Now in a revised fourth edition, this course-tested textbook explains the basic principles and underlying theory of the core avionic systems in modern civil and military aircraft. The new edition includes extensive revisions on the latest developments in helmet-mounted displays (HMDs), the use of helmet-mounted rate gyros for helmet tracking, HUD/HMD optical waveguide system technology, and the latest advances on replacing CRTs with solid state displays in HUDs. Updates on controls and fly-by-wire include a section on civil aircraft to cover the Airbus A350 and the advances in its flight control system over the Airbus A380. A new section on automatic flight control of vectored thrust aircraft covers the BAE Systems Harrier and the Lockheed Martin F-35B Lightning 2 Joint Strike Fighter. Detailed coverage is provided for F-35B flight control systems for vertical landing.
Introduction to Avionic Systems, Fourth Edition is an ideal textbook for undergraduate and graduate courses in avionics and aeronautical engineering, as well as professional development and training courses for post-graduates entering the aerospace industry from a wide range of technical backgrounds and practicing engineers at all levels who require an understanding of avionic systems, aircraft navigation, flight control, and data transmission and systems.
Author(s): R.P.G. Collinson
Edition: 4
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 340
City: Cham
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
1: Introduction
1.1 Importance and Role of Avionics
1.1.1 Systems that Interface Directly with the Pilot
1.1.2 Aircraft State Sensor Systems
1.1.3 Navigation Systems
1.1.4 Outside World Sensor Systems
1.1.5 Task Automation Systems
1.1.6 Illustrative Examples of Impact on Modern (2021) Avionic Systems
1.2 The Avionic Environment
1.2.1 Minimum Weight
1.2.2 Environmental Requirements
1.2.3 Reliability
1.3 Choice of Units
2: Displays and Man-Machine Interaction
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Head up Displays
2.2.1 Introduction
2.2.2 Basic Principles
2.2.3 Holographic HUDs
2.2.4 HUD Electronics
2.2.5 Worked Example on HUD Design and Display Generation
2.2.6 Civil Aircraft HUDs
2.3 Helmet Mounted Displays
2.3.1 Introduction
2.3.2 Helmet Design Factors
2.3.3 Helmet Mounted Sights
2.3.4 Helmet Mounted Displays
2.3.4.1 The BAE Systems `Striker I´ Binocular HMD
2.3.5 Head Tracking Systems
2.3.5.1 General Description
2.3.5.2 Helmet Tracking Using Rate Gyros
2.3.6 The BAE Systems `Striker II´ Binocular HMD
2.3.7 HUD/HMD Optical Waveguide System Technology
2.3.7.1 Basic Concepts
2.3.7.2 The Q Sight HMD
2.3.8 The LiteHUD
2.3.9 The LiteWave
2.3.10 HMDs and the Virtual Cockpit
2.4 Computer Aided Optical Design
2.4.1 Introduction
2.5 Discussion of HUDs Versus HMDs
2.5.1 Introduction
2.5.2 Military Aircraft HUDs and HMDs
2.6 Head Down Displays
2.6.1 Introduction
2.6.2 Civil Cockpit Head Down Displays
2.6.3 Military Head Down Displays
2.6.4 Display Symbology Generation
2.6.5 Digitally Generated Moving Colour Map Displays
2.6.6 Solid-State Standby Display Instruments
2.7 Data Fusion
2.8 Intelligent Displays Management
2.9 Displays Technology
2.9.1 Replacing the CRT: `New Lamps for Old´
2.10 Control and Data Entry
2.10.1 Introduction
2.10.2 Tactile Control Panels
2.10.3 Direct Voice Input
2.10.4 Speech Output Systems
2.10.5 Display Integration with Audio/Tactile Inputs
2.10.6 Eye Trackers
Further Reading
3: Aerodynamics and Aircraft Control
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Basic Aerodynamics
3.2.1 Lift and Drag
3.2.2 Angle of Incidence/Angle of Attack
3.2.3 Lift Coefficient and Drag Coefficient
3.2.4 Illustrative Example on Basic Aerodynamics
3.2.5 Pitching Moment and Aerodynamic Centre
3.2.6 Tailplane Contribution
3.3 Aircraft Stability
3.3.1 Longitudinal Stability
3.3.2 Aerodynamically Unstable Aircraft
3.3.3 Body Lift Contributions
3.4 Aircraft Dynamics
3.4.1 Aircraft Axes - Velocity and Acceleration Components
3.4.2 Euler Angles - Definition of Angles of Pitch, Bank and Yaw
3.4.3 Equations of Motion for Small Disturbances
3.4.4 Aerodynamic Force and Moment Derivatives
3.4.4.1 Longitudinal Motion Derivatives
3.4.4.2 Lateral Motion Derivatives
3.4.5 Equations of Longitudinal and Lateral Motion
3.5 Longitudinal Control and Response
3.5.1 Longitudinal Control
3.5.2 Stick Force/g
3.5.3 Pitch Rate Response to Tailplane/Elevator Angle
3.5.4 Pitch Response Assuming Constant Forward Speed
3.5.5 Worked Example on q/η Transfer Function and Pitch Response
3.6 Lateral Control
3.6.1 Aileron Control and Bank to Turn
3.6.2 Rudder Control
3.6.3 Short-Period Yawing Motion
3.6.4 Combined Roll-Yaw-Sideslip Motion
3.7 Powered Flying Controls
3.7.1 Introduction
3.7.2 PCU Transfer Functions
3.8 Stability Augmentation Systems
3.8.1 Limited Authority Stability Augmentation Systems
3.8.1.1 `Worked Example´ of Simple Pitch Stability Augmentation
3.8.2 Full Authority Stability Augmentation Systems
3.9 Helicopter Flight Control
3.9.1 Introduction
3.9.2 Control of the Helicopter in Flight
3.9.3 Stability Augmentation
3.9.3.1 Fault Tolerant Pitch Axis Stability Augmentation
3.9.3.2 Roll Axis Stability Augmentation
3.9.3.3 Yaw Axis Stability Augmentation
3.9.3.4 Collective
Further Reading
4: Fly-By-Wire
4.1 Introduction
4.2 FBW Flight Control Features and Advantages
4.2.1 FBW System Basic Concepts and Feature
4.2.1.1 Electrical Data Transmission
4.2.1.2 FBW Control Surface Actuation
4.2.1.3 Motion Sensor Feedback
4.2.1.4 Air Data
4.2.1.5 High Integrity, Failure Survival Computing System
4.2.1.6 Very High Overall System Integrity
4.2.2 Advantages of FBW Control
4.2.2.1 Increased Performance
4.2.2.2 Reduced Weight
4.2.3 FBW Control Sticks/Passive FBW Inceptors
4.2.3.1 Automatic Stabilisation
4.2.3.2 Carefree Manoeuvring
4.2.3.3 Ability to Integrate Additional Controls
4.2.3.4 Ease of Integration of the Autopilot
4.2.3.5 Closed-Loop Manoeuvre Command Control
4.2.3.6 Aerodynamics Versus `Stealth´
4.3 Control Laws
4.3.1 Pitch Rate Command Control
4.3.1.1 Agile Fighter Pitch Rate Command Loop Example
4.3.1.2 Problem
4.3.2 Lags in the Control Loop
4.3.3 Roll Rate Command Control
4.3.4 Handling Qualities and PIOs
4.3.5 Modern Control Theory
4.4 Redundancy and Failure Survival
4.4.1 Safety and Integrity
4.4.2 Redundant Configurations
4.4.3 Voting and Consolidation
4.4.4 Quadruplex System Architecture
4.4.5 Common Mode Failures
4.4.6 Dissimilar Redundancy
4.5 Digital Implementation
4.5.1 Advantages of Digital Implementation
4.5.2 Digital Data Problems
4.5.2.1 Aliasing
4.5.2.2 Data Staleness
4.5.2.3 Latency
4.5.3 Software
4.5.3.1 Introduction
4.5.3.2 The Flight Control Software Functions
4.5.3.3 The Software Development Process
4.5.3.4 Software Validation and Verification
4.5.3.5 Dissimilar or Multi-Version Software
4.5.4 Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
4.6 Helicopter FBW Flight Control Systems
4.7 Active FBW Inceptors
4.8 Fly-By-Light Flight Control
4.8.1 Introduction
4.8.2 Fly-By-Light Flight Control Systems
4.8.3 Optical Sensors
4.9 Automatic Flight Control of Vectored Thrust Aircraft
4.9.1 The BAE Systems Harrier
4.9.2 The Lockheed Martin F-35B Lightning2 Joint Strike Fighter
Further Reading
5: Inertial Sensors and Attitude Derivation
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Gyros and Accelerometers
5.2.1 Introduction
5.2.2 Micro Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) Technology Rate Gyros
5.2.3 Optical Gyroscopes
5.2.3.1 Introduction
5.2.3.2 The Ring Laser Gyro
5.2.3.3 The Interferometric Fibre Optic Gyro
5.2.4 Accelerometers
5.2.4.1 Introduction: Specific Force Measurement
5.2.4.2 Simple Spring Restrained Pendulous Accelerometer
5.2.4.3 Closed-Loop Torque Balance Accelerometer
5.2.5 Skewed Axes Sensor Configurations
5.3 Attitude Derivation
5.3.1 Introduction
5.3.2 Strap-Down Systems
5.3.2.1 Attitude Algorithms
5.3.2.2 Generation of Strap-Down `Equivalent Stable Platform´
5.3.2.3 Digital Processing of Attitude Algorithms
5.3.3 Coning Motion
5.3.4 Attitude with Respect to Local North, East, Down Axes
5.3.4.1 Introduction
5.3.4.2 Angular Rate Corrections for the Earth´s Rotation
5.3.5 Vehicle Rate Corrections
5.3.5.1 Vertical Monitoring
5.3.5.2 Azimuth Monitoring
5.3.6 Introduction to Complementary Filtering
Further Reading
6: Navigation Systems
6.1 Introduction and Basic Principles
6.1.1 Introduction
6.1.2 Basic Navigation Definitions
6.1.3 Basic DR Navigation Systems
6.2 Inertial Navigation
6.2.1 Introduction
6.2.2 Basic Principles and Schuler Tuning
6.2.3 Platform Axes
6.2.3.1 Angular Rate Correction Terms
6.2.3.2 Acceleration Correction Terms
6.2.4 Initial Alignment and Gyro Compassing
6.2.5 Effect of Azimuth Gyro Drift
6.2.6 Vertical Navigation Channel
6.2.7 Choice of Navigation Co-ordinates
6.2.8 Strap-Down IN System Computing
6.3 Aided IN Systems and Kalman Filters
6.4 Attitude Heading Reference Systems
6.4.1 Introduction
6.4.2 Azimuth Monitoring Using a Magnetic Heading Reference
6.5 GPS: Global Positioning System
6.5.1 Introduction
6.5.2 GPS System Description
6.5.3 Basic Principles of GPS
6.5.4 Solution of Navigation Equations
6.5.5 Integration of GPS and INS
6.5.6 Differential GPS
6.5.6.1 Introduction
6.5.6.2 Basic Principles
6.5.7 Future Augmented Satellite Navigation Systems
6.6 Terrain Reference Navigation
6.6.1 Introduction
6.6.2 Terrain Contour Navigation
6.6.3 Terrain Characteristic Matching
6.6.4 Civil Exploitation of TRN
Further Reading
7: Air Data and Air Data Systems
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Air Data Information and Its Use
7.2.1 Air Data Measurement
7.2.2 The Air Data Quantities and Their Importance
7.2.2.1 Air Data Information for the Pilot
7.2.2.2 Air Data for Key Sub-systems
7.3 Derivation of Air Data Laws and Relationships
7.3.1 Altitude-Static Pressure Relationship
7.3.2 Variation of Ground Pressure
7.3.3 Air Density Versus Altitude Relationship
7.3.4 Speed of Sound
7.3.5 Pressure-Speed Relationships
7.3.6 Mach Number
7.3.7 Calibrated Airspeed
7.3.8 Static Air Temperature
7.3.9 True Airspeed
7.3.10 Pressure Error
7.4 Air Data Sensors and Computing
7.4.1 Introduction
7.4.2 Air Data System Pressure Sensors
7.4.2.1 Accuracy Requirements
7.4.2.2 Pressure Sensor Technology
7.4.3 Air Data Computation
7.4.3.1 Pressure Altitude
7.4.3.2 Vertical Speed,
7.4.3.3 Mach Number
7.4.3.4 Calibrated Airspeed
7.4.3.5 Static Air Temperature
7.4.3.6 True Airspeed
7.4.4 Angle of Incidence Sensors
Further Reading
8: Autopilots and Flight Management Systems
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Autopilots
8.2.1 Basic Principles
8.2.2 Height Control
8.2.3 Heading Control Autopilot
8.2.3.1 Worked Example of Heading Control Autopilot
Determination of Roll Rate Error Gain, Kp
Determination of Bank Angle Error Gain, K훟
Determination of Heading Error Gain, Kψ
8.2.4 ILS/MLS Coupled Autopilot Control
8.2.4.1 Approach Guidance Systems
8.2.4.2 Flight Path Kinematics
8.2.4.3 ILS Localiser Coupling Loop
8.2.4.4 ILS Glide Slope Coupling Loop
8.2.5 Automatic Landing
8.2.5.1 Introduction
8.2.5.2 Visibility Categories and Autopilot Requirements
8.2.5.3 The BLEU Automatic Landing System
8.2.5.4 Automatic Flare Control
8.2.6 Satellite Landing Guidance Systems
8.2.7 Speed Control and Auto-throttle Systems
8.3 Flight Management Systems
8.3.1 Introduction
8.3.1.1 Dual Mode
8.3.1.2 Independent Mode
8.3.1.3 Single Mode
8.3.2 Radio Navigation Tuning
8.3.3 Navigation
8.3.4 Flight Planning
8.3.5 Performance Prediction and Flight Path Optimisation
8.3.6 Control of the Vertical Flight Path Profile
8.3.7 Operational Modes
8.3.8 4D Flight Management
Further Reading
9: Avionics Systems Integration
9.1 Introduction and Background
9.2 Data Bus Systems
9.2.1 Electrical Data Bus Systems
9.2.1.1 MIL STD 1553 Bus System
9.2.2 Optical Data Bus Systems
9.2.2.1 STANAG 3910 Data Bus System
9.2.2.2 Linear Token Passing High-Speed Data Bus
9.2.2.3 Avionics Full Duplex Switched Ethernet, AFDX, Communication Network
9.2.3 Parallel Data Buses
9.3 Integrated Modular Avionics Architectures
9.3.1 Civil Integrated Modular Avionic Systems
9.4 Commercial Off-the-Shelf (COTS)
Further Reading
10: Unmanned Air Vehicles
10.1 Importance of Unmanned Air Vehicles
10.2 UAV Avionics
10.2.1 Displays and Man-Machine Interaction
10.2.2 Aerodynamics and Flight Control
10.2.3 Fly-by-Wire Flight Control
10.2.4 Inertial Sensors and Attitude Derivation
10.2.5 Navigation Systems
10.2.6 Air Data Systems
10.2.7 Autopilots and Flight Management Systems
10.2.8 Integrated Avionics Systems
10.3 Brief Overview of Some Current UAVs/UCAVs
10.3.1 `Watchkeeper´ Battlefield Surveillance System
10.3.2 MQ-9 `Reaper´ UCAV System
10.3.3 `Taranis´ UCAV Demonstrator
10.3.4 Draganflyer X-6 Portable Surveillance Helicopter UAV
Further Reading
Abbreviations
Symbols
Glossary
Index
