Infectious diseases as a specialty suffers from many unique challenges stemming from lower salaries compared to other medical specialties and difficulty keeping the younger demographic within the field. With emerging infections, new diagnostic and research tools, and changing migration patterns, these problems are amplified; infectious disease specialists are in higher demand than ever with fewer and fewer specialists available to support patients and colleagues outside of the field. To meet these increasing challenges, it is vital for the workforce of the future to have the best training possible. This book aims to provide this support.
As trainees, all physicians face clinical infectious disease scenarios on a daily basis. They receive basic training in common infections, giving them the tools needed for initial diagnostic studies and empiric treatment. This approach, however, still leaves them struggling with nuances of treating common infections, infections that masquerade as other diseases, rare infection, advanced diagnostics, complicating medical conditions, and a wide range of medical complexities. Important clinical microbiology details and host susceptibility risks will be highlighted when discussing uncommon infections.
Each chapter begins by defining a distinct clinical infectious disease problem and the most common cause(s). The next section of each chapter identifies the key questions to consider, including other possible pathogens, medical history, alternate microbiologic diagnoses, instances of unexpected result. This book is the only academic text designed specifically to meet this challenge by targeting learners at all levels. To do this, the text incorporate 30-40 common clinical infectious disease scenarios in both adult and pediatric hosts. It includes easy-to-access “tips and tricks” for when to look further or consider possibilities that are unusual that is useful for someone who is new to the information or has limited experience within infectious diseases. The text heavily features teaching and learning tools, including call out boxes that prioritizes infectious etiologies, host risk factors, important microbiologic clues, and important clinical history clues. The text also includes review questions and quiz-like challenges to reinforce the concepts.
Written by experts in the field Clinical Infectious Diseases is the most cutting-edge academic resource for all medical students, fellows, residents, and trainees, including infectious disease specialists in both adult and pediatric care, internal medicine specialists, and hospitalists.
Author(s): Joseph Domachowske
Edition: 1st Edition
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2019
Language: English
Pages: 465
Tags: Infectious Diseases; Tropical Medicine
Preface......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Contributors......Page 10
I: Infections of the Skin and Lymph Nodes......Page 14
1: Bacterial Infections of the Skin and Skin Structures......Page 15
1.3 Cellulitis and Skin Abscess......Page 16
Call Out Box 1.3......Page 20
1.5 Wound Infections Following Aquatic Injuries and Exposures......Page 23
1.7 Clinical Clues to Underlying Immunodeficiency......Page 24
Case Study......Page 25
References......Page 26
Related Links to Journals, Books, and/or URLS......Page 27
2: Febrile Exanthems of Childhood......Page 28
Call Out Box 2.3......Page 29
2.2 Scarlet Fever......Page 30
2.4 Fifth Disease, Erythema Infectiosum......Page 31
2.6 Hand Foot and Mouth Disease......Page 32
2.7 Varicella, Chickenpox......Page 33
References......Page 34
3: Acute and Chronic Lymphadenitis......Page 35
3.2 Approach to the Medical History......Page 36
Call Out Box 3.2......Page 37
3.4 Diagnostic Testing Used to Evaluate Inflamed Lymph Nodes......Page 38
Call Out Box 3.5......Page 39
3.5.2.2 Cat Scratch Lymphadenitis......Page 40
3.5.2.5 Nontuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) Lymphadenitis......Page 41
3.5.3.2 Acute Infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus......Page 42
3.7 Exercises......Page 43
References......Page 44
II: Infections of the Respiratory Tract......Page 45
4: Otitis, Sinusitis, and Mastoiditis......Page 46
4.3.1 Otitis Externa......Page 48
4.3.4 Microbiologic Causes of AOM......Page 49
4.3.7 Treatment of AOM......Page 50
4.3.9 Follow–Up......Page 52
4.5.1 Sinusitis: Inflammation of the Paranasal Sinus Cavity Mucosa......Page 53
Call Out Box 4.2......Page 54
Call Out Box 4.3......Page 55
Practical Example......Page 56
4.9.3 Microbiologic Causes of Mastoiditis......Page 57
4.9.6 Treatment of Mastoiditis......Page 58
4.10 Exercises......Page 59
Further Reading......Page 60
5: Pharyngitis and Pharyngeal Space Infections......Page 61
5.2.2 Spaces of the Head and Neck......Page 62
5.4 Infectious Causes of Pharyngitis and Parapharyngeal Infections......Page 64
5.4.1 Viruses as Causes of Pharyngitis and Related Infections......Page 65
5.4.3 Parasites as Causes of Pharyngitis and Related Infections......Page 66
5.4.4.1 Bacterial Causes of Pharyngitis and Tonsillopharyngitis......Page 67
Call Out Box 5.3......Page 68
Call Out Box 5.4......Page 70
5.7 Summary......Page 72
5.5 Imaging for Deep Space Neck Infections......Page 71
References......Page 73
6: Pertussis and Pertussis Syndrome......Page 75
6.2 Definitions......Page 76
6.3 Basic Concepts......Page 77
Call Out Box 6.5......Page 78
Case 2......Page 79
6.5 Summary......Page 80
Related Links to Journals, Books, and/or URLS......Page 81
7: Laryngitis, Tracheitis, Epiglottitis, and Bronchiolitis......Page 82
7.3 Laryngitis......Page 83
Box 7.1 Differential Diagnosis of Respiratory Distress by Clinical Diagnosis......Page 84
7.4 Croup......Page 85
Box 7.3 Clinical Features Used to Assess Croup Severity......Page 86
7.6 Epiglottitis......Page 87
7.9 Bronchiolitis......Page 88
7.10 Definitions......Page 89
Box 7.5 Treatment and Management of Acute Viral Bronchiolitis......Page 90
References......Page 91
Related Links to Journals, Books, and/or URLs......Page 92
8: Atypical Pneumonia......Page 93
8.3.1 Approach to the Diagnosis of Atypical Pneumonia......Page 94
Call Out Box 8.2......Page 95
Chlamydophila psittaci......Page 96
Bordetella pertussis......Page 97
Case Study......Page 98
References......Page 99
Related Links to Journals, Books, and/or URLs......Page 100
9: Fungal Pneumonia......Page 101
Call Out Box 9.2......Page 102
9.3 Clinical Presentation......Page 104
Call Out Box 9.4......Page 105
9.5 Treatment of Fungal Pneumonia......Page 106
9.6 Treatment of Pneumonia Caused by Dimorphic Fungi......Page 108
9.7 Considerations When Choosing Between Available Antifungal Medications......Page 109
Case 4......Page 110
References......Page 111
III: Infections of the Heart......Page 113
10: Infective Endocarditis......Page 114
10.3.1 Clinical Manifestations......Page 115
10.3.3 Pathogens that Cause Infective Endocarditis......Page 116
10.3.5 Management......Page 117
Box 10.2 Definitions of major and minor criteria used in the modified Duke Criteria from 7 Box 10.1a......Page 118
Case 2......Page 119
References......Page 120
Further Reading......Page 121
11: Infectious Myocarditis......Page 122
Call Out Box 11.1: Evaluation of suspected myocarditis......Page 123
11.4 Differential Diagnosis......Page 124
11.6 Management......Page 125
11.8 Practical Example......Page 126
11.9 Exercises......Page 127
Further Reading......Page 128
12: Acute Rheumatic Fever......Page 129
12.3.1 Pathogenesis......Page 130
Call Out Box 12.2......Page 131
12.5 Establishing a Diagnosis of Acute Rheumatic Fever......Page 132
Call Out Box 12.4......Page 133
References......Page 134
IV: Infections of the Liver and Intestinal Tract......Page 136
13: Infectious Hepatitis......Page 137
13.3 Clinical Evaluation......Page 138
13.4 Diagnostic Evaluation of a Patient with Hepatitis......Page 139
Call Out Box 13.3......Page 140
13.5.1.2 Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Infection......Page 141
Call Out Box 13.4......Page 142
Call Out Box 13.5......Page 143
13.5.2.1 Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Infection......Page 144
13.5.3.2 Hepatitis in the Traveler......Page 145
Case Study......Page 146
References......Page 147
14: Liver Abscess......Page 149
14.3.1 The Incidence and Microbiologic Etiologies of Pyogenic Liver Abscesses......Page 150
14.5 Pathogenesis of Hepatic Abscess Formation......Page 151
14.7 Diagnosis......Page 152
14.8 Management......Page 153
14.9 Exercises......Page 155
References......Page 156
15: Infectious Gastroenteritis......Page 158
15.3 Epidemiology......Page 159
15.4 Etiologies of Infectious Gastroenteritis......Page 160
15.7 Clinical Evaluation......Page 161
15.8 Diagnostic Testing......Page 162
15.10 Clinical Management......Page 163
15.10.2 Early Refeeding......Page 164
15.11 Prevention of Infectious Gastroenteritis......Page 165
References......Page 167
Use of Probiotics for Infectious Gastroenteritis......Page 169
V: Infections of the Urogenital Tract......Page 170
16: Urinary Tract Infections......Page 171
16.3 Clinical Manifestations and Classification......Page 172
16.4.2 Nonbacterial Causes of Urinary Tract Infections......Page 173
16.4.5 Diagnostic Considerations for Suspected Urinary Tract Infections......Page 174
16.4.7 Treatment......Page 176
16.4.8 Special Circumstances......Page 177
References......Page 178
17: Human Papillomavirus Infection......Page 180
17.3 Epidemiology and Disease Burden......Page 181
17.4 Pathogenesis......Page 182
17.7 Diagnosis......Page 183
17.8.1 Cervical Cancer Screening......Page 184
17.8.3 HPV Vaccine Acceptance and Vaccine Hesitancy [7 Call Out Box 17.3]......Page 185
Case Study......Page 186
References......Page 187
18: Prostatitis, Epididymitis, and Orchitis......Page 190
18.1.2 Basic Concepts......Page 191
18.2 Epididymitis......Page 192
18.2.1 Laboratory Testing......Page 193
18.3 Orchitis......Page 194
Case Study......Page 195
Further Reading......Page 196
Related links to frequently used references......Page 197
19: Vaginitis, Mucopurulent Cervicitis, and Pelvic Inflammatory Disease......Page 198
Call Out Box 19.1......Page 199
19.3.1 Evaluation......Page 201
Call Out Box 19.3......Page 200
19.3.2 Etiologies of Vaginal Discharge......Page 202
19.3.2.1 Mucopurulent Cervicitis......Page 205
Call Out Box 19.5......Page 206
19.3.3 Measures of Prevention......Page 207
19.4 Exercises......Page 208
References......Page 209
Further Reading......Page 210
20: Congenital and Perinatal Infections......Page 211
20.3 Basic Concepts: See . Table 20.1......Page 212
20.4 Prevention of Vertically Transmitted Infections......Page 220
References......Page 221
VI: Infections of the Central Nervous System......Page 223
21: Myelitis and Acute Flaccid Paralysis......Page 224
21.2 Definitions......Page 225
21.3.1 Acute Transverse Myelitis......Page 226
Box 21.1 Conditions that mimic idiopathic transverse myelitisa......Page 227
Case 2......Page 229
Further Reading......Page 230
22: Aseptic Meningitis......Page 231
22.3 Basic Concepts......Page 232
22.4 Partially Treated Bacterial Meningitis......Page 233
22.5 Enteroviruses: The Leading Cause of Aseptic Meningitis......Page 234
22.7 Borrelia burgdorferi: The Bacterial Cause of Lyme Meningitis......Page 235
22.9 Less Common Causes of Aseptic Meningitis......Page 236
Example 2......Page 238
References......Page 239
23: Bacterial Meningitis......Page 241
Case 2......Page 242
23.3.1 Epidemiology and Microbiologic Causes of Bacterial Meningitis......Page 243
23.3.2 Pathogenesis......Page 244
23.3.3.1 Bacterial Meningitis in Newborns and Young Infants......Page 245
23.3.4.2 Laboratory Testing: Cerebrospinal Fluid......Page 246
23.3.6.1 Supportive Care......Page 247
23.3.6.4 Treatment of Bacterial Meningitis Beyond the Newborn Period......Page 248
23.3.9 Follow-up Evaluations......Page 249
23.4 Exercises......Page 250
References......Page 252
24: Parameningeal Infections......Page 254
24.3 Brain Abscess......Page 255
Call Out Box 24.3......Page 257
Case Study......Page 258
Call Out Box 24.6......Page 259
Case Study......Page 260
References......Page 261
25: Meningoencephalitis......Page 262
Call Out Box 25.2......Page 263
25.3 Diagnostic Evaluation......Page 265
25.4.1.1 Herpes Simplex Virus......Page 268
25.4.1.2 Varicella Zoster Virus......Page 269
25.4.2 Picornaviruses......Page 270
25.4.3.3 St. Louis Encephalitis (SLE) Virus......Page 271
25.5.1 Bartonella henselae......Page 272
25.6 Amoebic Meningoencephalitis......Page 273
References......Page 274
VII: Toxin-Mediated Diseases, Bloodstream Infections and Their Complications......Page 278
26: Tetanus, Diphtheria, and Botulism......Page 279
26.1.3 Basic Concepts......Page 280
Box 26.1 Clinical History Increasing Index of Suspicion for Tetanus [1, 4]......Page 281
Box 26.4 Complications of Tetanus......Page 282
26.2.1 Introduction to the Problem......Page 283
26.2.3 Basic Concepts......Page 284
Box 26.5 Different Clinical Forms of Diphtheria......Page 285
Box 26.7 Life-Threatening Complications Associated with Respiratory Diphtheria......Page 286
26.2.5 Summary......Page 287
26.3.3 Basic Concepts......Page 288
Box 26.11 Antigenic Serotypes of Botulinum Toxin [29, 33, 46, 51, 52]......Page 289
Box 26.14 Clinical Presentation of Classic Botulism and Infant Botulism......Page 290
Box 26.16 Summary of Treatment Regimens for Botulisms......Page 291
References......Page 292
For Diphtheria......Page 293
For Botulism......Page 294
27: Toxic Shock Syndrome......Page 295
27.1 Pathogenesis......Page 296
27.2 Clinical Manifestations......Page 297
Call Out Box 27.4......Page 298
Call Out Box 27.5 Management of Toxic Shock Syndrome......Page 299
References......Page 300
28: Bacteremia and Bacterial Sepsis......Page 302
28.3 Laboratory Studies in the Evaluation of Possible Bacteremia......Page 303
28.5 Management of Sepsis......Page 305
Further Reading......Page 306
29: Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infections (CRBSIs)......Page 307
29.2 Definitions......Page 308
29.3.2 Risk Factors......Page 309
29.3.3 Diagnosis......Page 310
Call Out Box 29.2......Page 311
Case 3......Page 313
References......Page 314
Related Links to Journals, Books and/or URLs......Page 317
30: Osteomyelitis and Septic Arthritis......Page 318
Call Out Box 30.1......Page 319
30.3.4 The Pathogens that Typically Cause Osteoarticular Infections......Page 320
30.3.6 Radiologic Imaging......Page 321
30.3.7 Treatment......Page 322
30.3.8 Therapeutic Monitoring and Long-Term Sequelae......Page 323
Case Study......Page 324
Further Reading......Page 325
31: Candidiasis......Page 326
31.2.1 Oropharyngeal Infection (Thrush)......Page 327
31.2.5 Candida Diaper Dermatitis (. Fig. 31.2)......Page 328
31.3.1 Neonatal Invasive Candidiasis......Page 329
References......Page 331
VIII: Tick and Mosquito Borne Diseases and Tropical Infections of Global Importance......Page 332
32: Lyme Disease......Page 333
32.2 Epidemiology......Page 334
32.3 Clinical Presentations......Page 336
Call Out Box 32.2......Page 337
32.4 Laboratory Diagnosis......Page 339
Call Out Box 32.3......Page 340
Case Study......Page 341
References......Page 343
33: Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever and Other Rickettsioses......Page 345
33.5 Epidemiology......Page 346
33.6 Pathogenesis......Page 347
33.7 Clinical Manifestations......Page 348
33.10 Treatment......Page 349
33.13 Other Spotted Fever Group......Page 350
33.14 Typhus Group......Page 352
References......Page 353
34: Malaria......Page 355
34.3.1 The life Cycle of Plasmodium Species......Page 356
34.3.4 Diagnostic Testing for Malaria......Page 358
The boy’s physical examination shows:......Page 359
Physical Examination......Page 360
Physical Examination......Page 361
Diagnostic Evaluation......Page 362
34.5 Summary......Page 363
Further Reading......Page 364
35: Yellow Fever and Dengue......Page 365
35.2 The History of Yellow Fever......Page 366
35.5 Epidemiology of Dengue......Page 367
35.7 Dengue Viruses and Viral Pathogenesis......Page 368
35.9 Clinical Features of Dengue......Page 369
35.11 Treatment and Prevention of Dengue......Page 370
References......Page 371
36: Chagas Disease: South American Trypanosomiasis......Page 374
Call Out Box 36.1......Page 375
36.4 Clinical Features of Chagas Disease......Page 376
36.5 The Treatment of Chagas Disease......Page 377
36.7 An Example of Chagas Disease Prevention: A Public Health Effort in Ecuador......Page 378
36.8 Exercises......Page 379
Further Reading......Page 380
37: Leptospirosis......Page 381
37.5 Phase II: The Immune Phase of Leptospirosis......Page 382
37.7 Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis of Leptospirosis......Page 383
37.8 Diagnostic Testing for Leptospirosis......Page 384
37.10 Exercises......Page 386
Further Reading......Page 387
38: Leprosy......Page 388
38.3.1 Human-to-Human Transmission of M. leprae......Page 389
38.4.1 Additional, Classifications of Leprosy......Page 390
38.4.2 The Differential Diagnosis for the Signs and Symptoms Typically Seen in Leprosy......Page 391
38.7 Exercises......Page 393
38.5 Treatment of Leprosy......Page 392
Further Reading......Page 394
39: Neurocysticercosis......Page 395
39.4 Clinical Features of Neurocysticercosis......Page 396
Call Out Box 39.5......Page 398
39.6 Exercises......Page 399
Call Out Box 39.4......Page 397
References......Page 400
IX: Human Immune Deficiency Virus......Page 401
40: Human Immunodeficiency Virus I: History, Epidemiology, Transmission, and Pathogenesis......Page 402
40.4.1 Global Epidemiology......Page 403
40.5 HIV Virology and the Resulting Host Response......Page 404
40.5.1 HIV Transmission......Page 405
40.7 Risk Factors for the Transmission of HIV......Page 406
References......Page 407
41: Human Immunodeficiency Virus II: Clinical Presentation, Opportunistic Infections, Treatment, and Prevention......Page 409
41.2.3 Chronic HIV Infection......Page 410
41.2.5 HIV Controllers......Page 411
41.4.1 Basics of ART: Antiretroviral Therapy......Page 412
41.4.2 Antiretroviral Therapy Options......Page 414
41.5.1 Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome......Page 415
41.5.1.1 Opportunistic Infections in AIDS......Page 416
41.7 Summary......Page 417
41.8 Exercises......Page 418
References......Page 419
X: Essentials of Diagnostic Microbiology......Page 421
42: Essentials of Diagnostic Microbiology......Page 422
42.2.1 Bacteria and Fungi......Page 423
42.2.4 Parasites......Page 424
42.3 Direct Detection of Microorganisms......Page 425
Box 42.2 Common Antigen-based Diagnostic Laboratory Tests for Agents of Infectious Disease......Page 430
42.4.1 Bacteria and Fungi......Page 431
42.4.2 Viruses......Page 434
42.5.1.2 Molecular Identification......Page 436
42.5.2.2 Parasites......Page 437
42.5.3 Viruses......Page 438
42.6.1.1 Aerobic and Facultative Bacteria......Page 439
Box 42.3 General Characteristics of Bacterial Isolates Routinely Selected for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing......Page 440
Box 42.4 Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test Interpretationsa......Page 441
42.6.1.3 Mycobacteria......Page 442
Further Reading......Page 443
Chapter 5......Page 445
Chapter 11......Page 446
Chapter 19......Page 447
Chapter 22......Page 448
Chapter 25......Page 449
Chapter 26......Page 450
Chapter 29......Page 452
Chapter 32......Page 453
Chapter 39......Page 454
Chapter 41......Page 455
Index......Page 456
