review Clinical Judgment and Decision-Making
Communicating Assessment Results
Report Clarity
Relevance to Goals
Usefulness of Reports
In Review Communicating Assessment Results
Ethical Considerations in Assessment
Chapter Summary
4 Interviewing and Observation in Clinical Psychology
Contents
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Clinical Interview Situations
Intake Interviews
Problem-Referral Interviews
Orientation Interviews
Debriefing and Termination Interviews
Crisis Interviews
Ethnic and Cultural Issues in Clinical Interviews
In Review Clinical Interview Situations
Interview Structure
Nondirective Interviews
Semistructured Interviews
Structured Interviews
In Review Interview Structure
Stages in the Interview
Stage 1: Beginning the Interview
Stage 2: The Middle of the Interview
Stage 3: Closing the Interview
In Review Stages in the Interview
Evaluating the Quality of Interviews
Communication and Miscommunication in the Interview
Reliability and Validity of Interview Data
In Review Evaluating the Quality of Interviews
Observational Assessment
Goals of Observational Assessment
Limitations of Observational Assessment
In Review Observational Assessment
Approaches to Observational Assessment
Naturalistic Observation
Controlled Observation
Behavioral Avoidance Tests
In Review Approaches to Observational Assessment
Research on Observational Assessment
Defining Observational Targets
Representativeness of Observed Behavior
Reliability of Observational Assessment
Validity of Observational Assessment
In Review Research on Observational Assessment
Chapter Summary
5 Testing in Clinical Psychology
Contents
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Basic Concepts in Psychological Testing
What Is a Psychological Test?
How Are Tests Constructed?
Standardization and Score Interpretation
Avoiding Distortion in Test Scores
In Review Basic Concepts of Psychological Testing
Tests of Intellectual Functioning
Theories of Intelligence
The Binet Scales
The Wechsler Scales
Other Intelligence Tests
Aptitude and Achievement Tests
In Review Tests of Intellectual Functioning
Tests of Attitudes, Interests, Preferences, and Values
Tests of Psychopathology and Personality
Objective Tests of Psychopathology
Objective Tests of Personality
Projective Personality Tests
In Review Tests of Psychopathology and Personality
The Current Status of Psychological Testing
Reliability and Validity of Psychological Tests
Psychological Testing with Diverse Clients
The Ethical Use of Psychological Tests
New Roles and Goals for Psychological Tests
In Review The Current Status of Psychological Testing
Chapter Summary
6 Basic Features of Clinical Interventions
Contents
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Overview of Clinical Interventions
What Is Psychotherapy?
How Many Psychotherapy Approaches Are There?
In Review Major Approaches to Psychotherapy
The Participants in Psychotherapy
The Client
The Therapist
The Therapeutic Alliance
Settings for Psychotherapy
In Review The Participants in Psychotherapy
The Goals of Clinical Interventions
Building a Strong Therapeutic Relationship
Fostering Insight
Providing New Information (Education)
Assigning Extratherapy Tasks (Homework)
Developing Faith, Hope, and Expectations for Change
In Review The Goals of Clinical Interventions
Ethical Guidelines for Clinical Interventions
The APA Ethics Code
Ethics and the Therapist’s Values
In Review Ethical Guidelines for Clinical Interventions
Some Practical Aspects of Clinical Intervention
Treatment Duration and Fees
Record Keeping
Case Formulation and Treatment Planning
Therapist Objectivity and Self-Disclosure
Termination
Two Broad Trends in Clinical Intervention
In Review Some Practical Aspects of Clinical Intervention
Chapter Summary
7 Research on Clinical Intervention
Contents
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Methods for Studying Psychological Treatments
Basic Designs of Psychotherapy-Outcome Research: Past and Present
In Review Methods for Studying Psychological Treatments
Results of Research on Individual Treatments
Client Satisfaction Surveys
Box Score Reviews
Meta-Analytic Studies
Empirically Supported and Evidence-Based Treatments
Evidence-Based Practice
Research on Common or Nonspecific Factors in Therapy
In Review Results of Research on Individual Treatments
Results of Research on Other Modes of Intervention
Findings on Group Therapy
Findings on Couples Therapy
Findings on Family Therapy
Findings on Preventive Interventions
Findings on Self-Help Resources and Self-Help Groups
Findings on the Combination of Psychotherapy and Medication
In Review Results of Research on Other Modes of Intervention
Issues and Concerns About Research on Psychotherapy
Concerns and Compromises in Therapy Research
In Review Issues and Concerns about Research on Psychotherapy
Chapter Summary
8 Psychoanalytic, Psychodynamic, and Humanistic Psychotherapies
Contents
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Psychoanalysis
Freud’s Theory of Personality and Psychopathology
Foundations of Psychoanalytic Therapy
A Case Example of Psychoanalysis
In Review Psychoanalysis
Psychodynamic Psychotherapy
Adler’s Individual Psychology
Jung’s Analytical Psychology
Ego Psychology
Object Relations Therapy
Relational Psychodynamic Psychotherapy
Short-Term Psychodynamic Psychotherapy
The Current Status of Psychodynamic Psychotherapy
In Review Psychodynamic Psychotherapy
Interpersonal Psychotherapy
The Current Status of Interpersonal Psychotherapy
In Review Interpersonal Psychotherapy
Humanistic Psychotherapy
Person-Centered Therapy
The Goals of Person-Centered Therapy
A Case Example of Person-Centered Therapy
Gestalt Therapy
Existential and Other Humanistic Approaches
The Current Status of Humanistic Psychotherapy
In Review Humanistic Psychotherapy
Chapter Summary
9 Cognitive, Behavioral, and Acceptance-Based Psychotherapies
Contents
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Behavior Therapy
Theoretical Foundations
Assessment in Behavior Therapy
Role of the Therapist
Goals of Behavior Therapy
Clinical Applications
Exposure Techniques
A Case Example of Exposure Treatment
Social Skills Training
Behavioral Activation and Activity Scheduling
Aversion Therapy and Punishment
A Case Example of Behavior Therapy
In Review Behavior Therapy
Cognitive Therapy
Theoretical Foundations
Goals of Cognitive Therapy
Cognitive Therapy Methods
In Review Cognitive Therapy
Cognitive Behavior and Acceptance-Based Therapies
Theoretical Foundations and Extensions
Clinical Applications
Integrating Cognitive Behavior and Acceptance-Based Therapies
The Current Status of Cognitive Behavior and Acceptance-Based Therapies
In Review Cognitive Behavior and Acceptance-Based Therapies
Chapter Summary
10 Delivering Mental Health Services
Contents
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Dissemination and Implementation of Clinical Interventions
The Challenges of Dissemination and Implementation
New Models for Delivering Therapy
In Review Dissemination and Implementation of Clinical Interventions
Group Therapy
Therapeutic Factors in Group Therapy
The Practice of Group Therapy
Cognitive Behavioral Group Therapy
In Review Group Therapy
Couples and Family Therapy
Diagnosis in Couples and Family Therapy
Couples Therapy Methods
Family Therapy
A Case Example of Family Therapy
The Social Contexts of Couples and Family Therapy
In Review Couples and Family Therapy
Alternatives to In-Person Therapy by Mental Health Professionals
Technological Innovations
Non-Specialist Providers
Prevention Science
Community Psychology
Self-Help
Complementary and Alternative Medicine
In Review Alternatives to In-Person Therapy with Mental Health Professionals
Chapter Summary
11 Clinical Psychology for Youth and Older Adults
Contents
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A Brief History of Clinical Child Psychology
In Review A Brief History of Clinical Child Psychology
Unique Characteristics of Clinical Child Psychology
A Focus on Developmental Stages
Attention to the Contexts of Behavior
Processes for Seeking Help
Confidentiality
In Review Unique Characteristics of Clinical Child Psychology
Clinical Assessment of Children
Special Considerations in Child Assessment
Behavior Rating Scales
Clinical Interviews
Intelligence and Achievement Tests
Projective Tests
Behavioral Observations
Understanding and Dealing with Inconsistent Assessment Information
A Case Example
In Review Clinical Assessment of Children
Treatment and Prevention of Child and Adolescent Disorders
Psychosocial Treatments for Disorders in Children and Adolescents
Pharmacological Interventions
A Case Example
Prevention of Childhood Disorders
In Review Treatment and Prevention of Child and Adolescent Disorders
The Future of Clinical Child Psychology
Diversity and Multiculturalism
Access to Care
Interdisciplinary Approaches to Research and Practice
Technology and Youth Mental Health
Clinical Geropsychology
A Brief History of Clinical Geropsychology
The Need for More Geropsychologists
In Review Clinical Geropsychology
Unique Characteristics of Clinical Geropsychology
Training in Geropsychology
Work Settings for Geropsychologists
A Focus on Life-Span Development
In Review Unique Characteristics of Clinical Geropsychology
Clinical Assessment with Older Adults
Assessment Methods with Older Adults
A Case Example
In Review Clinical Assessment with Older Adults
Treatment of Older Adults
Special Considerations in Treating Older Adults
Treatment Methods and Settings
Pharmacological Treatments
A Case Example
In Review Treatment of Older Adults
The Future of Geropsychology
Diversity and Multiculturalism
Advancing Technology
Chapter Summary
12 Clinical Psychology, Health, and Well-Being
Contents
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What Is Health Psychology?
Stress, Coping, and Health
Measuring Stressors
Adaptive Coping Strategies
Stress-Hardy Personality Characteristics
Social Support
In Review What Is Health Psychology?
Risk Factors for Illness
Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease
In Review Risk Factors for Illness
Illness Prevention and Treatment Programs
Cardiovascular Diseases
Pain
Cancer
HIV/AIDS
In Review Illness Prevention and Treatment Programs
Improving Adherence to Medical Treatment
Causes of Nonadherence
Interventions to Improve Adherence
In Review Improving Adherence to Medical Treatment
A Case Example of Health Psychology
Chapter Summary
13 Clinical Neuropsychology
Contents
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A Brief History of Neuropsychology
Early Influences
Development of Neuropsychological Assessment Techniques
Split-Brain Research
Research on Normal Brains
In Review A Brief History of Neuropsychology
Basic Principles of Neuropsychology
A Modern View of Localization of Function
Modules and Networks
Levels of Interaction
Lateralization of Function
In Review Basic Principles of Neuropsychology
Patterns of Neuropsychological Dysfunction
Occipital Lobe Dysfunction
Parietal Lobe Dysfunction
Temporal Lobe Dysfunction
Frontal Lobe Dysfunction
Neuropsychological Syndromes
In Review Patterns of Neuropsychological Dysfunction
Neuropsychological Assessment
Neuropsychological Test Batteries
Individualized Approaches to Neuropsychological Testing
Neuropsychological Assessment and Rehabilitation
In Review Neuropsychological Assessment
Neuropsychological Approaches to Psychopathology
Depression
Schizophrenia
Developmental Disorders
In Review Neuropsychological Approaches to Psychopathology
The Current Status of Clinical Neuropsychology
Chapter Summary
14 Forensic Psychology
Contents
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The Scope of Forensic Psychology
In Review The Scope of Forensic Psychology
Criminal Competence and Responsibility
Criminal Competence
Assessing Competence
The Insanity Defense
Assessing Sanity
Reforming the Insanity Defense
In Review Criminal Competence and Responsibility
Assessing Psychological Status in Civil Cases
Assessing Psychological Damage in Tort Cases
Workers’ Compensation Cases
Civil Competencies
In Review Assessing Psychological Status in Civil Cases
Psychological Autopsies and Criminal Profiling
Psychological Autopsies
Criminal Profiling
In Review Psychological Autopsies and Criminal Profiling
Child Custody and Parental Fitness
Child Custody Disputes
Custody Mediation
Termination of Parental Rights
In Review Child Custody and Parental Fitness
Mental Health Experts in the Legal System
In Review Mental Health Experts in the Legal System
Chapter Summary
15 Training and Practice Issues in Clinical Psychology
Contents
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Professional Training
The Boulder Conference
The Vail Conference
The Salt Lake City Conference
The Delaware Conference
Clinical Psychology Training Today
Professional Schools and the Doctor of Psychology (Psy.D.) Degree
Clinical Psychology Training Models
Evaluating Clinical Psychology Training
The Internship Imbalance
In Review Professional Training
Professional Regulation
Certification and Licensure
ABPP Certification
In Review Professional Regulation
Professional Ethics
Ethical Standards of the American Psychological Association
Implementation of Ethical Standards
Dealing with Ethical Violations
Other Ethical Standards
Regulation Through State Laws
Regulation Through Malpractice Litigation
In Review Professional Ethics
Professional Independence
The Economics of Mental Health Care
Independent Practice
Prescription Privileges
In Review Professional Independence
Professional Multicultural Competence
A Case Study of Culturally Competent Therapy
In Review Professional Multicultural Competence
The Future of Clinical Psychology
Training
Psychotherapy Integration
Interdisciplinary Science and Practice
Positive Psychology
Spirituality
Technology
Dissemination
Outreach to National and International Communities
A Final Word
In Review The Future of Clinical Psychology
Chapter Summary
16 Getting into Graduate School in Clinical Psychology
Contents
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What Types of Graduate Programs Will Help Me Meet My Career Goals?
Research Versus Clinical Emphasis?
M.A., Ph.D., or Psy.D.?
Am I Ready to Make the Commitment Required by Graduate Programs at This Time in My Life?
Time Commitments
Financial Commitments
Academic and Emotional Commitments
Are My Credentials Strong Enough for Graduate School in Clinical Psychology?
Undergraduate Coursework and Experience
Graduate Record Exam Scores
Grade Point Average
Letters of Recommendation
Given My Credentials, to What Type of Program Can I Realistically Aspire?
I Have Decided to Apply to Graduate School in Clinical Psychology. What Should I Do Now?
How Do I Get Information About Graduate Programs and Identify “Good” Ones?
What Does It Mean When a Clinical Psychology Graduate Program is Accredited by the American Psychological Association?
What Does it Mean When a Clinical Psychology Graduate Program is Accredited by the Psychological Clinical Science Accreditation System?
When Should I Apply, and What Kind of Timeline Should I Expect?
To How Many Programs Should I Apply?
How Much Will It Cost to Apply?
What Testing is Involved in Applying to Graduate School?
What is the GRE?
Should I Study for the GRE?
How Important is My Grade Point Average?
Will I Need Letters of Recommendation? If so, How Many and from Whom?
What Should I Know About Asking for Letters of Recommendation?
Will I Be Able to See My Letters of Recommendation?
What Should I Include in My Personal Statement?
Are Personal Interviews Required?
How Do I Prepare for an Onsite Interview?
What Kind of Financial Aid Is Available for Graduate Study?
When I Am Admitted to a Program, How Long Will I Have to Make a Decision About Whether to Accept?
Will I Be Successful in Gaining Admission?
What Are Your Rights as a Graduate Student?
Chapter Summary
References
Answer Key
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
Name Index
Subject Index