This book reflects on the various ways in which intelligence can manifest itself in the wide range of diverse contexts in which people live. Intelligence is often viewed as being tantamount to a score or set of scores on a decontextualized standardized intelligence test. But intelligence always acts within a sociocultural context. Indeed, early theorists defined intelligence in terms of adaptation to the environment in which one lives. The tradition of decontextualization is old, dating back to the very beginning of the 20th century with the development of the Binet-Simon Intelligence Scales. This tradition is not only old, however, but obsolete. Because people live in different sociocultural as well as physical environments, intelligence can take somewhat different forms in different places and even at different times. The chapters in this edited volume show that intelligence viewed in the abstract is a somewhat vacuous concept - it needs to be contextualized in terms of people’s physical and sociocultural surroundings.
Author(s): Robert J. Sternberg, David D. Preiss
Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 445
City: Cham
Preface
References
Contents
Notes on Contributors
List of Figures
List of Tables
1: Introduction
References
Part I: Intelligence and Cultural Evolution
2: Intelligence as Ecological and Cultural Adaptation
Introduction. What Is Intelligence?
Differences from the Conventional View of Intelligence
Ecocultural Perspective
Changes in Intelligence
Assessment of Intelligence
Indigenous Psychologies
Cognitive Styles
International Study Across Societies
Adivasi Children Study in India
Implications for the Anthropocene Epoch
References
3: Adaptive Intelligence and Cultural Evolution
Adaptive Intelligence and Cultural Evolution
Adaptive Intelligence: What Is It, and Why?
Cultural Evolution
Adaptive Intelligence and the Multilevel Selection Problem
Context-Responsiveness in Behavioral Expressions of Adaptive Intelligence
Abilities and Processes that Support Adaptive Intelligence
Attention
Memory
Problem-Solving
Innovation or Niche Construction
Implications for Measuring Adaptive Intelligence
Summary and Future Directions
References
Part II: Culture and Society in the History of Research on Human Intelligence
4: A Brief History of IQ Testing: Fixed vs. Malleable Intelligence
A Brief History of IQ Testing: Fixed vs. Malleable Intelligence
Alfred Binet’s Unknown Worldview About Malleable Intelligence in Context
The Origins of the Theory of Fixed Intelligence
Lewis Terman and the Stanford-Binet
World War I and Nonverbal Testing
Long-lasting Influences of Fixed Intelligence in IQ Testing
The Mixed Messages of David Wechsler
Wechsler Was an Advocate of g Theory
Wechsler Was Opposed to the Notion of Fixed Intelligence
The Decade of the 1960s: Challenges for Fixed Intelligence
The Growth of the Learning Disabilities Movement
The Emergence of Neuropsychology
Hunt and Piaget
The 1970s and 1980s
The Black Psychologists Association
Jane Mercer’s Push for Adaptive Behavior
Advances in Theory Finally Had an Influence on IQ Test Interpretation
David Wechsler at APA
Alan Kaufman’s Intelligent Testing Philosophy
A Shift in Focus Away from g and Outmoded Notions of Fixed Intelligence
An Emphasis on Theory-Based Tests and Profile Interpretation
Research Has Consistently Supported the Lack of Constancy in a Person’s IQ Over Time
IQ Tests and Society
What the Future Holds
References
5: The Idea of a Peculiarly Female Intelligence: A Brief History of Bias Masked as Science
Before Intelligence: Male–Female Polarities
The Invention of General Inherited Intelligence
Women Are Granted the Same Kind of Intelligence as Men, But Less of It
The Failure to Measure Intelligence
How Women’s and Men’s Average Intelligence Were “Made Equal”
Binet’s Intelligence Test Crosses the Atlantic and Becomes Seen as a Test of Genetic Ability
Men and Women Are Assigned the Same Mean Intelligence
How Differences in Intelligence Became Differences in Personality
Larger Variability in IQ Justifies Male Superiority
The Variability Hypothesis
Lessons Learned
Why Is History Relevant?
The Persistence of Polarity-Based Theorizing
Beyond Polarities and IQ: Intelligent Decision Processes
Conclusion
References
6: Wisdom as Perfect Intelligence: Intelligence and Wisdom in Chinese Intellectual History and in Modern-Day Taiwan
Taiwan and Its Cultural Context
Intelligence and Wisdom in Chinese Intellectual History
A Study of the Differences between Wisdom and Intelligence as Perceived by Young Taiwanese in Modern Times
Conclusions and Suggestions
References
Part III: Socio-cultural Influences in Human Intelligence
7: The Status of Intelligence as a Panhuman Construct in Cross-Cultural Psychology
Some Historical Trends
Seeking Further Confirmation
Rejecting Intelligence as a Universal Concept
Critically Examining Assessment
Conceptual and Methodological Framework for Comparability
Four Conceptual Positions
Full Relativism
Construct Universalism
Domain Universalism
Full Universalism
Levels of Equivalence
Construct Equivalence
Content and Structural Equivalence
Metric Equivalence or Measurement Unit Equivalence
Scale Equivalence or Full Score Equivalence
Sources of Bias
Construct Bias
Construct Underrepresentation and Construct Irrelevance
Method Bias
Item Bias
Applying the Framework to Intelligence
Context-Focused and Assessment-Focused Approaches to Intelligence
Trade-offs Between Positions
Transfer of Instruments
Conclusions
References
8: Cultural Intelligence: From Intelligence in Context and Across Cultures to Intercultural Contexts
Intelligence in Context: From School-Smart to Street Smart
Intelligence Across Cultures: An Ethnological Approach
Intelligence in Intercultural Context: Cultural Intelligence
Conceptualization of Cultural Intelligence
CQ Versus Other Intelligences
Contributions of CQ to Research and the Real World
Future Research Directions
The Role of CQ in Resolving Global-Local Tensions
CQ 2.0: From Horizontal to Vertical Differentiation
A New Intelligence for the Anthropocene Epoch
Conclusion
References
9: Cultural Change in Africa Under the Pressure of HIV/AIDS: The Adaptive Role of Intelligence
Intelligence in Cultures of sub-Saharan Africa and the Developmental Niche
Adaptation Within Africa’s Kinship Networks
Kinship and Fostering Under the Pressure of HIV/AIDS
Competencies and Strategies for Coping: Adults
Competencies and Strategies for Coping: Children
Adaptation of African Conceptions of Time
What Is Time?
What Is African Time: A sociocultural Historical Perspective
African Time in a Modern World
Time and HIV/AIDS
Intelligence and Adaption: Change and Survival
References
Part IV: Context, Assessment, and Intellectual Performance
10: Taking an Intelligence Test: Does the Context Matter?
Introduction
A Big Divide?
Change in Intelligence
“Experts” and the Public
Fairness and Accuracy
Everyday Tests and Playing Games
Conclusion
References
11: A Contextual Approach to Research on Intelligence and Complex Task Performance
Context and Intelligence
The Person
The Broader Context
The Differential Approach
The Experimental Approach
The Environment
A Contextual Approach to Research on Intelligence
Conclusions
References
Part V: Social Issues and the Science of Human Intelligence
12: Mindsets of Intelligence: Their Development, Consequences, and Relation to Group-Based Inequality
Implicit Theories of Intelligence at the Individual Level
Implicit Theories of Intelligence at the Organizational Level
Stereotypes About Intelligence
The Consequences of Organizational Mindsets on Stigmatized Groups
Conclusion
References
13: Re-envisioning Intelligence in Cultural Context
Culture and Intelligence Testing
Theoretical Definitions of Intelligence
Multiple Intelligences
Successful Intelligence
Cultural Intelligence
Emotional Intelligence
Spiritual Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence
Adaptive Intelligence
Future Directions: Moving Toward the Next Definition
The Next Normal on Intelligence
References
14: Challenges for Intelligence Today: Combatting Misinformation and Fake News
Ubiquity of Fake News Today
Detecting Fake News
Cognitive and Non-Cognitive Factors Influencing Detection of Fake News
Misinformation, Disinformation, Gullibility, and Suggestibility
Intelligence, Cognitive Biases, and Online Fake News
Suggestibility Versus Gullibility
Is Actively Open-Minded Thinking (AOT) Protective?
Concluding Thoughts
References
Part VI: The Future of the Science of Human Intelligence and Its Implications for Society
15: Human Intelligence in the Time of the Anthropocene
The Evolving Niche of Human Intelligence
The Ratchet Effect and the Development of Human Intelligence
Intelligence Research Meets the Anthropocene
Conclusion
References
16: Time Bomb: How the Western Conception of Intelligence Is Taking Down Humanity
What’s Wrong?
How Environmental Context Can Make Us Smarter or Stupider
The Law of Unintended Consequences
How Do We Set What Is Wrong, Right?
Elements of a Theory of Adaptive Intelligence
Creativity
Analytical Thinking
Practical Thinking
Wisdom
Conclusion
References
Part VII: Conclusion
17: Conclusion: Intelligence Does Not Inhere Within the Individual but Rather in Person x Task x Situation Interactions
Person x Task x Situation Interactions Across Milieus
Conclusion
References
Index
