Aluminium-Verlag, Dusseldorf, 1993. — 212 p.Authors: Trygve Foosnaes, Kai Grjotheim, Reidar Huglen, Halvor Kvande, Bjorn Lillebuen, Thorvald Mellerud, Tormod Naterstad
Content:
Preface
General
The Bath
Ions and their reactions
Alumina
The anodes
The cathodes
Cell lines
Cell operation
Principles of Energy Balance, Thermochemistry and theoretical energy consumption
Basic Principles of Thermodynamics
Energy requirements in the Hall-Heroult Process
Heat Balance
Theory of Molten Salts, Electrolyte properties and influence of Additives
Molten Salts
Structure of the Electrolyte
Effects of Additives on the Physico-Chemical Properties of the Electrolyte
Alumina
Bauxite
The Bayer Process
Alumina Specifications
Solubility of Alumina
Dissolution of Alumina
Crust
Sludge
Alumina Feeding
Dry Scrubbing
Carbon: Basics and Principles
Basic structures of Crystalline Carbon
Structural Modifications of Carbon
Availabillity of Carbon: Purity and Structure
Phase Transitions and Crystallization of Carbon
Raw Materials for Hall-Heroult Carbon Products
Carbon Manufacturing
Applications and Functionality of Carbon in Hall-Heroult Cells
Carbon Cathodes
Principles of Electrochemistry and Current Efficiency
Basic Principles of Electrochemistry
Current Efficiency
Influence of Magnetic Fields
Definitions
Problems Involving More Sophisticated Calculation of the Influence of Magnetic Materials on Magnetic Fields
Electromagnetic Driving Forces in Molten Metal and Electrolyte
Current Distribution in the Metal Pad
Metal Flow in Alumina Reduction Cell
Variation in Metal Level and Onstabillities of Metal surface
Busbar Design
Magnetic Fields from Different Busbar Systems of a 230 kA Cell
Operation of Alumina Reduction Cells
Alumina Feeding
Anode Changing
Prebaked Anode Adjustments
Anode Beam Raising
Anode Effect
Metal Tapping
Bath Tapping
Bath and Metal Analyses
Bath Temperature Measurement
Particular Measurements
Process Control of Alumina Reduction Cells
Introduction of Computer Technology
General Principles of Process Control
Alumina Feeding
Alumimium Floride Feeding
Expert Systems
Practical Advances
Chemical Technology
Automation and Process Control
Mechanization
Electromagnetics
Cathodes
Anodes
Heat Balance
Environmental Control
Modernization
Soderberg Cells
Mathematical Models
Increasing Cell Size
Lest Cells
Current Efficiency
Energy Consumption
Fundamental Studies
Alternative Processes
Future Improvements and Needs
Alternative Processes
Future Improvements and Needs
The Ultimate Cell
