Introducing Morphology

Frontmatter
Contents
Preface to first edition
Preface to second edition
The International Phonetic Alphabet
Point and manner of articulation of English consonants and vowels
1 What is morphology?
1.1 Introduction
1.2 What’s a word?
1.3 Words and lexemes, types and tokens
1.4 But is it really a word?
1.5 Why do languages have morphology?
1.6 The organization of this book
Exercises
2 Words, dictionaries, and the mental lexicon
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Why not check the dictionary?
2.2.1 Which dictionary?
2.2.2 Nonces, mistakes, and mountweazels
2.2.3 And the problem of complex words
2.3 The mental lexicon
2.3.1 How many words?
2.3.2 The acquisition of lexical knowledge
2.3.3 The organization of the mental lexicon: storageversus rules
2.3.4 Evidence from aphasia
2.3.5 Evidence from genetic disorders
2.3.6 Evidence from imaging studies
2.3.7 Reprise: is it really a word?
2.4 More about dictionaries
2.4.1 Early dictionaries
2.4.2 Johnson’s dictionary
2.4.3 Webster’s dictionary
2.4.4 The Oxford English Dictionary
2.4.5 Modern dictionaries
2.4.6 And other languages
Exercises
3 Lexeme formation: the familiar
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Kinds of morphemes
3.3 Affixation
3.3.1 Word formation rules
3.3.2 Word structure
3.3.3 What do affixes mean?
3.3.4 To divide or not to divide? A foray into extenders, formatives, crans, and other messy bits
3.4 Compounding
3.4.1 When do we have a compound?
3.4.2 Compound structure
3.4.3 Types of compounds
3.4.3.1 Classifying compounds according to category
3.4.3.2 Classifying compounds according to semantic relationships
3.4.3.3 Classifying compounds according to headedness
3.5 Conversion
3.6 Marvelous intricacies: how affixation, compounding, and conversion interact
3.7 Minor processes
3.7.1 Coinage
3.7.2 Backformation
3.7.3 Blending
3.7.4 Acronyms and initialisms
3.7.5 Clipping
3.8 How to: finding data for yourself
Exercises
4 Productivity and creativity
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Factors contributing to productivity
4.3 Restrictions on productivity
4.4 Ways of measuring productivity
4.5 Historical changes in productivity
4.6 Productivity versus creativity
Exercises
5 Lexeme formation: further afield
5.1 Introduction
5.2 How to: morphological analysis
5.3 Affixes: beyond prefixes and suffixes
5.3.1 Infixes
5.3.2 Circumfixation and parasynthesis
5.3.3 Other kinds of affix
5.4 Internal stem change
5.4.1 Vowel changes: ablaut and umlaut
5.4.2 Consonant mutation
5.5 Reduplication
5.6 Templatic morphology
5.7 Subtractive processes
Exercises
6 Inflection
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Types of inflection
6.2.1 Number
6.2.2 Person
6.2.3 Gender and noun class
6.2.4 Case
6.2.5 Tense and aspect
6.2.6 Voice
6.2.7 Mood and modality
6.2.8 Evidentiality
6.3 Inflection in English
6.3.1 What we have
6.3.2 Why English has so little inflection
6.4 Paradigms
6.4.1 Inflectional classes
6.4.2 Suppletion and syncretism
6.5 Inflection and productivity
6.6 Inherent versus contextual inflection
6.7 Inflection versus derivation revisited
6.8 How to: more morphological analysis
Exercises
7 Typology
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Universals and particulars: a bit of linguistic history
7.3 The genius of languages: what’s in your toolkit?
7.3.1 Turkish (Altaic)
7.3.2 Mandarin Chinese (Sino-Tibetan)
7.3.3 Samoan (Austronesian)
7.3.4 Latin (Indo-European)
7.3.5 Nishnaabemwin (Algonquian)
7.3.6 Summary
7.4 Ways of characterizing languages
7.4.1 The fourfold classification
7.4.2 The indexes of synthesis, fusion, and exponence
7.4.3 Head- versus dependent-marking
7.4.4 Correlations
7.5 Genetic and areal tendencies
7.6 Typological change
Exercises
8 Words and sentences: the interface between morphology and syntax
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Argument structure and morphology
8.2.1 Passive and anti-passive
8.2.2 Causative and applicative
8.2.3 Noun incorporation
8.3 On the borders
8.3.1 Clitics
8.3.2 Phrasal verbs and verbs with separable prefixes
8.3.3 Phrasal compounds
8.4 Morphological versus syntactic expression
Exercises
9 Sounds and shapes: the interface between morphology and phonology
9.1 Introduction
9.2.1 Predictable allomorphy
9.2.2 Unpredictable or partially predictable allomorphy
9.3 Other morphology–phonology interactions
9.4 How to: morphophonological analysis
9.5 Lexical strata
9.5.1 English
9.5.2 Dutch and French
Exercises
10 Theoretical challenges
10.1 Introduction
10.2 The nature of morphological rules
10.2.1 Morphemes as lexical items: Item and arrangement morphology
10.2.2 Morphemes as processes and realizational morphology
10.2.3 Can we decide between them?
10.3 Lexical integrity
10.4 Blocking, competition, and affix rivalry
10.5 Constraints on affix ordering
10.6 Bracketing paradoxes
10.7 The nature of affixal polysemy
10.8 Reprise: what’s theory?
Exercises
Glossary
References
Index