Th is handbook includes state-of-the-art research on love in classical, modern and postmodern perspectives. It expands on previous literature and explores topics around love from new cultural, intercultural and transcultural approaches and across disciplines. It provides insights into various love concepts, like romantic love, agape, and eros in their cultural embeddedness, and their changes and developments in specific cultural contexts. It also includes discussions on postmodern aspects with regard to love and love relationships, such as digitalisation, globalisation and the fourth industrial revolution. Th e handbook covers a vast range of topics in relation to love: aging, health, special needs, sexual preferences, spiritual practice, subcultures, family and other relationships, and so on. Th e chapters look at love not only in terms of the universal concept and in private, intimate relationships, but apply a broad concept of love which can also, for example, be referred to in postmodern workplaces. Th is volume is of interest to a wide readership, including researchers, practitioners and students of the social sciences, humanities and behavioural sciences.
In the 1970s through the 90s, I was told that globalization was homogenizing cultures into a worldwide monoculture. Th is volume, as risky and profound as the many adventures of love across our multiplying cultures are, proves otherwise. Th e authors’ revolutionary and courageous work will challenge our sensibilities and expand the boundaries of what we understand what love is. But that’s what love does: It communicates what is; offers what can be; and pleads for what must be. I know you’ll enjoy this wonderful book as much as I do!
Jeffrey Ady, Associate Professor (retired), Public Administration Program, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Founding Fellow, International Academy for Intercultural Research
The International Handbook of Love is far more than a traditional compendium. It is a breath-taking attempt to synthesize our anthropological and sociological knowledge on love. It illuminates topics as diverse as Chinese love, one-night stands, teen romance or love of leaders and many more. Th is is a definitive reference in the field of love studies.
Eva Illouz, author of Th e End of Love: A sociology of Negative relationships. Oxford University Press.
Author(s): Claude-Hélène Mayer, Elisabeth Vanderheiden
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2021
Language: English
Pages: 1167
City: Cham
Acknowledgments
Contents
List of Photographs and Photographers
Editors and Contributors
Part I: Introductory Chapters
Chapter 1: Voicing the Stories of Love Across Cultures: An Introduction
1.1 Introduction
1.2 The Contributions of this Book
1.3 The Photographic Contribution to this Book
References
Chapter 2: The State of Ethnological Research on Love: A Critical Review
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Theoretical Approaches to Studying Love: An Overview
2.2.1 Comparative Approaches: Socio-Cultural and Evolutionary Perspectives on Love
2.2.2 Dynamics of Love: Critical Approaches
2.3 Emerging Themes in Love´s Ethnographic Record
2.3.1 The Global Rise of Companionate Marriages
2.3.2 Companionate Love as a Marital Ideal
2.3.3 Weak and Strong Institutional Support for Companionate Marital Love
2.3.4 Expanding Romantic Love: Beyond Monogamy and Heteronormativity
2.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3: Love´s Ethnographic Record: Beyond the Love/Arranged Marriage Dichotomy and Other False Essentialisms
3.1 Introduction
3.2 The False Dichotomy of Love and Arranged Marriage
3.2.1 Spousal Love after (Arranged) Marriage
3.3 Love in Plural and Extra-Marital Relationships
3.4 Inseparable Spheres, Intimate Worlds: Sex and Materiality in Love
3.4.1 Love, Exchange, and Gendered Respectability
3.4.2 ``True´´ Love and Concerns of Romantic Purity and Sincerity
3.5 Communicating Love: Entangling Tradition and Modernity
3.6 Conclusion and Future Directions
References
Chapter 4: Cultural Diversity of Romantic Love Experience
4.1 Experience of Passion in Love
4.1.1 Cross-cultural Similarities in the Experience of Passion
4.1.2 Cross-cultural Differences in the Experience of Passion
4.2 Romantic Experience in Love
4.2.1 Romantic Beliefs in Love
4.2.2 Early Studies of Romantic Beliefs in Western Countries
4.2.3 Studies of Romantic Beliefs in Africa and West Indies
4.2.4 Studies of Romantic Attitudes in Japan, the USA, Germany, France, Russia, Turkey, China, India
4.2.5 Gender Differences in Romantic Attitudes
4.2.6 Romantic Idea of Exclusivity
4.2.7 Romantic Idea of Union in Love
4.2.8 Romantic Jealousy
4.3 Erotic and Sexual Experience of Love
4.3.1 Erotic Love
4.3.2 Sexual Love
4.3.3 The Experiences of Relations Between Erotic and Sexual Love
4.4 Joyful and Powerful Experience of Love
4.4.1 Joy and Happiness of Love
4.4.2 The Quality of Love Makes Differences
4.4.3 The Predictors of Happy Love Across Cultures
4.5 Maladaptive Experience of Love
4.5.1 Obsession in Love
4.5.2 Suffering in Love
4.5.3 Lovesickness
4.6 Conclusion
References
Part II: Particular Facets and Manifestations of Love in Digital Social, Cultural and Political Contexts
Chapter 5: Cyberspace: The Alternative Romantic Culture
5.1 More and Different Romantic Options
5.1.1 Cyberlove and Cybersex
5.1.2 Abundant Available Romantic Options
5.1.3 Interactive Exciting Imagination
5.2 The Impact of Cyberspace on Romantic Relations
5.2.1 Increasing Diversity and Flexibility
5.2.2 Profundity and Superficiality
5.2.3 Romantic Complexity
5.3 The Normative Impact of Cyberspace
5.4 Conclusions and Recommendations
References
Chapter 6: Climbing, and Falling Off, Plato´s Ladder of Love: The Emotions of Love and of Love´s Undoing
6.1 Love as an Emotion
6.1.1 Joy and Happiness
6.1.2 Acceptance
6.2 The Nature and Experience of Love
6.3 Ascending the Ladder of Love
6.4 Falling Off the Ladder: Emotions of Failing Love
6.4.1 Disgust, Rejection
6.4.2 Sadness
6.4.3 Bittersweetness
6.4.4 Ambivalence
6.4.5 Derisiveness
6.4.6 Resignation
6.4.7 Loneliness
6.5 Discussion
6.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 7: Towards the Performance of Embodied Cultures of Love
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Orienting Love
7.3 Psychological Neoteny
7.4 Ubuntu
7.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8: ``A Friend? A Single Soul Dwelling in Two Bodies.´´ Friendship-a Special Kind of Love
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Approaching the Idea of Friendship
8.2.1 Voluntariness, Closeness, Intimacy and Encounter at Eye Level as Constitutive Characteristics of Friendship
8.2.2 Continuity Character, Changeability and Renunciation of Sexual Intimacy as Further Characteristics of Friendship
8.3 Impacts of Friendship
8.3.1 Positive Impacts on Health
8.3.2 Positive Effects of Friendship on Finding Meaning
8.3.3 Friendship as a Social Resource
8.4 Friendship Across and Between Cultures
8.5 Friendship in the Face of Digitalisation
8.6 Friendships Between Women and Men
8.7 Conclusion
8.8 Indications for Future Research Needs
References
Chapter 9: ``Have a Friend with Benefits, Whom off and on I See.´´ Friends with Benefits Relationships
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Reseach Methodology
9.3 Friends with Benefits Relationships and Well-Being
9.4 Friends with Benefits Relationships and Gender Differences
9.5 Friends with Benefits Relationships from Different Cultural Perspectives
9.6 Conclusion
9.7 Further Research
References
Chapter 10: Building a Culture of Revolutionary Love: The Politics of Love in Radical Social Transformation
10.1 Introduction: Love and Revolution in the Twentieth Century
10.2 Feminist Critiques of Love
10.3 Love as Freedom
10.4 Love beyond the Human: Entangled Empathy
10.5 Conclusion: Love as Liberation
References
Part III: Love in Religious and Belief Systems
Chapter 11: Devotion: ``Being Shore to the Ocean´´
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Love as Devotion: Foundational Considerations
11.2.1 Clarifying Language
11.2.2 Clarifying Understandings of Love
11.2.2.1 Devotion as Robust Concern
11.2.2.2 Devotion´s Many Faces
11.3 Devotion `at Work´
11.3.1 Devotion as Life-Giving
11.3.2 Mutual Devotion as Dismantling Barriers
11.3.3 Devotion: Its Distortions and Deceptions
11.3.3.1 Devotion as Love Unacknowledged
11.3.3.2 Devotion as Distorted Loyalty
11.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 12: Ashk: The Sufi Concept for Love
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Research Methodology
12.3 Ashk
12.4 Love and Beauty
12.5 Ascension to Beauty
12.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 13: Prema in kabIr´s sAkhI: Indigenous Perspectives on Love
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Methodology
13.3 kabIr sAhab´s sAkhI or Teaching
13.4 Results
13.5 Discussion
References
Part IV: Love Within the Framework of Family and Intergenerational Relations
Chapter 14: Videography of Love and Marriage Order
14.1 Introduction: People Meet, People Fall in Love, They Get Married
14.2 Methodology
14.3 Outdoor Registration as a Format of Experience and Service on the Market
14.4 Online Wedding Forums as a Platform for Discussions Among Customers
14.5 Photo and Video Shooting of Outdoor Registration in Tsaritsyno
14.6 The ``Wedding in Tsaritsyno´´ Video: Microanalysis
14.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 15: Low-SES Parents´ Love as Educational Involvement with Their Primary School Children: A Synthesis of Qualitative Re...
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Literature Review
15.3 Method
15.3.1 Search Procedures
15.3.2 Study Criteria
15.3.3 Analysis
15.4 Results
15.4.1 Facilitating Learning
15.4.1.1 Advocating the Importance of Education
15.4.1.2 Providing a Good Home Environment
15.4.1.3 Cultivating Children´s Learning Experience
15.4.1.4 Helping with School Assignment
15.4.1.5 Establishing Rapport
15.4.2 Using Support from Others
15.4.2.1 Support from Family
15.4.2.2 Support from School and Community
15.4.3 Involvement in School
15.4.3.1 Developing Relationships with Teachers
15.4.3.2 Guiding Children´s Social Behaviors and Morals
15.4.4 Reflecting Cultural Influences
15.4.4.1 Motivating to Compete
15.4.4.2 Fulfilling Traditional Roles of Fathers
15.4.4.3 Practicing Religious Beliefs
15.5 Discussion
15.5.1 Facilitating Learning
15.5.1.1 Establishing Rapport
15.5.1.2 Advocating the Importance of Education
15.5.1.3 Providing a Good Home Environment
15.5.1.4 Helping with School Assignments
15.5.2 Using Support from Others
15.5.3 Involvement in School
15.5.3.1 Developing Relationships with Teachers
15.5.3.2 Guiding Children´s Social Behavior and Morals
15.5.4 Reflecting Cultural Influences
15.5.4.1 Motivating to Compete
15.5.4.2 Fulfilling Traditional Roles of Fathers
15.5.4.3 Practicing Religious Beliefs
15.6 Implications for Schools
15.7 Limitations
15.8 Conclusion
Appendix
References
Chapter 16: When a Mother´s Love Is Not Enough: A Cross-Cultural Critical Review of Anxiety, Attachment, Maternal Ambivalence,...
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Constructing Motherhood
16.3 Anxiety
16.4 Attachment
16.5 Maternal Ambivalence
16.6 Abandonment
16.7 Infanticide
16.8 Conclusions
References
Chapter 17: A Semi-Peripheral Myth of the ``Good Mother´´: The History of Motherly Love in Hungary from a Global Perspective
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Who Is a Good Mother?
17.3 An Outline of the History of the Myth of the Good Mother in the Core Countries
17.4 The Socialist Myth of the Good Mother in Hungary
17.5 The Contemporary Myth of the Good Mother in Hungary
17.6 Summary
References
Chapter 18: Loving Like I Was Loved: Mother-Child Relationship from the Malay Muslims´ Perspective
18.1 Introduction to Love in the Described Context
18.2 Love as Part of Human Nature
18.3 Love: Cultural and Religion Perspectives
18.4 Love in Mother-Child Relationship
18.4.1 Present Love in Mother-Child Relationship
18.4.1.1 Physical Experience of Love
18.4.1.2 Emotional Experience of Love
18.4.1.3 Spiritual Expression of Love
18.4.2 Messages Conveyed Through Love Across Different Era
18.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 19: Sexuality, Love and Sexual Well-Being in Old Age
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Love and Sexuality Among Older Adults in Different Cultures
19.3 Are Older Adults Sexually Active?
19.4 Older Adults´ Sexuality in a Cultural Context
19.5 Sexual Well-Being
19.5.1 Dimensions of Sexual Well-Being
19.5.2 Factors Affecting Sexual Well-Being and Sexual Unwellness
19.5.3 Policies and Interventions
19.6 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 20: ``A Matter of Age?´´ Love Relationships Between Older Women and Younger Men: The So-called ``Cougar´´ Phenomenon
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Statistical Facts on (Love) Relationships Between Older Women and Young Men
20.3 Case Examples: Research Methodology
20.4 Current State of Research on Age-Differential Relationships Between Older Women and Younger Men
20.5 Experiences, Insights and Motives of Couples in Relationships Between Older Women and Younger Men
20.6 Conclusion and Future Research Needs
References
Chapter 21: A Table for One: The Homosexual Single and the Absence of Romantic Love
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Homosexuality and Singlehood: Storying the Unloved, the Deviant and the Abnormal
21.3 Drinking Alone?
21.4 The Homosexual Single Mourner: Ghostly Invaders
21.5 Concluding Thoughts
References
Chapter 22: On Homosexual Love and Right to Same-Sex Marriage: Questioning the Paradox of #LoveWins Discourse
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Love, Heteronormativity, Homonormativity
22.3 Researching the Hashtag
22.3.1 Data Collection
22.3.2 Ethical Considerations
22.3.3 Research Limitations
22.3.4 Data Analysis
22.4 Research Findings: Development, Modernity and #LoveWins
22.4.1 Findings: Three Categories of the Use of #LoveWins
22.4.2 Analyzing the Discourse of Development/Modernity
22.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 23: Love and Conflicts Between Identity-Forming Values
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Theoretical Background
23.2.1 Identity and Identity-Forming Values
23.2.2 Individualist Accounts of Love
23.2.3 Interpersonal Accounts of Love
23.2.4 Love as Union
23.3 Conflicts Between Identity-Forming Values Among Lovers
23.3.1 Analyzing Conflicts Between Identity-Forming Values Among Lovers
23.3.2 Can Conflicts Between Identity-Forming Values Among Lovers Be Resolved?
23.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 24: The Importance of Family Members in Love Letters
24.1 Introduction
24.1.1 Possibilities
24.1.2 What Are Love Letters?
24.2 Theoretical Background and Context
24.3 Research Methodology
24.4 Findings
24.4.1 Frequency of Love Letter Content About Family Members
24.4.2 Building Links Between Lover and Family
24.4.2.1 Telling Family Members About the Lover
24.4.2.2 Telling the Lover About One´s Family
24.4.2.3 Progress Report on Family Acceptance of the Other
24.4.3 Expressions of Connection Between Lover and Family
24.4.3.1 Writing Caring Things About the Lover´s Family
24.4.3.2 Family Members and Lovers Reach Out to Each Other
24.4.3.3 Meeting the Lover´s Relatives
24.5 Discussion
24.5.1 Importance of Family in Love Letters
24.5.2 Limitations
24.5.3 Culture
24.6 Conclusion
24.7 Recommendations in Theory and Practice
24.7.1 Theory
24.7.2 Practice
The Love Letter Collections
References
Part V: Love in the Context of Counselling, Psychotherapy and Psychiatry
Chapter 25: Love at the Psychiatric Ward
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Love at the Clinic: In-Between Self-Determination and Protection
25.3 Further Objections to Love at the Clinic
25.4 Love as a Therapy-Conducive Factor
25.5 Love as Eros, Philia, Agape
25.6 Transitions: Agape and Caritas, Compassion and Empathy
25.7 Ontological Rootedness in Group Therapy Settings
25.8 Therapeutic Implications
References
Chapter 26: Love from a Psychotherapeutic Perspective Including Case Studies: The Need for Effective Altruism
26.1 Love Within the Therapeutic Alliance, Transference and Countertransference
26.2 Judicial Aspects
26.3 Respectful Physical Touch and Humaneness in Therapy
26.4 Fromm´s Categories of Love
26.5 Basics of Effective Altruism
26.6 Intercultural Case Vignettes
26.7 Recommendations for Effective Therapeutic Practice and Conclusions
26.8 Special Recommendations Applying to Group Settings
References
Chapter 27: Coming Home to Self: Finding Self-Compassion and Self-Love in Psychotherapy
27.1 Introduction
27.2 The Flip Side: What Is Not Self-Love
27.3 Conceptual Framework: Understanding Self-Love Through Theories
27.4 Self: Criticism or Compassion: Relationship with Psychopathology
27.5 Self-Criticism Versus Self-Compassion: A Cultural Perspective
27.6 Self-Compassion and the Psychotherapeutic Process
27.7 Methodology
27.7.1 The Journey With-in
27.7.2 The In-Adequate Me
27.7.3 The Parent and the Inner Critic
27.7.4 Inviting the Loving Self
27.7.5 Utilising the Insights for Days to Come
27.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 28: How to Research Performances of Love with Timelines
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Aim of the Chapter
28.3 Context and Literature Review
28.3.1 Love Migration: Bureaucratical Framework and Governmentality
28.3.2 Questions of Intercultural Communication About Binational Relationships
28.4 Description of the Research Field
28.5 Theoretical Considerations on Research About Love
28.5.1 Grounded Theory: To Approach Love Step by Step
28.5.2 Sensory Ethnography: To Approach Love´s Physical and Corporeal Dimensions
28.6 Integration of Systemic Methods into Ethnographical Research to Study Love
28.7 Research Methodology
28.7.1 Second Phase
28.8 Findings in Respect to Love
28.9 Love: Different Shades of Closeness
28.10 Love as the Permission to Be Changed
28.11 Discussion
28.11.1 Disadvantages
28.11.2 Advantages
28.11.3 Binational Couples: More than a Question of Communication
28.12 Conclusion
28.13 Recommendations in Theory and Practice
References
Part VI: Love in the Context of Globalisation
Chapter 29: Correlates of Love Across Relationship Types and Cultural Regions
29.1 Introduction
29.2 How Is the Study Comprehensive?
29.3 How Is Love Conceptualized and Measured?
29.4 How Are the Correlates Tested?
29.5 How Is Love Correlated with Relationship Reasons?
29.6 How Is Love Correlated with Life Goals?
29.7 How Is Love Correlated with Values?
29.8 How Is Love Correlated with Relationship Attitudes?
29.9 How Is Love Correlated with Stereotypic Gender Traits?
29.10 How Is Love Correlated with Mate Selection Factors?
29.11 How Is Love Correlated with Partner Similarity?
29.12 How Is Love Correlated with Ratings of Partner and Self?
29.13 How Is Love Correlated with Lee´s Love Styles?
29.14 How Is Love Correlated with Emotional Intimacy?
29.15 How Is Love Correlated with Communication?
29.16 How Is Love Correlated with Sexual Intimacy?
29.17 How Is Love Correlated with Sex outside the Relationship?
29.18 How Is Love Correlated with Social Exchange Measures?
29.19 How Is Love Correlated with Conflict Measures?
29.20 How Is Love Correlated with Responses to Dissatisfaction?
29.21 How Is Love Correlated with Intimate Partner Violence?
29.22 How Is Love Correlated with External Factors?
29.23 How Is Love Correlated with Emotional Well-Being?
29.24 How Is Love Correlated with Evaluative Well-Being?
29.25 What Are the Categories of the Correlates of Love?
29.26 Conclusions and Limitations
29.27 Implications of the Study
References
Chapter 30: Love in a Time of Globalization: Intimacy Re-imagined Across Cultural Flows
30.1 Introduction
30.2 What Is Globalization?
30.3 The Detraditionalization of Relationship Formation: How Did We Get Here?
30.4 Intimacy, Love and Economics
30.5 Technology and Intimacy
30.6 Discussion
30.7 Conclusion and Recommendations
References
Chapter 31: The Expression of Compassionate Love in the South African Cultural Diversity Context
31.1 Introduction
31.2 Theoretical Background
31.2.1 Compassion
31.2.2 Empathy and Compassion
31.3 Literature Review
31.3.1 Compassionate Love
31.3.1.1 What Is Compassionate Love?
31.3.2 The Compassionate Love Scale
31.3.2.1 Descriptive Information on the Compassionate Love Scale
31.3.2.2 Factor Structure of the Compassionate Love Scale
31.3.2.3 Reliable and Validity of the Compassionate Love Scale
31.4 Research Methodology
31.4.1 Study Design
31.4.2 Study Eligibility Criteria
31.4.3 Data Analysis
31.4.4 Strategies Used to Ensure Data Quality
31.5 Discussion and Practical Implications
31.5.1 Compassionate Love and Prejudice in the South African Cultural Diversity Context
31.5.1.1 Competition Between Culturally Diverse Groups
31.5.1.2 Dividing the World into Culturally Diverse Ingroups and Outgroups
31.5.1.3 Prejudice Toward Culturally Diverse Outgroup Members
31.5.1.4 Xenophobia in South Africa
31.6 Chapter Conclusion
31.6.1 Relationship Between Compassionate Love and Prejudice Toward Culturally Diverse Outgroup Members
References
Chapter 32: Love in the Context of Transnational Academic Exchanges: Promoting Mental Health and Wellbeing
32.1 Introduction
32.1.1 Background
32.1.2 Increased Academic Exchanges
32.1.3 Romantic Love
32.1.4 Rationale for the Chapter
32.2 Theoretical Framework: An Integrative Framework
32.2.1 Cultural Psychological Concepts and Intersectionality
32.2.2 Transnationalism and Digital Communication
32.2.3 The Distinctiveness of the Situation of Staying Abroad and the Intercultural Encounter
32.2.4 Emotional Availability and the Shared Third
32.3 Methodology
32.3.1 Empirical Studies and Ethical Considerations
32.3.2 The Case Studies
32.3.2.1 Danish Katja and Indian Rajiv: Master Level Internship in Mumbai
32.3.2.2 Danish Lena and Spanish/Peruvian Pedro: Erasmus Study Exchange in Madrid
32.4 Major Findings
32.4.1 Motivation for Establishing Relationships Despite Differences
32.4.1.1 Then We Started Hanging Out as Friends and Eh Yeah a Couple of Months Later `Love´
32.4.1.2 The Responses of Significant Others
32.4.1.3 Major Strategies for Managing in the First Phase of the Relationship
32.5 Long-Term Sustaining of the Relationship
32.5.1 Managing Everyday Life
32.5.2 Digital Communication, Emotional Availability and the Shared Third
32.5.3 Future Perspectives
32.6 Personal Developmental Aspects: Identifying Criteria for Promoting Health and Well-Being
32.7 Discussion
32.8 Recommendations for Theory and Practice
32.9 Concluding Comments
References
Chapter 33: Living with Love in Today´s World: Philosophical Reflections on Some of Its Complexities
33.1 Introduction
33.2 Love Under a Shadow
33.3 Love Exhausted
33.4 Lessons to Be Learned?
References
Part VII: The Dark Side of Love
Chapter 34: Love in Unhappy Couples
34.1 Introduction
34.2 Theoretical Background and Context
34.3 Methodology: Case Study of a Fictional Unhappy Couple
34.3.1 Arnie and Clarice
34.4 Possibilities for Love in the Story of ``Arnie and Clarice´´
34.5 The Ups and Downs of Marital Relationships
34.6 Unhappy Relationships in the Perspective of the Language of Love
34.7 Unhappy Couples and Love of the Conflict
34.8 Ego Defenses that Mask Love
34.9 Ambivalence
34.10 Dialectics
34.11 Negativity Does Not Mean Love Is Absent; Indifference Would
34.12 Cultural Contexts for Unvoiced and Out-of-Awareness Feelings of Love
34.13 Discussion
34.14 Conclusion and Recommendations in Theory and Practice
References
Chapter 35: ``A Silver Duck in the Dish Washing Water´´ or Love and Crime in the Context of Positive Victimology
35.1 Introduction: Love and Crime in Positive Criminology and Victimology
35.2 Hate Crime and Love Crime
35.3 Love, Relationship and Crime in Gendered and Cultural Contexts
35.4 Love and Its Impact on Desistance from Crime
35.5 Positive Victimology in the Context of Love Crime
35.6 The 12-Step Process of Transformation
35.7 Kasl´s Extended Programme: 16-Step Process for Female Offenders
35.8 A Case Study: The 16-Step Programme of a Female Victim in the Context of Love and Crime
35.8.1 The Context
35.8.2 Transforming Through Kasl´s 16-Step Programme
35.9 Discussion and Conclusions
References
Chapter 36: Free to Love: Experiences with Love for Women in Prison
36.1 Introduction
36.2 Women in Prison. Gendered Disciplinary Regimes
36.3 Resisters Behind Bars
36.4 Sociological and Feminist Understandings on Love
36.5 Love, Affection, and Sexuality Behind Bars
36.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 37: Hatred, Life Without Love, and the Descent into Hell
37.1 Introduction
37.2 The Three Primary Emotions of Hatred
37.2.1 Anger-Rage
37.2.2 Fear
37.2.3 Disgust
37.3 The Three Primary-Secondary Expressions of Hatred
37.3.1 Contempt and Fear
37.3.2 Disgust and Frozenness/Tonic-Immobility
37.3.3 Anger and Repugnance
37.4 Mixtures of Secondary Emotions
37.5 Affect-Spectrum Theory vs. the Triangulation Theory of Hate
37.6 Hatred and Social Identity
37.7 Absence of Love, Hatred, and the Descent into Hell
37.8 Discussion
References
Chapter 38: When the Love Is Bad
38.1 Introduction: You´d be Prettier if you Smiled More
38.2 When Love Was Bad
38.2.1 The Love that Is Emotion
38.2.2 When the Love Is Bad: The Love that Is Concupiscent Desire
38.3 Bad Love, Revisited
38.4 Conclusion: But, Babe, I Love You
References
Part VIII: Love in Literature
Chapter 39: Cosmopolitan Love: The Actuality of Goethe´s Passions
39.1 Introduction
39.2 The Manifold Presence of Love in Goethe´s Life and Work
39.3 Cosmopolitan Love as the Uniting Principle in Goethe´s Life
39.4 Conclusion
References
Goethe´s Works
Translations
Chapter 40: On the Discoursive Construction of the Spanish Hero in Intercultural Romances
40.1 Introduction
40.2 Some Theoretical Background
40.2.1 Love in Popular Culture
40.2.2 Identity and National Character
40.3 Spanishness and the Image of Spain and Spaniards
40.4 The Multiple Faces of Spanishness
40.4.1 Physical Features
40.4.2 Character and Behaviour
40.4.3 Literary and Historical Figures
40.4.4 The Spanish Language
40.5 Conclusion
References
Primary Sources
Chapter 41: Passion Love, Masculine Rivalry and Arabic Poetry in Mauritania
41.1 Introduction: Love Beyond the West
41.2 History of Love in Anthropology
41.3 Two Kinds of Love
41.3.1 Courtly Love
41.3.2 Night Meetings
41.4 Nostalgic Poetry
41.5 The Landscape of Love
41.6 The Uniqueness of the Beloved Woman
41.7 The Pain of Love
41.8 Secret Visits
41.9 The Expenses of Love
41.10 The Objets of Love
41.10.1 Inaccessible Married Women
41.10.2 Husbands Who Are Not Jealous
41.10.3 Jealous Wives
41.11 Conclusion: Masculine Desire
References
Chapter 42: ``How Do You Spell Love?´´-``You Don´t Spell It. You Feel It.´´
42.1 Introduction: Love?
42.2 Popularity of Reading About Love: Some Numbers
42.3 Unfulfillment
42.4 A Female Existential Dilemma: In the Real World and in Literature
42.5 A Universal Love Predicament
42.5.1 Escape Through Death
42.5.2 Escape Through Divorce
42.5.3 Escape Through Extramarital Affair(s)
42.5.4 The Cauldron
42.6 The Magic of Love
42.7 Conclusions and Recommendations for the Theory and Practice: Research into Love Reading
References
Chapter 43: ``There Are as Many Kinds of Love as There Are Hearts´´: Age-Gap Relationships in Literature and Cultural Attitudes
43.1 Introduction: Age-Gap Relationships in Real and Fictional Worlds
43.2 Theoretical Background: How Fiction Can Shape Your Views
43.3 Context: Literature and Social Norms
43.4 Research Methodology: Reading Literary Texts About Age-Gap Relationships
43.5 Findings: Does Reading Fiction Shape Your Views?
43.6 Discussion
43.7 Conclusion
Appendix
A.1 The OM Case (``Happiness´´ Passage)
A.2 The OM Case (``Frustration´´ Passage)
A.3 The OW Case (``Happiness´´ Passage)
A.4 The OW Case (``Frustration´´ Passage)
References
Chapter 44: Imagining Love: Teen Romance Novels and American Teen Relational Capacity
44.1 Introduction
44.2 Teen Relational Capacity Is Decreasing
44.3 The Experience of Reading
44.4 Reading Love
44.5 Teen Romance Novels and the Fostering of Love
44.6 Teen Romance Novels and the Thwarting of Love
44.7 Conclusion
References
Part IX: Love in Workplaces and Business Contexts
Chapter 45: Compassionate Love in Leaders: Leadership Solutions in the Fourth Industrial Revolution
45.1 Introduction: The World of Work During the Fourth Industrial Revolution
45.2 Concepts of Love in Leadership in Contemporary Workplaces
45.3 Love and Leadership in the Fourth Industrial Revolution
45.4 Research Methodology
45.4.1 Sampling, Data Collection and Analysis
45.4.2 Ethical Considerations, Quality Criteria and Limitations of the Study
45.5 Findings
45.5.1 Concepts of Love in Leadership
45.5.2 Which Leadership Expressions Do You Associate with Love?
45.5.3 How Does Love Impact on Work Relationships?
45.5.4 How Does Love in Leadership Support the Transformation of Negative Emotions?
45.5.5 Extraordinary Leaders and Love
45.6 Discussion: Love in Leaders in the Context of the Fourth Industrial Revolution
45.7 Conclusions and Recommendations
References
Chapter 46: Love Is a Many-Splendoured Thing: Brand Love in a Consumer Culture
46.1 Introduction
46.2 Consumer Culture
46.3 Definitions of Brand Love
46.3.1 Conceptualising Brand Love
46.3.2 Conceptualising Brand Love from an Interpersonal Perspective
46.3.3 Conceptualising Brand Love from a Parasocial Perspective
46.3.4 Conceptualising Brand Love from a Grounded Theory Perspective
46.3.5 Conceptualising Brand Love from a Developmental Perspective
46.3.6 Relational Typologies of Brand Love and Brand Hate
46.3.7 Love Marriage Between Consumers and Brands
46.3.8 Experience-Based Relationships Between Consumers and Brands
46.3.9 Arranged Marriage Between Consumers and Brands
46.4 Measurement and Empirical Investigation of Brand Love
46.5 Conclusion
References
Part X: Love in Different Cultural Contexts
Chapter 47: Meaning-making Through Love Stories in Cultural Perspectives: Expressions, Rituals and Symbols
47.1 Introduction
47.2 Concepts of Love and Culture
47.2.1 Love Expression in Cultures
47.3 Meaning-Making Through Narrations and Stories of Love
47.4 The Contribution of this Chapter
47.5 Research Methodology
47.5.1 Data Collection, Analysis and Reporting
47.5.2 Sampling
47.5.3 Ethical Considerations and Limitations of the Study
47.6 Findings and Discussion
47.6.1 What Is Love?
47.6.2 How Do You Feel When You Love?
47.6.3 How Do You Express Your Love?
47.6.4 What Are the Rituals of Love?
47.6.5 What Are Symbols for Love?
47.6.6 Stories of Love
47.6.6.1 Love and Family Relationships
47.6.6.2 Love and Romantic Relationships
47.6.6.3 Love and Spiritual Relationships
47.6.6.4 Love in the Workplace
47.7 Discussion
47.8 Conclusions and Recommendations
References
Chapter 48: Forbidden Love: Controlling Partnerships Across Ethnoracial Boundaries
48.1 Introduction
48.2 Methodology
48.3 Case Studies
48.3.1 Spain and Colonial America
48.3.2 United States in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries
48.3.3 England´s Colonial and Post-colonial Era
48.3.4 Australia in the English Colonial Era
48.3.5 Nazi Germany
48.3.6 South Africa´s Apartheid
48.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 49: The Triangular Theory of Love Scale Used in a South African Context: A Research Study
49.1 Introduction
49.2 Sternberg´s Triangular Love Theory
49.2.1 Properties of the Theory
49.2.2 Types of Love
49.3 Critique of Sternberg´s Triadic Love Theory
49.4 Research Method for the Study
49.5 Results of the Study
49.6 Discussion
References
Chapter 50: Love in China (1950-Now)
50.1 Introduction
50.2 Research Methodology
50.3 Revolutionary Love and the Repercussions of `Class´ (1950s-1970s)
50.4 Gendered Implications of International Intimacy (Late 1970s-2000s)
50.5 Love `in Crisis´ (Late 2000s to the Present)
50.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 51: Sustaining Love and Building Bicultural Marriages Between Japanese and Americans in Japan
51.1 Introduction
51.1.1 Background
51.1.2 Cultures Affect Bicultural Marriages
51.1.3 Model of Intercultural Interactions
51.2 Method
51.2.1 Analysis
51.2.2 Subjects Other than Ourselves
51.2.3 The Authors´ Backgrounds
51.3 Results of Key Issues
51.3.1 Listening and Accepting
51.3.2 Complaining and Complimenting
51.3.3 Apologizing and Forgiving
51.3.4 Laughing and Seriousness
51.3.5 Trusting and Reciprocating
51.4 Discussion
51.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 52: Agape Love in Indigenous Women´s Memoir: A Quest for Justice and Unity
52.1 Introduction
52.2 Love and Power
52.3 Justice in Action
52.4 Representations of Love
52.5 Love of Family
52.6 Romantic Love
52.7 Love of Friends
52.8 Love of Community
52.9 Humanism
52.10 Conclusion
References
Chapter 53: Sacrifice and the Agapic Love Gender Gap in South Korean Romantic Relationships
53.1 Introduction
53.1.1 Theorizing Love and Gendered Reciprocity
53.2 The South Korean Cultural Context: A Brief History of Romantic Love and Sacrifice
53.2.1 Ancient and Medieval Korea: Love and Sacrifice in Folklore
53.2.2 Colonial and Post-Colonial Korea: Love, Sacrifice and Modernity
53.3 Research Methods
53.4 Findings: Love, Sacrifice and Reciprocity in Contemporary South Korea
53.4.1 The Limits of Love: Uncompromisable Desires and the Need for Reciprocity
53.4.2 The Things We Do for Love: Agapic Love and Gender Relations
53.5 Discussion: Origin and Future of the Agapic Love Gender Gap
53.6 Conclusion
53.7 Recommendations in Theory and Practice
References
Chapter 54: Contestations and Complexities of Love In Contemporary Cuba
54.1 Introduction
54.2 Theoretical Background
54.3 Context
54.4 Research Methodology
54.5 Findings
54.6 Discussion
54.7 Conclusion
54.8 Recommendations in Theory and Practice
References
Chapter 55: ``If Any Man Loveth Not His Father´´: Søren Kierkegaard´s Psychology of Love
55.1 Introduction
55.2 Theoretical Background
55.3 Methodology
55.4 Findings: Life and Loves
55.4.1 ``A Strange Family´´: Søren at Home (1813-1830)
55.4.2 Student, Disciple, Public Speaker (1830-1838)
55.4.3 Author, Theologian, Man of the World: Søren at Home and Abroad (1838-1845)
55.4.4 The Corsair Affair: Søren in the Press and Against the Kirk (1845-1855)
55.5 Conclusions and Recommendations for Further Research
References
Chapter 56: Focus on Cross-Cultural Models of Love
56.1 Introduction
56.2 Emotion Events
56.3 Materials and Methods
56.3.1 Online Emotions Sorting Methodology
56.3.1.1 Procedure
56.3.1.2 Participants
56.3.2 Language Corpora
56.3.3 GRID
56.3.3.1 Procedure
56.3.3.2 Participants
56.4 Results
56.4.1 Online Emotions Sorting Study
56.4.1.1 Love and Happiness Cluster
56.5 Love Cluster in Corpora
56.5.1 Love Scenarios in Collocations
56.5.2 Collocational patterns
56.6 Types of Love
56.6.1 Language Corpora and Love Typology
56.6.2 Bodily and Reistic Expressions of Love: Metaphor
56.7 GRID Results
56.7.1 Novelty
56.7.1.1 Duration
56.8 Conclusions
56.8.1 Typology of Love
References
Chapter 57: Could Trump Be His Own Valentine? On Narcissism and Selfless Self-Love
57.1 Trumpmania
57.2 The Roles of Love
57.3 Being Valentine: Lovingly Receptive
57.4 Selfless Self-love Without Narcisissm
57.5 Taking Stock
Part XI: Emic Perspectives on Love
Chapter 58: Love, Dementia and Intimate Citizenship
58.1 Introduction
58.2 Demographics and Discourses of Dementia
58.3 Learning from the Museum of Love
58.3.1 Love as Belonging
58.3.2 Love Challenges
58.3.2.1 Timely Diagnosis
58.3.2.2 Stigma
58.3.3 Changing Roles, Interests and Behaviour
58.3.4 Reciprocity
58.4 Love as a Skill
58.4.1 Small Acts of Love
58.5 Conclusion: A Call to Action
References
Chapter 59: Enlisting Positive Psychologies to Challenge Love Within SAD´s Culture of Maladaptive Self-Beliefs
59.1 Social Anxiety Disorder
59.1.1 SAD and Interpersonal Love
59.2 Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
59.3 Categories of Interpersonal Love
59.4 Philautia
59.4.1 Unhealthy Philautia
59.4.2 Healthy Philautia
59.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 60: ``Different Race, Same Cultures´´: Developing Intercultural Identities
60.1 Developing Intercultural Identities Through Narratives
60.2 ``Different Race, Same Cultures´´: Autobiographical Experiences on Intercultural Identity Development
Reference
