This book focuses on private tutoring (sometimes also known as “shadow education”), an important but neglected topic in applied linguistics and language education research. Private tutoring has become a popular out-of-school learning activity worldwide. While its scope and definition are expanding, private tutoring commonly refers to the “paid service students used to supplement their learning of academic subjects at school outside school hours” (Yung, 2019). Around the world, English language is one of the most popularly enrolled subjects in private tutoring, including both English as a first language and English as an additional language (EAL). Despite its popularity and implications for theories, practices, and policies, research on English private tutoring is still in its infancy. This book aims to provide an international perspective on the interface between applied linguistics and comparative education and open up an agenda for discussion in theories, practices, and policies in English language teaching (ELT). It will be of interest to students, scholars, and policy-makers in these and related areas.
Author(s): Kevin Wai Ho Yung, Anas Hajar
Series: International Perspectives on English Language Teaching
Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 295
City: London
Series Editors’ Foreword
Reference
Acknowledgements
Contents
Note on Contributors
Abbreviations
List of Figures
List of Tables
Private Tutoring: A Global Phenomenon in ELT
Introduction
Definitions and Vocabularies of EPT
Scale and Nature of EPT
Structure of the Volume
References
Part I: Researching English Private Tutoring in English as an Additional Language Countries: Theories and Issues
Investing in English Private Tutoring to Achieve an Ideal Multilingual Self: Evidence from Post-Soviet Kazakhstan
Introduction
English Private Tutoring (EPT) and Sociolinguistic Changes in Central Asia
Raising Children and Young People’s Voices Through Participation
Theoretical Framework
The Study Details
Findings and Discussion
The Effect of EPT on Social Equality
Modes of EPT
Motives for Having EPT and Its Effectiveness
Implications and Conclusion
References
English Private Tutoring and Washback in Japan
Introduction
University entrance exams and washback
EPT at juku and yobikō
Washback on Teaching and Learning Content in EPT
Washback on Teaching and Learning Methods in EPT
Washback on Motivation and Proficiency in EPT
Washback on Teaching in High School and the Role of EPT
Four-Skills Reform and the Future Role of EPT
Conclusions and Recommendations
References
The Nature and Scope of English Private Tutoring: An Analysis of the Shadowing Process and Middle-Class Identity in Globalising India
Introduction
Research on English Private Tutoring—An Overview
The Study
The Nature and Scope of English Private Tutoring
Tutoring for English as a Subject: A Part of the ‘Shadow Education’ System
Coaching for Spoken English Language Support: Tutoring Beyond ‘Shadow Education’
English Private Tutoring for the Contemporary Indian Middle-Classes
Conclusion and Implications
References
Chinese Parents’ Agency in Children’s English Learning in Private Tutoring: An Ecological Perspective
Introduction
Parents’ Agency in Children’s English Learning and in Children’s EPT
The Two Studies
Hong Kong and Nanchang
Participants
Data Collection and Analysis
Enacting Agency in Hong Kong and Nanchang
Hong Kong Parents’ Enactment of Agency
Nanchang Parents’ Enactment of Agency
Comparing Parents’ Agency in Two Studies and Implications
References
Part II: Practices and Policies of English Private Tutoring: Case Studies in English as an Additional Language Countries
The Dynamics of Private Tutoring and the English Language in Bangladesh
Introduction
The Origin of Tutoring in Bangladesh
Tutoring as Edu-Business in a Neoliberal World
Nature and Extent of the Spread of PT and PT-E
Reasons for the Spread of PT-E
Effectiveness of PT-E
Government Regulation of Tutoring and Coaching Centres
Reincarnation of Tutoring During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Conclusion and Implications
References
A Sociocultural Perspective on English Private Tutoring in South Korea in the Last Two Decades: A Critical Review
Introduction
Methodological Considerations
Government Surveys
Academic Studies
Media and Policy Documents
Findings
Practices
Research
Effects of EPT on English Achievement
Factors Affecting Participation in EPT
Perceptions of and Experiences in EPT
Policies
Discussion
Future Directions
References
English Private Tutoring: The Case of Brazil
Introduction
Overview of the Brazilian Context
Conceptual Framework
English Language Teaching in Brazil
Teacher Education and English Private Tutoring in Brazil
Private Tutoring in Brazil
Overview of the Current Situation
A Glimpse into Latin America
Conclusion
References
The Role of English Private Tutoring for English Grades and Study Abroad Intent: The Case of Germany
Introduction
The Growing Importance of English as an Academic Subject and a Lingua Franca
The Rise of English Private Tutoring
English Private Tutoring for Academic Success and Study Abroad Intent
Implications and Directions for Further Research
References
Tutors’ Perspectives of English Private Tuition in France: Challenges and Implications
Introduction
Theoretical Background
Who Are the Tutors?
Bourdieu’s Capital Theory
Native vs. Non-native English-Speaking Teachers
Methodology
Data and Results
Analysis and Results
First Experience as Tutor of English
Tutor or Teacher?
Daily Routine
Natural English Language Skills
Discussion
Conclusion and Implications
References
English Private Tutoring at a Transition Point in Morocco’s Education System: Its Scale, Nature, and Effectiveness
Introduction
Private Tutoring (PT) in Morocco and Beyond
Theoretical Framework
Data and Methodology
Findings and Discussion
Location: Virtual and Physical Environments
Locus of Control: Frequency and Motives of Having EPT
Pedagogy: Advantages and Disadvantages of EPT
Conclusion and Implications
Appendix
References
Part III: English Private Tutoring for Immigrants and Ethnic Minorities in English-Speaking Countries
ESL Private Tuition in the UK: Social Mobility and Discourses of Integration
Introduction
Private Tuition, Social Mobility, and Demography in the UK
ESL Tuition and Learner Identity in the Second Language Context
ESL Private Tuition, Neoliberal Education, and Discourses of Integration
ESL Learners, University Study, and Career Outcomes: Discourse and Practice
Conclusion and Implications
References
Non-Formal Adult English Tutoring in the United States
Introduction
Immigration and Language in the United States
Education Level and Immigrants in the Workforce
Context: Immigrants, Language, and the State of California
The Role of Non-Formal English Tutoring
Grassroots ESL Case Study
Welcome to Azusa, California
Grassroots ESL
Grassroots ESL Beginnings
English for a Healthy Life
Tutor Training, Resources, and Approaches
Benefits and Strengths of the Programme
Challenges and Opportunities
Implications
References
Shadow Education in Literacy for Migrant Students Learning in English as an Additional Language in Australian Primary Schools
Introduction
SE and Capital Exchanges
The Study
SE and Capital Exchanges
Kanthi and Thanuja: SE to Enable Parental Involvement for Outstanding Academic Results
Meilin and Lingli: Questioning the Necessity of SE as a Means of Parental Involvement for Outstanding Results and Opportunities for Prestigious Schooling
Pei-Shan and Andrew: Parental Involvement Through SE for Outstanding Results and Prestigious Schooling Opportunities
Policy Contexts and Family Decisions
References
Private Tutoring in English: Lessons Learnt and Ways Forward
Introduction
The Diverse Motives for EPT Participation
Educational and Social Inequalities
Complex Identities of English Language Tutors
Regulations Concerning the Provision of PT and the Lessons Learnt
Conclusion and Implications
Future Directions
References
Index
