International Law and Development in the Global South

Foreword
Reflections
The Continuing Relevance and Importance of Pacta Sunt Servanda in Contemporary International Law: A Re-Appraisal
Acknowledgements
Contents
Notes on Contributors
Abbreviations
1 Introduction
2 The Case for Domestic Workers’ Bill of Rights in Bangladesh: Preliminary Observations
3 Causes and Implications of Worsening Insecurity in Nigeria: Developing a Cure Through the Law
1 Introduction
2 Conceptual Analysis
3 Causes of Insecurity in Nigeria
4 Implication of the Rising Insecurity
5 Solution Through Law
6 Recommendations
7 Conclusion
4 Restorative Justice and Non-Custodial Measures as Panacea for Prison Decongestion in a Covid-19 Era: Nigeria in Perspective
1 Introduction
2 Prison Congestion and Covid-19 Pandemic
2.1 Table showing Total prison population in Nigeria
3 Elucidation of Notions
3.1 Restorative Justice
3.2 Non-Custodial Measures
4 Restorative and Non-Custodial Sentences
4.1 Fine
4.2 Community Service Order
4.3 Restoration and Restitution
4.4 Compensation Order
4.5 Whipping or Corporal Punishment
4.6 Binding Over
4.7 Parole
4.8 Confiscation and Forfeiture
4.9 Suspended Sentence
4.10 Recognizance
4.11 Probation
4.12 Deportation
4.13 Rehabilitation and Correctional Orders
4.14 Plea Bargain
5 Conclusion
5 Principle of Responsibility to Protect: Implications for Sovereignty
1 Introduction
2 Sovereignty as a Bedrock Principle of International Law
2.1 Treaties of Westphalia
2.2 Equality of States in International Law
2.3 Principle of NonIntervention in the Internal Affairs of States
3 Early Tensions Between Principle of NonIntervention and Human Rights
3.1 Status of Human Rights in Medieval and Pre-World War Era
3.2 Status of Human Rights Under the UN Era
3.3 Principle of Responsibility to Protect: Evolution
4 Implication of the Principle of Responsibility to Protect on Sovereignty
4.1 Is It a Qualification of Sovereignty?
4.2 Is It an Abrogation of Sovereignty?
4.3 Can It Be Construed as an Exercise of Sovereignty?
5 Conclusion
6 International Law and Frozen Conflicts in Eastern Europe and the Caucasus
1 Introduction
2 Ethnic Conflicts: Heritage of the Soviet Union
3 Frozen Conflicts: Origins and Development
4 Self-Declaration and State-Building: Legal Dimension
5 Ukraine: Current Situation
6 Conclusion
7 How U.S. Courts Handle GDPR in Discovery Process: An Examination of a U.S. Patent Infringement Case
1 Introduction
2 U.S. Procedural Approach: Requests in Discovery Process Affecting Foreign Interests
3 U.S. Substantive Approach: Requests in Discovery Process Affecting Foreign Interests
3.1 Finjan, Inc. v. Zscaler, Inc.
3.2 United States v. Microsoft Corp.
4 Are the U.S. Courts Limited to the Materials Presented by the Parties to Determine Foreign Law?
5 What if the United States District Court in the Zscaler Case Had Made Inquiry About GDPR?
6 Why Making Inquiry of Foreign Law Is Important?
7 How to Balance the Interests of Two Different Jurisdictions?
8 Conclusion
8 International Criminal Jurisdiction of the African Court of Justice and Human and Peoples’ Rights: Promoting or Obstructing Accountability?
1 Introduction
2 Criticisms of ICC’s “African Only” Docket Are Inapposite
2.1 The Basis of the ICC’s Exercise of Jurisdiction
2.2 The Emergence of “Africa Only Docket” in the ICC
3 The Creation of the African Court of Justice and Human and Peoples’ Rights (ACJHR)
3.1 The Establishment and Mandate of the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights (ACHPR)
3.2 The Establishment and Mandate of the Court of Justice of the African Union (ACJ)
3.3 Establishment and Mandate of the African Court of Justice and Human Rights (ACJHR)
3.4 Establishment and Mandate of the African Court of Justice and Human and Peoples’ Right
3.5 Innovations of the Malabo Protocol
Codification and Expansion of International Crimes
Establishment of Corporate Criminal Responsibility
3.6 The Malabo Protocol is Conceptionally Inadequate and Obstructive to International Criminal Law
ACJHR’s [Lack of] Relationship with the ICC
Immunity Provision in the Malabo Protocol
Inadequate Human and Financial Resources
4 Conclusion
9 The Supremacy of Might Over Right in the International Legal Order
1 Introduction
2 The Theoretical Context
3 The Politics of International Law
4 International Adjudication
5 The Primacy of Realism
6 Conclusion
10 State Succession in International Law
1 Definition of state succession
2 Who Decides Whether State Succession Has Taken Place?
3 Date of State Succession
4 Basic Doctrinal Positions
5 “Civilian” Theory of Universal Succession
6 The Popular Continuity Theory
7 The Classical Clean-Slate Doctrine
8 Codification of the Rule of State Succession
9 Common Features of the Conventions Already Codified
10 Convention of Succession of States in Respect of Treaties
11 The Former Soviet Union
12 State succession to Boundaries and Territorial Regimes
12.1 The principles of the inviolability of Boundaries
12.2 Boundaries with Third States and Between Successor States
13 State Succession and its Impact on the Nationality of Natural and Legal Persons
14 Dissolution of Federations: The Cases of the CSFR, the USSR, and the SFRY
14.1 The Reunification of Germany
11 Local Regulation of Multinational Corporations
1 Introduction
2 Nationalists Versus Internationalists
3 A Theory of Local-Based Development and Accountability
4 Community Trusts
4.1 Concept of Trusts
4.2 Host Community Development Trust (HCDT)
5 Conclusion
12 Judicial Misconduct: Analyzing the Code of Conduct for Judicial Officers in Nigeria
1 Introduction
2 The Meaning of Misconduct
3 The Role of the National Judicial Council
4 The Scope of the Code of Conduct for Judicial officers
5 Analysis of the Code of Conduct for Judicial officers
5.1 Judicial Comportment
6 Functions as a Judge
6.1 Adjudicative Duties
6.2 Administrative Duties
6.3 Impartiality/Disqualification
7 Waiver of Disqualification
7.1 Extra-Judicial Activities
8 The Core Values and Attributes of a Good Judicial Officer
9 Conclusion
13 Development of International Commercial Arbitration in Virtual Reality During the COVID-19 Pandemic
1 Introduction
2 An Overview of the Operation of International Arbitration During the COVID-19 Pandemic
3 The Reactions and Measures Taken by Some International Commercial Arbitration Institutions to Cope with the COVID-19 Pandemic
4 The Disadvantages and Concerns About the Virtual Hearings in International Commercial Arbitration Practice
5 The Aftermath of the Pandemic and Potential Changes to International Commercial Arbitration
14 Recovery from International Trade Crisis
1 Introduction
2 Impact of COVID-19 on International TRADE and Its Legal Implications
3 The New Deal to a Recovery: Subject Matter of International Trade and Provisions of Essential Goods and Services and Means of Livelihood
4 Trade Imbalance as an Obstacle to Recovery
5 Impact of COVID-19 on Globalization
6 Conclusion
15 Surrogacy, Religious Culture, and the Imperatives of the Law: Any Caveats for Law Makers?
1 Introduction and Preliminary Background
2 Categorizing Surrogacy: Traditional Versus Gestational
2.1 Traditional Surrogacy
2.2 Gestational Surrogacy
3 Religious Perspectives on Surrogacy
3.1 Catholic Church
3.2 Anglican Church/Church of England
3.3 Judaism
3.4 Islam
3.5 Hinduism
3.6 Buddhism
4 Conclusion
16 A Case for the Application of Strict Liability in Oil and Gas Pollution Cases in Nigeria
1 Introduction
2 Clarification of Concepts
2.1 Environment
2.2 Enforcement
2.3 Pollution
2.4 Standard of Proof
2.5 Strict Liability
2.6 Pollution Under the NESREA Act
2.7 Air Pollution
2.8 Noise Pollution
2.9 Water Pollution
2.10 Land Pollution
2.11 Environmental Right as a Fundamental Right
3 Impediments to Enforcement of Environmental Laws
3.1 Conflict of Interest by the Nigerian Government
3.2 Poverty
3.3 Illiteracy
3.4 Lack of Technological Equipment
3.5 Delay in the Judicial Process
3.6 Standard of Proof
3.7 Strict Liability
4 Justification for the Application of Strict Liability
4.1 Death of the Victims
4.2 Serious Health Challenges
4.3 Poverty
4.4 Environmental Degradation
4.5 Benefits Derivable from the Application of Strict Liability
4.6 Fast Resolution of Pollution Claims
4.7 Decongestion of Court Dockets
4.8 Harmonious Relationship
4.9 Increased Productivity/Earnings
4.10 Poverty Alleviation
4.11 Clean/Healthy Environment
5 Conclusion
17 Nganjiwa V Federal Republic of Nigeria—Judicial Contrivance of Immunity for Judges?
1 Introduction
2 Facts of the Case
3 Issues for Determination Adopted by the Court of Appeal
4 Decision of the Court on the Issues
5 Nganjinwa Precedent Religiously Followed by the Courts
6 Comments on the Case
6.1 Whether Criminal Jurisdiction can be exercised over a Sitting Judicial Officer without first subjecting such Judicial Officer to the Disciplinary Jurisdiction of the NJC
6.2 Whether it is Contrary to the Doctrine of Separation of Powers or against the Independence of the Judiciary for the Executive to Prosecute a Sitting Judicial Officer without First Petitioning the NJC
7 Conclusion
18 A Critique of the Nigeria National Security Strategy 2019
1 Introduction
1.1 Human Security
1.2 Elements of the National Security Strategy
1.3 The National Security Response
1.4 Promote Nigeria’s Prosperity and Sustainable Development
1.5 Promote National Unity and Peaceful Co-Existence
2 Conclusion
19 The American Judiciary and Judicial Institutions on Trial
1 Introduction
1.1 Champion of the Global Crusade for the Spread of Democracy and Democratic Governance:
1.2 Leader of the Fight for Human Rights Promotion, Protection, and Enforcement:
1.3 Voter Suppression:
1.4 Proof of Citizenship:
1.5 Closure of Polling Centres:
1.6 Weaponization of the Judiciary:
1.7 Politicization of the Judiciary and the Courts:
2 Conclusion
20 The Unconformity of California’s Gender Quota Law with the Contractual Theory of Corporate Law
1 Introduction
2 California Corporate Gender Quota Law
2.1 Corporations Code Sec. 301.3 and Sec. 2115.5
2.2 Ensuring Compliance
3 Contractual Theory of Corporate Law
4 Justifying Gender Quota Law Mandate
4.1 Distinguishing Between the Types of Rules
4.2 Traditional Justifications for Structural Mandatory Corporate Law
Close Corporation Immunity
Publicly Held Corporations’ Coverage
California Gender Quota Law’s Unconformity
5 Conclusion
21 The Role of the Judiciary in Development of an ISDS Mechanism in Vietnam
1 Introduction
2 Overview of the Judiciary and Roles of Key State Organs in Vietnam
3 The Notion of Judicial Independence
4 Role of the Courts in Resolving Investment Disputes
5 The Extent of the Court’s Interference During Arbitration Proceedings
6 Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards in Vietnam
7 Grounds for Non-recognition, and the “Basic Principles of the Laws of Vietnam”
8 Sovereign Immunity, the Choice of Enforcement, and the Judiciary’s Track Record
9 Gaps in Judicial Divergence
22 In-Country Processing as a Solution to the International Refugee Crisis: The Example of the CAM Program
1 Introduction
2 A Void in International Law
2.1 The Global Refugee Problem
2.2 The Refugee Convention and Protocol
2.3 Asylum
2.4 Resettlement
2.5 International Issues
3 The CAM Program
3.1 Overview
3.2 CAM Refugee Program
3.3 CAM Parole Program
3.4 Legislative History
3.5 Strengths of the CAM Program
4 Recommendations and Conclusions
Index