This handbook provides a demographic examination of global obesity trends by bringing together the range of research conducted in this field by demographers, sociologists, epidemiologists, and other quantitatively and demographically oriented social scientists. It utilizes a multidisciplinary demographic approach to provide insights into the global prevalence and mechanisms of obesity, as well as the population level impacts of rising obesity. Major sections include: global obesity trends and prevalence; obesity and demographic structures, processes, and characteristics; emerging areas of study; and obesity in LGBAT populations. This handbook provides readers with a broad understanding of population-based research on obesity and serves as a resource for scholars, students, policymakers, and researchers.
Author(s): Ginny Garcia-Alexander, Dudley L. Poston Jr.
Series: International Handbooks of Population, 12
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 342
City: Cham
Preface
Contents
Contributors
Part I: Global Obesity Patterns and Implications
1: Global Obesity Patterns, an Introduction
Development of the Demographic Study of Obesity
Overall Trends in Obesity
Demographic Analyses of Obesity
Consequences of Rising Obesity
Population-Based Perspectives on Rising Overweight and Obesity
Tools and Methods Employed by Demographers
References
2: Obesity: A Long-Term Global Challenge
Obesity and Health Over the Life Course
Health Conditions Associated with Obesity in Adults and Children
Cardiometabolic Conditions
Respiratory Conditions
Other Physical Consequences of Obesity
Short- and Long-Term Psychological Outcomes
COVID-19 Pandemic
Lifestyle Factors, and Social and Environmental Determinants of Obesity
Obesity Trend Estimation
Definition of Obesity
Global Obesity Estimation
Obesity Trends
Overview
Obesity in Key Countries
China
India
Brazil
South Africa
Germany
Iran
USA
Nauru
Japan
Future Obesity Monitoring
Conclusions
References
3: Economic Costs of Obesity in Europe
Introduction
Empirical Approaches to Studying Obesity and Labour Market Outcomes
Methodological Approaches
Identifying Obesity-Related Penalties
Review of the Empirical Literature
Obesity and Earnings
Obesity and Employment
Potential Mediators
Modifying Role of Culture and Labour Market Institutions
Methodological Challenges and Future Studies
Methodological Advancements
Data Improvements
Novel Outcomes and the Role of Moderators and Mediators
Conclusions
References
4: Impact of Obesity on Life Expectancy Among Different European Countries, 1975-2012
Introduction
Data and Methods
Results
Obesity-Attributable Mortality in Europe and the USA
Impact of Obesity on Life Expectancy Levels in Europe and the USA
Changes Over Time in the Impact of Obesity on Life Expectancy Levels in Europe and the USA
Impact of Obesity on Trends in Life Expectancy in Europe and the USA
Discussion
Summary of Results
Explanation of Results
Evaluation of Data and Methods
Conclusion and Implications
Future Research Directions
References
5: Obesity with Chinese Characteristics? Prevalence and Determinants of Overweight and Obesity in China
Introduction
The Significance of Studying Overweight and Obesity in China
Surveys and Measures
Childhood and Elderly Obesity
The Childhood Obesity Epidemic in China
Birth Weight, Dietary Patterns, and Lifestyle
Social Disparities in Childhood Obesity
Obesity and Overweight Among Elderly Adults
Sex Disparities and Related Causes of Obesity/Overweight
Socioeconomic and Behavioral Disparities
Dietary Behaviors, Living Environment, and Overweight/Obesity
Physical Activity and Sedentary Lifestyle and Overweight/Obesity
The Global Context of China´s Obesity Epidemic
Appendix: Summary of Articles Reviewed on Obesity and/or Overweight in China
References
Part II: Obesity and Demographic Processes, Structures, and Characteristics
6: Obesity and Mortality
Introduction
Estimating the Relative Risks of Death Associated with Obesity for Purposes of Measuring Obesity´s Aggregate Mortality Effect
Causal Identification of the Mortality Risks Associated with Obesity
Incorporating Obesity Histories to Obtain More Accurate Estimates of the Death Risks Associated with Obesity
Evidence of Obesity´s Role on Aggregate Mortality Levels and Trends
Conclusion
References
7: Obesity and Immigration
Introduction
Literature Review
The United States Context
Patterns and Prevalence of Obesity Among Immigrants to the United States
The Hispanic Paradox
Acculturation and Overweight/Obesity
Structural Causes of Obesity
Methodological Approaches and Challenges
Future Research
Conclusion
References
8: Racial and Ethnic Disparities in U.S. Obesity Prevalence: What Have We Learned from Demographic and Population Health Scien...
Introduction
The Obesogenic Nature of the U.S. Society and Its Implications for Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Obesity
Obesity Among U.S. Hispanics
Obesity Among Black Women
Obesity Among Asians
Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Obesity and Longevity
Limitations of Research to Date and Future Research Directions
References
9: Race/Ethnic and Socioeconomic Disparities in Obesity
Introduction
Surveillance and Measurement
Disparities
Self-Reports Versus Objective Measures
Incidence and Prevalence
Mechanisms
Behaviors
Biological Factors
Neighborhood Context
Social Connectedness
Policy and Population-Level Interventions
Randomized Clinical Trials for Obesity Interventions
Social Policies and Large-Scale Interventions
Conclusion
References
10: Sibling Effects on the Development of Obesity
Sibling Theory
Sibling Absence and Obesity: The Evidence
Mechanisms of Sibling Effects
Sibling Absence as the Cause of Obesity Epidemics
Implications for Theories
Conclusion
References
Part III: Emerging Areas of Study
11: Fit for Christ or Gluttons for God? An Overview of Research on Religion and Body Mass
Introduction
Studies of Religion and Body Mass
The United States Context
The International Context
Summary
Mediators of Religion and Body Mass
Obesogenic Mechanisms
Leptogenic Mechanisms
Summary
Moderators of Religion and Body Mass
Gender and Race
Age
Summary
Directions for Future Research
Theoretical Issues
Methodological Issues
Conclusion
References
12: Psychosocial Stressors and Obesity
What Is Stress?
Pathways Linking Psychological Stress to Obesity
Psychosocial Stressors and Obesity
Childhood Adversity
Occupational Stress
Financial Strain
Discrimination
Neighborhood Stress
Cumulative Stress
Future Research
A Better Understanding of Pathways
Gene x Stress Interaction
Conclusion
References
13: The Neighborhood Environment and Overweight/Obesity
Introduction
Organizational Resources
Food Access and Quality
Recreation
Environmental Quality
Walkability
Neighborhood Land Use
Green Space
Neighborhood Social Environment
Neighborhood SES and Segregation
Crime and Perceptions of Neighborhood Safety
Conclusions and Future Directions
References
14: Treatment and Outcome Disparities for Patients with Obesity in Emergency Medical Services
Introduction
Background
Treatment Disparities in Healthcare
Emergency Medical Services
Research Question and Hypothesis
Data, Measures, and Methods
Data
Analytic Sample
Outcome Variables
Independent Variable
Control Variables
Results
Patient Characteristics
Pain Screening Results
Pain Medication Results
Pain Outcome Results
Discussion
Pain Screening
Pain Medications
Pain Outcomes
Gender and Obesity in EMS Treatment
Limitations
Implications of the Findings and Future Directions
Conclusion
References
Part IV: Obesity in Sexual Minority Populations
15: Obesity Prevalence and Trends in the Asexual and Sexual Populations
Introduction
Conceptualizing Sexuality and Asexuality
What Is Asexuality?
Prevalence of Asexuality
Asexuals and Sexuals with Obesity: A Review of Literature
Data: 2017-2019 U.S. National Survey of Family Growth
Results, Female Respondents
Results, Male Respondents
Conclusion
References
16: Are Gay Men More Fit? Obesity and Overweight Differences Among Gay and Straight Men
Conceptualizing Sexual Orientation
Conceptualizing Obesity and Overweight
Are Gay Males More or Less Likely to Have Overweight and Obesity than Straight Males?
A Review of the Literature
Data: 2017-2019 U.S. National Survey of Family Growth
Measures
Analysis
Results
Conclusion
References
17: Prevalence and Trends in Obesity and Overweight Among U.S. Women: Do Lesbians Differ from Straight Women?
Current Prevalence and Trends
The 2017-2019 U.S. National Survey of Family Growth
Measures
Results
Discussion and Conclusion
References
18: Obesity and Bisexuality: Is Being `Bi´ an Issue?
Introduction
Background
Sexual Orientation
Availability of Demographic Data on Sexual Behavior
Review of Bisexual and Obesity Research
Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS)
Behavior Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS)
National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG)
National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health
Massachusetts Youth Risk Behavior Survey
Washington State Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (WA-BRFSS)
National Health Interview Surveys (NHIS)
Longitudinal and Non-federal Studies
Obesity in Bisexuals: Mechanisms and Explanations
Methodology
Data
Measures
Results
Conclusion
References
19: Prevalence and Trends in Obesity Across Gender Identities
Background
Researchers Argue for Transgender Data
Inclusion of Sexual Orientation and Gender in Federal Surveys
Administrative Records
An Analysis of Transgender Individuals, BRFSS 2020
Sample
Measures
Findings
Conclusion and Directions for Future Research
References
20: Conclusions, Review, and Needed Research
Future Research Directions
References
Index
