This reference document on best available techniques in the glass industry reflects aninformation exchange carried out according to Article 16 (2) of Council Directive 96/61/EC.The document has to be seen in the light of the preface that describes the objective of thedocument and its use.
Language: English
Pages: 323
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY......Page 3
PREFACE......Page 23
Scope of the Document......Page 35
Introduction......Page 36
Characteristics of Glass......Page 38
Broad Classification of Glass Types......Page 39
Historical Origins......Page 40
Sector Overview......Page 41
Products and Markets......Page 42
Commercial and Financial Considerations......Page 43
Sector Overview......Page 44
Commercial and Financial Considerations......Page 46
Main Environmental Issues......Page 47
Sector Overview......Page 48
Main Environmental Issues......Page 49
Sector Overview......Page 50
Products and Markets......Page 51
Main Environmental Issues......Page 52
Products and Markets......Page 53
Commercial and Financial Considerations......Page 55
Sector Overview......Page 56
Products and Markets......Page 57
Commercial and Financial Considerations......Page 58
Sector Overview......Page 59
Commercial Considerations......Page 60
Sector Overview......Page 61
Main Environmental Issues......Page 62
Materials Handling......Page 65
Raw Materials for Glass Making......Page 66
The Melting Process......Page 68
Melting Techniques......Page 70
Regenerative Furnaces......Page 71
Recuperative Furnaces......Page 73
Electric Melting......Page 74
Combined Fossil Fuel and Electric Melting......Page 75
Special Melter Designs......Page 76
Container Glass......Page 77
The Float Glass Process......Page 80
The Rolled Process (Patterned and Wired Glass)......Page 82
Continuous Filament Glass Fibre......Page 83
Domestic Glass......Page 85
Special Glass......Page 87
Glass Wool......Page 91
Stone Wool......Page 93
Ceramic Fibre......Page 95
Frits......Page 96
Introduction......Page 99
Process Inputs......Page 100
Process Outputs......Page 102
Emissions to Air......Page 103
Emissions of Other Wastes......Page 105
Energy......Page 106
Container Glass......Page 110
Process Inputs......Page 111
Melting......Page 112
Emissions to Water......Page 114
Energy......Page 115
Process inputs......Page 116
Melting......Page 118
Other Wastes......Page 119
Continuous Filament Glass Fibre......Page 120
Process inputs......Page 121
Melting......Page 123
Emissions to Water......Page 124
Energy......Page 125
Domestic Glass......Page 126
Process inputs......Page 127
Melting......Page 129
Emissions to Water......Page 130
Energy......Page 131
Process inputs......Page 132
Melting......Page 135
Energy......Page 136
Process Inputs......Page 137
Emissions to Air......Page 138
Melting......Page 139
Emissions from Non-Melting Activities......Page 141
Other Wastes......Page 142
Energy......Page 143
Process inputs......Page 144
Other Wastes......Page 145
Process inputs......Page 146
Melting......Page 147
Energy......Page 148
Introduction......Page 151
Melting Technique Selection......Page 153
Electric Melting......Page 155
Techniques for Materials Handling......Page 158
Particulate Matter......Page 159
Primary Techniques......Page 161
Electrostatic Precipitators......Page 166
Bag Filters......Page 170
Mechanical Collectors......Page 173
Wet Scrubbers......Page 174
Summary of Considerations of Techniques in Section 4.4.1......Page 175
Combustion Modifications......Page 177
Batch Formulation......Page 181
Special Furnace Designs......Page 182
The FENIX process.......Page 184
Oxy-Fuel Melting......Page 185
The 3R Process......Page 193
Reburning......Page 196
Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)......Page 198
Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction (SNCR)......Page 203
Comparison of NOx Abatement Technique Costs......Page 205
Oxides of Sulphur (SOx)......Page 208
Fuel Selection......Page 209
Batch Formulation......Page 210
Dry or Semi-dry Scrubbing......Page 211
Reduction at Source......Page 218
Oxides of Carbon......Page 220
Container Glass......Page 221
Flat Glass......Page 222
Continuous Filament Glass Fibre......Page 223
Mineral Wool......Page 224
Forming Area......Page 225
Impact jets and cyclones......Page 226
Wet scrubbers......Page 228
Wet electrostatic precipitators......Page 231
Stone wool filters......Page 233
Curing Oven.......Page 234
Wet scrubbers......Page 235
Waste gas incineration......Page 236
Product Machining and Packaging......Page 238
Odours Arising from Mineral Wool Production......Page 239
Ceramic Fibre......Page 241
Techniques for Controlling Emissions to Water......Page 242
Techniques for Minimising Other Wastes......Page 245
Energy......Page 246
Melting Technique and Furnace Design......Page 247
Cullet Usage......Page 249
Batch and Cullet Preheating......Page 251
Introduction......Page 254
General......Page 255
Particulate Matter......Page 257
Other Substances......Page 258
Oxides of Sulphur......Page 259
Downstream Processes......Page 260
Oxides of Sulphur......Page 261
Dust......Page 262
Oxides of Sulphur......Page 263
Dust......Page 264
Oxides of Nitrogen......Page 265
Downstream Processes......Page 266
Oxides of Nitrogen......Page 267
Downstream Processes......Page 268
Oxides of Sulphur......Page 269
Other Emissions from Melting......Page 270
Downstream Processes.......Page 271
Downstream Processing......Page 272
Other Emissions from Melting......Page 273
Emissions to Water......Page 274
Other Wastes......Page 275
Low NOx Burner Systems......Page 277
Batch Formulations......Page 278
Glasulin Research Program......Page 279
The Plasma Melter......Page 280
General Conclusions......Page 282
Recommendations for Further Work......Page 283
Container Glass Sector......Page 285
Flat Glass Sector......Page 286
Continuous Filament Glass Fibre Sector......Page 287
Domestic Glass Sector......Page 288
Special Glass Sector......Page 289
Mineral Wool Sector......Page 290
ANNEX II: EXAMPLE SULPHUR BALANCES FOR INDUSTRIAL GLASS FURNACES......Page 293
Main Pollutants......Page 295
Monitoring of Emissions......Page 296
ANNEX IV: NATIONAL LEGISLATION......Page 303
GLOSSARY......Page 317
REFERENCES......Page 319
