International Law and Time: Narratives and Techniques

Preface
Contents
About the Editors
The Multifaceted Notion of Time in International Law
1 International Law and Time
2 The Conundrum of Time
3 On This Book: Thinking About International Law and Time
4 The Multifaceted Notion of Time in International Law
5 Narratives and Techniques
References
Constructing and Attributing Meaning to Time in International Law
Lawyers as Creators of Law’s Temporal Reality: A Pragmatic Approach to International Law
1 Introduction
2 Formalism, Pragmatism and Legal Reasoning
3 Formalism, Pragmatism and Temporality
4 Epistemological Dualism of the Formalist Approach
4.1 Abstraction as a Means of Separation
4.2 Generality as Formal Inclusion
4.3 Building Commensurability: Deductive Logic
4.4 Formalism and Temporality
5 Epistemological Uniduality of the Pragmatic Approach
5.1 Abstraction as an Operation of Distinction
5.2 Generality as Type
5.3 Building Commensurability: Abduction
5.4 Pragmatism and Temporality
6 Hermeneutics of the Formalist Approach
6.1 Consequences for Temporality
7 Hermeneutics of the Pragmatic Approach
7.1 Consequences for Temporality
8 Conclusion
References
Human Rights in Time: Temporalization of Human Rights in Historical Representation
1 Introduction
2 Setting the Stage: Perspectives on the Histories of Human Rights
3 The Relevance of Time for Human Rights and History
4 The Representation of the Past in the Present
5 Temporalization in the Representation of the History of Human Rights
6 Conclusion
References
Interstellar Justice Now: Back to the Future of International Law
1 Ignition (Just Before the Now)
2 Interstellar Time (When the Feminine Redeems the Masculine, When the Complex Redeems the Binary)
3 Interstellar Justice (Reclaiming Our Future Through the Science-Fiction of International Legal Technologies)
References
Digressing Towards Justice: International Criminal Law’s Narrative of Moral Transit Through Violence
1 Introduction: A Post-Cold War Moral Transit
2 Yugoslavia's Violent Inflection of the Post-Communist Transit
3 Expressing and Contesting History in the ICTY’s Trials
4 Beyond Speculation—Lines of Inquiry and Their Pitfalls
5 Conclusion: Dark Illuminations—What Law's Historical Narratives Imply
References
Time in International Lawmaking
How Instant and Universal International Law Is Born and How It Dies: The 1856 Declaration of Paris
1 Introduction
2 The First Attempt to Create Instant and Universal International Law
3 The United States as a Persistent Objector to the Ban on Privateering
4 When Did the Declaration of Paris Die?
5 Conclusion
References
Incrementalism in International Lawmaking: The Development of Normative Frameworks of Protection for Forcibly Displaced Persons
1 Introduction
2 How and Why Incrementalism Occurs
3 Development of Law on the Protection of Forcibly Displaced Persons
3.1 The League of Nations Era
3.2 The 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol
3.3 Ongoing Protection Issues for Forcibly Displaced Persons
4 Lessons About Incrementalism
5 Conclusion
References
The Politics of Time in Domestic and International Lawmaking
1 Introduction
2 From Geo-Law to Chrono-Law: Sketching Out a Theoretical Framework
2.1 The Socially Constructed Nature of Time Perceptions
2.2 The Embedded Temporality of Legal Norms
3 Temporal Discourses in Domestic and International Law: Between Cooperation and Clash
3.1 Temporality in Domestic Legal Processes and Narratives
3.2 Temporality in International Legal Processes and Narratives
3.3 The Interaction of Domestic and International Legal Temporalities in the Processes of Global Governance
4 Conclusion
References
Life Cycles of International Law as a Noetic Unity: The Various Times of Law-Thinking
1 Introduction
2 Lawmaking by Law-Thinking
3 The Clocks of Law
4 Paradigm Shifts: The Time of the Evolution of Central Ideas Within a Community
5 The Time of Struggles Between Competing Schools of Thought
6 The Time of the Formation of Distinct Epistemic Fields
7 The Time of the Evolution of Interests
8 The Time of the Change of Beliefs
9 Conclusion
References
Time and the Operation of International Law
Time-Traveling Rules of Interpretation: Of ‘Time-Will’ and ‘Time-Bubbles’
1 Introduction
2 The Claim that Rules of Interpretation Are Immutable Despite the Passage of Time
2.1 The Very Existence of Rules of Treaty Interpretation
2.2 Various Forms
2.3 Interpretation of Rules of Interpretation
2.4 Logical Fallacies of the Immutability of Rules of Treaty Interpretation
3 The Mutability of Rules of Treaty Interpretation Leads to Intertemporal Concerns
3.1 Intertemporal Law
3.2 Principle of Contemporaneity and Evolutive Interpretation
3.3 Scenarios (Dis)Allowing ‘Time-Traveling’ Rules of Interpretation
4 Conclusion
References
Time and Tide Wait for No One: The Curious Consideration of Time in International Investment Treaty Law
1 Introduction
2 When Does a Treaty Breach Begin?
3 Continuing Breach
4 The General Jurisprudence on Continuing Acts and Measures
5 The Impact of Time Limits on the Question of Time
6 State Responsibility and the Interpretation of Treaties
7 Conclusion
References
The Relevant Time for Assessing Jurisdiction and the Ratione Temporis Objection in the Genocide (Croatia v. Serbia) Case
1 Introduction
2 The Relevant Time for Assessing Jurisdiction in the FRY Cases
2.1 The FRY’s Capacity to Appear Before the ICJ
2.2 The Nottebohm and Mavrommatis Principles
2.3 The Existence of a Legal Dispute and Exhaustion of Negotiations: Exceptions to the Nottebohm and Mavrommatis Principles?
2.4 The Simultaneous Application of the Mavrommatis and Nottebohm Principles in the 2008 Judgment
2.5 The Application and Nonapplication of the Mavrommatis Principle in the 2004, 2007 and 2008 Judgments
2.6 The Swing of the Pendulum
3 The Acts and Omissions Preceding the Creation of the FRY
3.1 The Temporal Application of the Genocide Convention
3.2 The Question of Succession to Obligations Arising from Alleged Acts of Genocide by the SFRY
4 Conclusion
References
Of Relevant Dates and Political Processes: State Succession and the Dissolution of the Former Yugoslavia
1 Introduction
2 Political Processes and Dates: The Dissolution of the Former Yugoslavia Between Law and Facts
2.1 Preliminary Objections: Mechanisms of Succession and the Existence of the FRY
2.2 Merits: State Succession to Treaties and Insurrectional Movements
2.3 Political Processes: Relevant Facts and Federalism
3 Bridging the ‘Responsibility Gap’
3.1 The Jurisdictional Hurdle: Composite Acts
3.2 Attribution and the Problem of ‘Federal Control’: Some Speculative Remarks
4 Conclusion
References
China, Confucian Time and International Law: A Normative and Behavioral Account
1 Introduction
2 Framing the Debate: On Culture, Time Orientation and International Law
3 Confucian Time
4 Merging Methods: Between Doctrine and Empiricism
4.1 A Normative Perspective
4.2 A Behavioral Account
5 Confucian Time and the Future of China’s International Legal Behavior
6 Conclusion
References
International Law Between Change and Stability
International Law Through Time: On Change and Facticity of International Law
1 Introduction: The Dynamic International Law
2 Dimensions of Change
3 International Law as a Process of Continuous Change
4 The Normative Character of Practice
5 Facticity of International Law
6 Tension Between Change and Stability
7 Conclusion: Asynchrony of International Law’s Formal Sources?
References
The Development of International Law, Perception, and the Problem of Time
1 Introduction
2 ‘Progressive Development’, Change, and International Law
3 The Perception of Time
4 Time and the Development of Law
4.1 Time and the Sources of International Law
4.2 Time and Interpretation
5 Time and the Reasoning of the ICJ
6 Conclusion
References
Change and Adaptation in International Environmental Law: The Challenge of Resilience
1 Introduction
2 The Time of Law
3 Time and Ecosystems
4 Adapting to Complexity and Contingency
5 Promoting Resilience Through Adaptive Management
5.1 Aggregation
5.2 Flows
5.3 Nonlinearity
5.4 Diversity
5.5 Self-critical Behavior
6 Conclusion: Resilience of Law
References
Transformations of International Legal Concepts in Time: Continuity, Discontinuity, Recurrence
The ‘Minimum Standard of Treatment’ in International Investment Law: The Story of the Emergence, the Decline and the Recent Resurrection of a Concept
1 Introduction
2 The Emergence of the MST as a Rule of Customary International Law
2.1 The Concept of the MST and its Customary Status
2.2 The Historical Foundation of the MST
2.3 The Challenge to Existing Customary Rules, Including the MST, Led by Newly Independent States in the 1960s and 1970s
2.4 The New Phenomenon of ‘Treatification’ in the 1990s
3 The Emergence of the FET Standard in Investment Treaties
3.1 Why Did States Begin to Refer to the FET Standard Instead of the MST in Their Investment Treaties?
3.2 The Broad Interpretation Given to FET Clauses by Arbitral Tribunals
3.3 States’ Reactions or the ‘Return’ of the MST
4 Conclusion
References
Peace Agreements Between Rupture and Continuity: Mediating Time in International Law
1 Introduction
2 From Restoration to Novelty
3 Transitional Justice: Negotiating Time
4 Conclusion: International Law and (Dis)Continuity—A Biased Ban on Forgetting?
References
Overlooking Continuity: National Minorities and ‘Timeless’ Human Rights
1 Introduction
2 International Law and ‘Progress’
3 Human Rights Histories and the Limits of ‘Timeless’ Human Rights
4 National Minorities and Human Rights Histories
5 Conclusion
References
Self-determination as Ideology: The Cold War, the End of Empire, and the Making of UN General Assembly Resolution 1514 (14 December 1960)
1 Introduction
2 Self-determination’s 18th Century Antecedents
3 Lenin, Wilson, and the Two Visions of Self-determination
4 The Communist Approach to Self-determination
5 The Influence of Communism in the Third World
6 The West Rejects Self-determination in the Third World
7 The Making of the Decolonization Declaration
8 Conclusion
References