Smart object technology, sometimes called the Internet of Things, is having a profound impact on our day-to-day lives. Interconnecting Smart Objects with IP is the first book that takes a holistic approach to the revolutionary area of IP-based smart objects. Smart objects are the intersection of networked embedded systems, wireless sensor networks, ubiquitous and pervasive computing, mobile telephony and telemetry, and mobile computer networking. This book consists of three parts, Part I focuses on the architecture of smart objects networking, Part II covers the hardware, software, and protocols for smart objects, and Part III provides case studies on how and where smart objects are being used today and in the future. The book covers the fundamentals of IP communication for smart objects, IPv6, and web services, as well as several newly specified low-power IP standards such as the IETF 6LoWPAN adaptation layer and the RPL routing protocol. This book contains essential information not only for the technical reader but also for policy makers and decision makers in the area of smart objects both for private IP networks and the Internet.
- Shows in detail how connecting smart objects impacts our lives with practical implementation examples and case studies
- Provides an in depth understanding of the technological and architectural aspects underlying smart objects technology
- Offers an in-depth examination of relevant IP protocols to build large scale smart object networks in support of a myriad of new services
Author(s): Jean-Philippe Vasseur, Adam Dunkels
Edition: 1
Publisher: Morgan Kaufmann
Year: 2010
Language: English
Pages: 432
Interconnecting Smart Objects with IP: The Next Internet......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Dedication......Page 6
About the Authors......Page 7
Contents......Page 8
Foreword......Page 18
OBJECTIVES......Page 20
STRUCTURE OF THE BOOK......Page 21
SPECIAL ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 24
PART 1 THE ARCHITECTURE......Page 26
CHAPTER 1 What Are Smart Objects?......Page 28
1.1 Where Do Smart Objects Come From?......Page 29
1.1.1 Embedded Systems......Page 31
1.1.2 Ubiquitous and Pervasive Computing......Page 32
1.1.3 Mobile Telephony......Page 34
1.1.4 Telemetry and Machine-to-machine Communication......Page 35
1.1.5 Wireless Sensor and Ubiquitous Sensor Networks......Page 36
1.1.6 Mobile Computing......Page 37
1.1.7 Computer Networking......Page 38
1.2 Challenges for Smart Objects......Page 39
1.2.2 Network-level Challenges......Page 40
1.2.3 Standardization......Page 43
1.3 Conclusions......Page 44
2.2 From NCP to TCP/IP......Page 46
2.3 Fundamental TCP/IP Architectural Design Principles......Page 47
2.4 The Delicate Subject of Cross-layer Optimization......Page 50
2.5 Why Is IP Layering also Important for Smart Object Networks?......Page 52
2.6 Conclusions......Page 53
CHAPTER 3 Why IP for Smart Objects?......Page 54
3.1 Interoperability......Page 55
3.2 An Evolving and Versatile Architecture......Page 57
3.3 Stability and Universality of the Architecture......Page 58
3.5 Configuration and Management......Page 59
3.6 Small Footprint......Page 60
3.7 What Are the Alternatives?......Page 61
3.8.1 Inherent Complexity......Page 62
3.9 Conclusions......Page 63
4.1 Introduction......Page 64
4.2 The Depletion of the IPv4 Address Space......Page 66
4.2.1 Current IPv4 Address Pool Exhaustion Rate......Page 67
4.3 NAT: A (Temporary) Solution to IPv4 Address Exhaustion......Page 70
4.4 Architectural Discussion......Page 72
4.5 Conclusions......Page 73
5.1.1 IP Routing and QoS......Page 76
5.1.2 IP Routing and Network Reliability......Page 78
5.2 Specifics of Routing in LLNs......Page 79
5.2.1 What Makes the Routing in LLNs Different?......Page 80
5.3.1 Where Should Path Computation Be Performed?......Page 83
5.4 Conclusions......Page 87
6.1.1 Best-effort Datagram Delivery......Page 88
6.2 TCP......Page 89
6.2.1 Reliable Stream Transport......Page 90
6.2.2 The TCP Header......Page 92
6.2.4 Round-trip Time Estimation......Page 93
6.2.6 Congestion Control......Page 94
6.2.7 TCP States......Page 95
6.3 UDP for Smart Objects......Page 97
6.4 TCP for Smart Objects......Page 98
6.5 Conclusions......Page 99
CHAPTER 7 Service Discovery......Page 100
7.2.1 SLP......Page 101
7.2.3 UPnP......Page 103
7.3 Conclusions......Page 104
CHAPTER 8 Security for Smart Objects......Page 106
8.1.1 Confidentiality......Page 107
8.2 "Security" by Obscurity......Page 108
8.3 Encryption......Page 109
8.4.1 Security Policies for Smart Objects......Page 111
8.4.2 Link Layer Encryption......Page 112
8.5.1 IPsec......Page 113
8.6 Conclusions......Page 114
CHAPTER 9 Web Services for Smart Objects......Page 116
9.1 Web Service Concepts......Page 117
9.1.1 Common Data Formats......Page 119
9.1.2 Representational State Transfer......Page 120
9.2.1 Implementation Complexity......Page 123
9.2.2 Performance......Page 125
9.3 Pachube: A Web Service System for Smart Objects......Page 127
9.3.1 Interaction Model......Page 129
9.3.2 Pachube Data Formats......Page 130
9.3.4 HTTP Return Codes......Page 131
9.3.5 Authentication and Security......Page 132
9.4 Conclusions......Page 133
10.2 Autonomous Smart Object Networks Model......Page 136
10.4 The Extended Internet......Page 137
10.4.1 The Role of Proxy Engines and the Application Overlay Networks......Page 139
10.5 Conclusions......Page 141
PART 2 THE TECHNOLOGY......Page 142
11.1 Hardware......Page 144
11.1.1 Communication Device......Page 146
11.1.2 Microcontroller......Page 147
11.1.4 Power Sources......Page 148
11.1.5 Outlook: Systems on a Chip, Printed Electronics, and Claytronics......Page 150
11.2 Software for Smart Objects......Page 152
11.2.1 Operating Systems for Smart Objects......Page 153
11.2.2 Multi-threaded Versus Event-driven Programming......Page 157
11.2.3 Memory Management......Page 160
11.2.4 Outlook: Macroprogramming, Java......Page 162
11.3 Energy Management......Page 163
11.3.1 Radio Power Management Mechanisms......Page 165
11.3.2 Asynchronous Duty Cycling......Page 166
11.3.3 Synchronous Duty Cycling......Page 168
11.4 Conclusions......Page 169
12.1 Communication Patterns for Smart Objects......Page 172
12.1.2 One-to-many Communication......Page 173
12.1.3 Many-to-one Communication......Page 174
12.2 Physical Communication Standards......Page 176
12.3 IEEE 802.15.4......Page 177
12.3.1. 802.15.4 Addresses......Page 178
12.3.2. The 802.15.4 Physical Layer......Page 179
12.3.4. The 802.15.4 Frame Format......Page 181
12.3.5. Power Consumption......Page 182
12.4 IEEE 802.11 and WiFi......Page 183
12.4.1 Network Topology and Formation......Page 184
12.4.3 MAC Layer......Page 185
12.4.4 Low-power WiFi......Page 186
12.5 PLC......Page 188
12.5.2 MAC Layer......Page 189
12.6 Conclusions......Page 190
CHAPTER 13 uIP — A Lightweight IP Stack......Page 192
13.1.1 Input Processing......Page 194
13.1.2 Output Processing......Page 198
13.1.4 Packet Forwarding......Page 199
13.2 uIP Memory Buffer Management......Page 200
13.3.1 The Event-driven API......Page 201
13.4 uIP Protocol Implementations......Page 203
13.4.2 TCP......Page 204
13.4.3 Checksum Calculations......Page 205
13.6 Conclusions......Page 206
14.1 Introduction......Page 208
14.2.1 The IETF Mission......Page 209
14.2.2 The IETF Organization......Page 210
14.2.3 IETF Standard Tracks......Page 211
14.2.4 The IETF Standard Process......Page 213
14.2.5 The IAB......Page 214
14.3 IETF Working Groups Related to IP for Smart Objects......Page 216
14.3.1 The IPv6 Over Low-power WPAN Working Group......Page 217
14.3.2 The ROLL Working Group......Page 218
14.4 Conclusions......Page 223
15.1 IPv6 for Smart Object Networks?......Page 224
15.2.1 IPv6 Fixed Header......Page 225
15.2.2 Extended Headers......Page 226
15.2.4 The Routing Header......Page 227
15.2.5 The Fragment Header......Page 228
15.2.7 The No Next Header......Page 230
15.3.2 Representation of IPv6 Addresses......Page 231
15.3.3 Unicast Addresses......Page 232
15.3.4 Anycast Addresses......Page 234
15.3.5 Multicast Addresses......Page 235
15.4 The ICMP for IPv6......Page 236
15.5 Neighbor Discovery Protocol......Page 237
15.5.2 The NA Message......Page 239
15.5.3 The Router Advertisement Messages......Page 240
15.5.4 The Router Solicitation Message......Page 243
15.6 Load Balancing......Page 244
15.7.2 The Stateless Autoconfiguration Process......Page 245
15.7.3 Privacy Extensions for Stateless Address Autoconfiguration in IPv6......Page 248
15.8.1 Stateful Autoconfiguration......Page 249
15.9.1 The Diffserv Model......Page 250
15.9.2 The IntServ Model......Page 251
15.10 IPv6 over an IPv4 Backbone Network......Page 252
15.11 IPv6 Multicast......Page 253
15.12 Conclusions......Page 255
16.1 Terminology......Page 256
16.2 The 6LoWPAN Adaptation Layer......Page 257
16.2.1 The Mesh Addressing Header......Page 259
16.2.3 6LoWPAN Header Compression......Page 262
16.2.4 Stateless Configuration......Page 274
16.3 Conclusions......Page 275
17.2 What Is a Low-power and Lossy Network?......Page 276
17.3 Routing Requirements......Page 277
17.4 Routing Metrics in Smart Object Networks......Page 280
17.4.4 The Node State and Attributes Object......Page 281
17.4.9 Link Reliability Object......Page 282
17.5 The Objective Function......Page 283
17.6.1 Protocol Overview......Page 284
17.6.3 RPL Messages......Page 288
17.6.4 RPL DODAG Building Process......Page 292
17.6.5 Movements of a Node Within and Between DODAGs......Page 295
17.6.6 Populating the Routing Tables Along the DODAG Using DAO Messages......Page 296
17.6.7 Loop Avoidance and Loop Detection Mechanisms in RPL......Page 298
17.6.8 Global and Local Repair......Page 301
17.6.10 RPL Timer Management......Page 305
17.6.11 Simulation Results......Page 307
17.7 Conclusions......Page 312
18.1 Mission and Objectives of the IPSO Alliance......Page 314
18.2 IPSO Organization......Page 316
18.3 A Key Activity of the IPSO Alliance: Interoperability Testing......Page 317
18.4 Conclusions......Page 319
19.1 ZigBee......Page 320
19.1.1 ZigBee Device Types......Page 321
19.1.2 Layers in the ZigBee Stack......Page 322
19.1.4 NWK......Page 323
19.1.6 AF......Page 324
19.1.7 Network Setup......Page 325
19.2 Z-Wave......Page 326
19.3 Conclusions......Page 327
PART 3 THE APPLICATIONS......Page 328
20.1 Introduction......Page 330
20.1.1 How Can We Define the Smart Grid?......Page 333
20.2 Terminology......Page 334
20.3.1 Use Case 1: Secondary Substation Monitoring and Control......Page 335
20.3.2 Use Case 2: Substation CBM......Page 336
20.3.3 Use Case 3: Line Dynamic Rating......Page 337
20.3.4 Technical Characteristics and Challenges......Page 338
20.4.1 Applications and Use Cases......Page 341
20.4.2 Technical Challenges and Network Characteristics......Page 342
20.5.1 Applications and Use Cases......Page 344
20.5.2 Technical Challenges and Network Characteristics......Page 347
20.6 Conclusions......Page 348
21.1 Opportunities......Page 350
21.2 Challenges......Page 352
21.3.1 Condition Monitoring......Page 354
21.3.2 Wireless Control......Page 355
21.3.3 Mobile Workforce......Page 356
21.4 Conclusions......Page 358
22.1 Introduction......Page 360
22.2.1 Urban Ecosystem Monitoring......Page 361
22.2.2 Natural Hazards Monitoring and Early Detection......Page 363
22.2.3 Technical Characteristics and Challenges......Page 365
22.3.1 Extension of Web-based SNSs......Page 367
22.3.2 Monitoring the Elderly and Kids......Page 369
22.3.3 Technical Characteristics and Challenges......Page 370
22.4 Intelligent Transport Systems......Page 371
22.4.1 Traffic Monitoring and Controlling......Page 372
22.4.2 Automatic Charging and Fining......Page 374
22.4.3 Technical Characteristics and Challenges......Page 375
22.5 Conclusions......Page 376
23.1 Introduction......Page 378
23.2.1 Lighting Control......Page 379
23.2.3 Comfort and Convenience......Page 380
23.2.5 Remote Home Management......Page 381
23.3.1 Type of Topology and Traffic Matrix......Page 382
23.3.5 Requirements for Quality of Service......Page 383
23.3.8 Security......Page 384
23.4 Conclusions......Page 385
CHAPTER 24 Building Automation......Page 386
24.1 BAS Reference Model......Page 387
24.2.1 Occupancy and Shutdown......Page 388
24.2.4 Fire and Smoke Abatement......Page 389
24.3 Existing Building Automation Systems......Page 390
24.3.1 Existing Control Protocols......Page 392
24.4.1 Area Control......Page 393
24.4.2 Zone Control......Page 394
24.4.3 Building Control......Page 395
24.5.2 IP-based Enterprise Protocols......Page 396
24.6 Conclusions......Page 397
25.1 Introduction......Page 398
25.2 Main Applications and Use Case......Page 400
25.3 Technical Challenges......Page 401
25.3.3 Routing......Page 402
25.3.9 Quality of Service......Page 403
25.4 Data Acquisition and Analysis......Page 404
25.6 Conclusions......Page 405
CHAPTER 26 Container Tracking......Page 406
26.1 GE CommerceGuard......Page 407
26.2 IBM Secure Trade Lane......Page 409
26.3 Conclusions......Page 410
References......Page 412
C......Page 424
H......Page 425
I......Page 426
L......Page 427
N......Page 428
R......Page 429
S......Page 430
T......Page 431
Z......Page 432
