Author(s): Davut PİRAZ
Edition: 1
Publisher: Zambak Publishing
Year: 2010
Language: English
Pages: 112
hapter 1
CHEMISTRY, A UNIQUE SCIENCE
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
1. WHY CHEMISTRY? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
Reading : Chemistry is Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
2. WHAT IS SCIENCE? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
Reading : A Short History of Chemistry . . . . . . . .14
3. THE EXPERIMENTAL WORLD OF CHEMISTRY 16
3.1. CHEMISTRY IS AN EXPERIMENTAL
SCIENCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
3.2 . WORKING IN A CHEMISTRY LABORATORY .16
Safety Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17
Laboratory Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
Hazard Warning Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
4. BASIC MEASUREMENTS AND CHEMISTRY . .20
4.1. UNITS AND QUANTITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
4.2. MULTIPLIERS AND UNIT CONVERSION . .21
SUPPLEMENTARY QUESTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
PUZZLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26
Chapter 2
MATTER
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28
1. MATTER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28
2. STATES OF MATTER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
2.1. SOLID STATE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30
2.2. LIQUID STATE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30
2.3. GASEOUS STATE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30
3. CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
3.1. PURE SUBSTANCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33
Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34
3.2. MIXTURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
Reading : A Gas Mixture: Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36
4. PROPERTIES OF MATTER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
4.1. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
4.2. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38
Extensive Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38
Intensive Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38
Some Important Physical Properties . . . . . .38
a. Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38
b. Melting Point (mp) and Freezing Point (fp) 39
c. Boiling Point (bp) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
d. Solubility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41
5. SEPARATION OF MIXTURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42
5.1. BY MEANS OF THE USE ELECTRICITY . .42
5.2. BY MEANS OF THE USE OF A MAGNET .42
5.3. BY MEANS OF DENSITY DIFFERENCES .43
5.4. BY MEANS OF SOLUBILITY . . . . . . . . . . . .43
5.5. BY MEANS OF THE PROCESS OF
DISTILLATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44
SUPPLEMENTARY QUESTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47
PUZZLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48
Chapter 3
ATOM
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50
1. ATOM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51
2. SUBATOMIC PARTICLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52
3. ISOTOPES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55
4. IONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56
5. THE ATOMIC TERMINOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57
5.1. ATOMIC NUMBER (Z) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57
5.2. ATOMIC MASS NUMBER (A) . . . . . . . . . . .57
X Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59
5.3. RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS AND RELATIVE
FORMULA MASS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60
5.4. AVERAGE ATOMIC MASS . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61
SUPPLEMENTARY QUESTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63
PUZZLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64
Chapter 4
COMPOUNDS
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66
1. IONIC COMPOUNDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67
Ionic Bond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67
Properties of Ionic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . .67
2. MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
(COVALENT COMPOUNDS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68
Covalent Bond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68
a. Nonpolar Covalent Bond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68
b. Polar Covalent Bond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68
Properties of Molecular Compounds . . . . . . . .68
3. NAMES OF IONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69
Formula of Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70
Writing Formulas of Ionic Compounds . . . . . .71
Finding the Oxidation Number of an Element
in a Compound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72
4. NAMING COMPOUNDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74
4.1. NAMING IONIC COMPOUNDS . . . . . . . . . .74
4.2. NAMING MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS . . .76
Law of Definite Proportion (Proust’s Law) . .77
SUPPLEMENTARY QUESTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79
PUZZLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80
Chapter 5
MOLE CONCEPT
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82
1. MOLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82
2. AVOGADRO’S NUMBER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83
3. MOLAR MASS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84
4. MOLAR VOLUME OF GASES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85
5. THE MOLE CONCEPT CALCULATIONS . . . . . .86
5.1. MOLE - NUMBER OF PARTICLE
RELATIONSHIP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86
5.2. MOLE - MASS RELATIONSHIP . . . . . . . . .88
5.3. MOLE - VOLUME RELATIONSHIP . . . . . . .89
6. SEVERAL TYPES OF PROBLEMS . . . . . . . . . . .90
6.1. FINDING DENSITY OF A GAS AT STP . . .90
6.2. MASS PERCENTAGE OF ELEMENTS IN A
COMPOUND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90
6.3. CALCULATION OF EMPIRICAL
FORMULA BY MASS PERCENTAGES . . .91
6.4. DETERMINING MOLECULAR FORMULA .92
6.5. MIXTURE PROBLEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93
SUPPLEMENTARY QUESTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95
PUZZLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96
APPENDICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98
GLOSSARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102
ANSWERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104
INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111
REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112
