Intraoperative Mapping of Cognitive Networks: Which Tasks for Which Locations

Foreword
Preface
Contents
Part I: Sensorimotor and Visuo-Spatial Functions
1: Motor Control
1.1 Neural Basis of Motor Control
1.2 Review About Evidence of Long-Term Deficits in Patients Who Did Not Benefit from Intraoperative Monitoring of Motor Control
1.3 Review About Knowledge Gained from Lesion-Symptom Mapping
1.4 Review of the Different Tasks Newly Designed to Monitor Motor Control Intraoperatively
1.5 Review of Studies Evidencing a Functional Improvement in Series of Patients Operated on With Versus Without Motor Control Monitoring
1.6 Conclusion
References
2: Vision
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Neuroanatomy of the Visual System
2.3 What Does Really Mean Mapping the Vision?
2.4 Why to Map the Visual Field?
2.5 When to Map the VF?
2.6 Cortical Visual Evoked Potential
2.7 Review of the Different Tools and Tasks Designed to Monitor Visual Field and Other Vision Functions
2.7.1 DISH/Large Perimetry Chart Experience
2.7.2 Screen Experience
2.7.2.1 Picture Naming in Quadrants (Montpellier Experience)
2.7.2.2 Colored Dots Visual Field Testing (Gent Experience)
2.7.3 Virtual Reality Headset (Angers Experience)
2.8 Conclusion
References
3: Frontal Eye Fields
3.1 Anatomy and Connectivity of FEFs
3.1.1 Physiological Definition and Brief Historical Background
3.1.2 Localization of the FEFs
3.1.3 Connectivity of FEFs
3.2 Putative Functions of the FEF
3.2.1 Ocular-Motor Behaviors
3.2.2 Saliency Map and Saccade Target Selection
3.2.3 Visuospatial Attention and Awareness
3.3 Intraoperative Mapping of the FEF in “Awake” Surgery for Diffuse Low-Grade Glioma
3.4 Functional Consequences of FEF Surgical Removal
3.4.1 On Ocular Behaviors
3.4.2 On Visuospatial Attention
3.5 Perspectives
3.5.1 Why Searching for FEF Oculomotor Responses? Surgical Considerations
3.5.2 Should We Use Other Behavioral Tasks to Map the FEF and Its Underlying White Matter Connectivity?
3.6 Conclusion
References
4: Spatial Cognition
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Networks of Attention in the Brain
4.3 Visual Neglect, a Dramatic Clinical Consequence of Attention Network Dysfunction
4.3.1 Clinical Description
4.3.2 Tests of Neglect
4.3.3 Models of Neglect
4.3.4 Anatomy of Neglect
4.3.5 Postsurgical Neglect
4.3.6 Intraoperative Monitoring of Spatial Cognition
4.3.7 Benefit of Intraoperative Line Bisection Monitoring
4.3.8 Knowledge Gained from Intraoperative Mapping Studies of Line Bisection
References
Part II: Language Functions
5: Lexical Retrieval
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Neural Bases of Lexical Retrieval: A Brief Review
5.3 Evidence of Long-Lasting Lexical Retrieval Difficulties in Intraoperatively Unmapped Brains
5.4 Locations at Risk: Knowledge Gained from Lesion Mapping Studies Conducted with Glioma Patients
5.5 Monitoring of Word Retrieval: Intraoperative Tasks
5.6 Additional Anatomo-Functional Knowledge Gained from Intraoperative Mapping Studies in Diffuse Glioma Patients
5.7 Conclusion
References
6: Spontaneous Speech
6.1 Review: Neural Basis of Spontaneous Speech
6.2 Intraoperative Tasks to Monitor Spontaneous Speech
6.3 Postoperative Deficits of Spontaneous Speech in Glioma Patients
6.4 Intraoperative Spontaneous Speech Monitoring: Long-Term Deficits or Benefits?
6.5 Conclusions
References
7: Reading
7.1 Neural Basis of Reading
7.2 Evidence of Long-Term Dyslexia in Patients Without Intraoperative Reading Testing
7.3 Review of the Different Tasks Newly Designed to Monitor Reading Intraoperatively
7.4 Evidence of Functional Improvement in Patients Operated on with Reading Monitoring
7.5 Anatomo-Functional Knowledge Gained from Intraoperative Mapping Studies of Reading
7.6 Conclusion
References
8: Handwriting
8.1 Introduction
8.2 The Writing Brain
8.3 Special Cases: Different Scripts, Bilingualism, Handedness, and Sex Differences
8.4 Mapping Writing Function During Awake Surgery: Practical Issues
8.5 An Illustrative Case
8.6 Which Spelling Tasks for Which Location: When to Assess Spelling Intraoperatively
8.7 Conclusions
References
9: Repeating
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Neural Bases of Verbal Repetition
9.3 Knowledge Gained from Lesion-Symptom Mapping Studies in Glioma Patients
9.4 Additional Anatomo-functional Knowledge Gained from Intraoperative Mapping Studies
9.5 Monitoring Repetition Intraoperatively: Proposal of a Relevant Protocol
9.6 Conclusion
References
10: Syntax
10.1 Review of the Neural Basis of Syntax
10.1.1 Syntax
10.1.2 Functional Imaging Studies
10.2 Review About Evidence of Long-Term Deficits in Patients Who Did Not Benefit from Intraoperative Monitoring of Syntax
10.3 Lesion-Symptom Mapping Studies for Syntactic Abilities of Patients with a Glioma
10.3.1 Importance of Functional Connectivity for Preserving Syntactic Ability of Patient with a Glioma
10.4 Review of the Different Tasks Newly Designed to Monitor Syntax Intraoperatively
10.4.1 Possible Intraoperative Tests
10.5 Review of Studies Evidencing a Functional Improvement in Series of Patients Operated on with Versus Without Syntax Monitoring
10.5.1 Functional Intraoperative Monitoring for the Left IFG
10.5.2 Functional Intraoperative Monitoring for Subcortical Fibers Related to the Left IFG
10.6 Which Additional Anatomo-Functional Knowledge Has Been Gained from Intraoperative Mapping Studies
References
11: Naming: Nouns and Verbs
11.1 Introduction
11.2 The Neural Basis of Nouns and Verbs
11.3 Evidence of Long-Term Deficits in People Who Did Not Benefit from Intraoperative Language Mapping with Naming Tasks with Nouns and/or Verbs
11.4 Knowledge Gained from Lesion-Symptom Mapping
11.5 Tasks Newly Designed to Map Language
11.6 Functional Improvement in Patients Engaged in Intraoperative Naming Task with Nouns and/or Verbs Compared to Patients Not Studied with Those Tasks
11.7 Additional Anatomo-Functional Knowledge Gained from Intraoperative Mapping Studies
References
12: Verbal Short-Term Memory
12.1 Introduction
12.2 The Neural Basis of Verbal STM
12.3 Long-Term Deficits in Patients Who Did Not Benefit from Intraoperative Monitoring of Verbal STM
12.4 Locations at Risk of Long-Term Deficits in Verbal STM
12.5 How to Monitor STM Intraoperatively
12.6 Functional Improvement in Series of Patients Operated on with Versus Without Verbal STM Monitoring
12.7 Additional Anatomo-Functional Knowledge Gained from Intraoperative Mapping Studies
References
13: Proper Names Retrieval
13.1 Introduction
13.2 The Neural Basis of Proper Name Retrieval
13.3 Long-Term Deficits in Patients Who Did Not Benefit from Intraoperative Monitoring of Proper Name Retrieval
13.4 Locations at Risk of Long-Term Deficits in Proper Name Retrieval
13.5 How to Monitor Proper Name Retrieval Intraoperatively
13.6 Functional Improvement in Series of Patients Operated with Versus Without Proper Name Retrieval Monitoring
13.7 Additional Anatomo-Functional Knowledge Has Been Gained from Intraoperative Mapping Studies
References
14: Multilingual Naming
14.1 Introduction: Neural Basis of Bilingualism
14.2 Intraoperative Language Monitoring in Bilingual Patients
14.3 Cortical and Subcortical Key Networks for Bilinguals
14.4 Newly Designed Tasks for Monitoring Multilingualism Intraoperatively
14.5 Functional Improvement in Patients Operated on with Versus Without Function Monitoring
14.6 Closing Remarks
References
Part III: Higher-Order Functions
15: Semantic Cognition
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Neural Bases of Semantic Cognition: State of Knowledge
15.3 Semantic Impairments in Brain Tumor Patients
15.4 Networks at Risk for Semantic Cognition in Glioma Surgery
15.5 Intraoperative Monitoring of Semantic Cognition
15.6 Which Additional Anatomo-Functional Knowledge Has Been Gained from Intraoperative Mapping Studies?
15.7 Conclusion
References
16: Inhibition
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Neural Basis of Inhibition
16.2.1 Definition
16.2.2 Inhibition Tests
16.2.3 Neural Substrates of Inhibition
16.2.3.1 Neural Processes in Behavioral and Cognitive Inhibition. Same or Different?
16.2.3.2 Neural Basis of Response Inhibition
The Modular Theory of Inhibition
The Role of the Left Hemisphere in Inhibitory Control
The Network Perspective on Inhibitory Control
White Matter Correlates of Inhibition Processes
16.3 Evidence of Long-Term Deficits in Patients Who Did Not Benefit from Intraoperative Inhibition Monitoring
16.4 Review About Knowledge Gained from Lesion-Symptom Mapping
16.4.1 Eligibility Criteria of Publications for This Research
16.4.2 Studies Involving a Single Cortical Lesion Site per Patient
16.4.2.1 Interest of These Studies
16.4.2.2 Limitations of These Studies
16.4.3 Study Involving Several Cortical Sites per Patient
16.4.3.1 Interest of This Study
16.4.3.2 Limitations of This Study
16.4.4 Studies of Disconnection - Behavior mapping
16.4.5 The Issue of Right Lateralization
16.4.6 In Conclusion
16.5 Review of the Different Tasks Newly Designed to Monitor Inhibitory Control Intraoperatively
16.6 Review of Studies Documenting a Functional Improvement in Series of Brain Tumor Patients Operated on with or Without the Use of Inhibitory Control Mapping and Monitoring
16.6.1 Single Case
16.7 Which Additional Anatomo-Functional Knowledge Has Been Gained from Intraoperative Mapping Studies
16.8 Conclusion
References
17: Set Shifting
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Neural Basis of Set Shifting
17.2.1 Definition
17.2.2 Set Shifting Tests
17.2.3 Neural Substrates of Set Shifting
17.3 Evidences of Long-Term Deficits in Patients Who Did Not Benefit from Set Shifting Intraoperative Monitoring
17.4 Preliminary Reports of Set Shifting Preservation by Means of Intraoperative Monitoring
17.5 Which Additional Anatomo-Functional Knowledge Has Been Gained from Neurosurgical Studies
17.6 Conclusion
References
18: Social Cognition
18.1 Neural Basis of Social Cognition: A Brief Review
18.2 Long-Lasting Impairments of Social Cognition in Unmapped Brain
18.3 Cortical and Subcortical Structures at Risk: Evidence Gained from Lesion Mapping Studies Conducted with Glioma Patients
18.4 Review of the Different Tasks Newly Designed to Monitor Components of Social Cognition in the Operating Room Intraoperatively
18.4.1 Review of Studies
18.4.2 Precise Description of Intraoperative Tasks
18.5 Review of Studies Evidencing a Functional Improvement in Series of Patients Operated on with Versus Without Function Monitoring
18.6 Which Additional Anatomo-Functional Knowledge Has Been Gained from Intraoperative Mapping Studies?
18.7 Perspectives
18.7.1 The Need for Longitudinally Designed Studies
18.7.2 Is There an Ideal Social Cognition Task to Be Used in the Operating Theater?
18.7.3 Should We Map the Left Hemisphere?
References
19: Multiple Tasks
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Part I Multiple Tasks for Language Sub-functions Mapping
19.2.1 Global Synthetical Multimodal Testing (GSMLT)
19.2.1.1 Cortical Stimulation
Subcortical Stimulation
19.2.1.2 Real-Time Neuropsychological Testing (RTNT) Applied to Language Functions
RTNT Rational and Strategy
Intraoperative Tasks Selection
Example of RTNT During a Left Anterior Temporo-Insular DLGG Resection
Example of RTNT During a Left Posterior Temporal DLGG Resection
19.2.2 Part II Multiple Tasks for Multiple Cognitive Function Mapping
19.2.2.1 Intraoperative Tasks Selection
19.2.2.2 Example of RTNT During a Right Temporal DLGG Resection
19.2.3 Discussion
19.2.4 Conclusions
References
Part IV: Prospects
20: Creativity
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Creative Cognition
20.3 Brain Correlates of Creativity in Healthy Subjects
20.3.1 Brain Networks Involved in Creativity
20.3.2 The Specificity of Regions for Creativity Domains and Processes
20.3.3 Hemispheric Lateralisation
20.4 Creativity in Brain-Damaged Patients
20.5 Exploring Creativity in Patients Undergoing Brain Surgery
20.6 Conclusions
References
21: Raising the Question of Personality Changes in Glioma Surgery
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Personality and the Brain
21.3 Personality and Diffuse Low-Grade Glioma
21.4 Toward a “Personalized” Clinical Management of Glioma Patients
21.5 Conclusion
References
22: Patients with Barriers of Communication
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Pediatric Patients
22.2.1 Patient Selection and Preparation
22.2.2 Test Selection and Limitations
22.2.3 Practical Aspects During Surgery
22.2.3.1 Anesthetic Technique
22.2.3.2 Surgical Technique
22.2.4 Illustrative Case (Fig. 22.1)
22.3 Adult Patients
22.3.1 Marginally Aphasic Patients
22.3.1.1 Patient Selection
22.3.1.2 Test Selection and Limitations
22.3.1.3 Practical Aspects During Surgery
22.3.1.4 Illustrative Case (Fig. 22.2)
22.3.2 Language Barriers
22.3.2.1 Patient Selection
22.3.2.2 Test Selection and Limitations
22.3.2.3 Practical Aspects During Surgery
22.3.3 Deaf and Mute Patients
22.3.3.1 Patient Selection
22.3.3.2 Test Selection and Limitations
22.3.3.3 Practical Aspects During Surgery
22.3.4 Severe Myopia
22.3.4.1 Patient Selection
22.3.4.2 Test Selection and Limitations
22.3.4.3 Practical Aspects During Surgery
22.4 Conclusion
References
23: Inner Speech Brain Mapping. Is It Possible to Map What We Cannot Observe?
23.1 What Is Inner Speech?
23.1.1 Development and Frequency of IS
23.1.2 IS and Forward Simulation Process
23.2 How to Measure IS?
23.2.1 Content-Independent Inner Speech Measures
23.2.1.1 Auditory-Phonological IS Level (ISe)
23.2.1.2 Motor Articulatory IS Level (ISa)
23.2.1.3 Semantic-Conceptual IS Level (ISc)
23.2.2 Content-Dependent Measures
23.3 Neuroanatomical Correlates of IS
23.4 Conclusions
References
24: Beyond Task: When Experience Shapes Intuition
24.1 Introduction
24.2 First Step: When Empirical Observation Shapes Experience
24.3 Second Step: When Experience Shapes Intuition
24.4 Third Step: To Validate the Intuition
24.5 Fourth Step: From Model Shift to a Higher Level of Automation
24.6 Perspectives: When Intuition Makes the Bed of Creativity
References