Integrated Environmental Technologies for Wastewater Treatment and Sustainable Development

Front cover
Half title
Title
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Contributors
About the editors
Preface
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1 Integration of photocatalytic and biological processes for treatment of complex effluent: Recent developments, trends, and advances
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Biological treatment of organic contaminants
1.2.1 Activated sludge process
1.2.2 Anaerobic digestion
1.2.3 Trickling bed filter/bioreactor
1.2.4 Membrane bioreactor
1.2.5 Moving bed biofilm reactor
1.3 Photocatalytic degradation of organic contaminants
1.4 Need for integrated process for treatment of complex effluent
1.5 Combined photocatalysis and biological process
1.5.1 Photocatalysis as pretreatment
1.5.2 Photocatalysis as post-treatment
1.5.3 Multistep processes
1.6 Mineralization and toxicity reduction
1.7 Pilot-scale integrated process
1.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2 Anaerobic ammonium oxidation(anammox) technology for nitrogen removal from wastewater: Recent advances and challenges
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Microbiology of anaerobic ammonium oxidation(anammox)
2.3 Techniques for enrichment of anammox
2.3.1 Anammox enrichment in batch experiments
2.3.2 Anammox enrichment in bioreactor systems
2.3.3 Sequencing batch reactor(SBR)
2.3.4 Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket(UASB) reactor
2.3.5 Upflow biofilter(UBF)
2.4 Molecular methods for identification of anammox
2.4.1 Polymerase chain reaction followed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis \(PCR-DGGE\)
2.4.2 Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(DGGE)
2.4.3 Fluorescent in situ hybridization
2.4.4 Real-time polymerase chain reaction
2.5 Preservation of anammox
2.6 Carriers and their effects on anammox
2.7 Application of anammox in wastewater treatment
2.8 Factors affecting treatment performance of anammox
2.8.1 pH
2.8.2 Temperature
2.8.3 Effect of substrate concentration
2.8.4 Dissolved oxygen(DO) concentration
2.8.5 Organic matter
2.8.6 Sludge retention time
2.9 Integration of anammox into other remediation technologies for effective wastewater treatment
2.10 Challenges and future prospects for anammox research
2.11 Conclusion and recommendations
References
Chapter 3 Integrated process technology for recycling and re-use of industrial and municipal wastewater: A review
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Wastewater treatment technologies
3.2.1 Differences between industrial and municipal wastewater
3.2.2 Classes of treatment processes
3.3 Integrated processes: examples and benefits
3.4 The future of water reuse opportunities
3.4.1 Potable usage
3.4.2 Nonpotable usage
3.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 4 Integrated production of biodiesel and industrial wastewater treatment by culturing oleaginous microorganisms
4.1 Alternative energy sources: biodiesel
4.1.1 Oleaginous microorganisms
4.1.2 Lipogenesis in oleaginous microorganisms and more important aspects of lipid accumulation
4.2 Substrates for SCO production by oleaginous microorganisms
4.2.1 Low-cost substrates for SCO production
4.3 Integrated strategies for simultaneous production of SCO and biological treatment of wastewaters by oleaginous microorganisms
4.3.1 Wastewaters as substrates of oleaginous microorganisms
4.3.2 Oleaginous microorganisms employed for simultaneous wastewater treatment and SCO production
4.3.3 Industrial application of the wastewater treatment by oleaginous microorganisms: advantages, technology, strategies, problems, and perspectives
4.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 5 Nature-inspired ecotechnological approaches toward recycling and recovery of resources from wastewater
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Living technologies: borrowing ideas and inspiration from Mother Nature
5.3 Genesis of the concept of “living machines”
5.4 Trademark tenets of living technologies: ten commandments(wisdom) of Mother Nature mark the hallmarks
5.5 Applications of living technologies: Mother Nature's Midas touch for transforming waste\(water\) into wealth
5.6 Designing traits for trading natural wastewater treatment systems
5.7 Tools of the trade
5.7.1 Floral components: the solar-based photosynthetic foundations
5.7.2 Faunal diversity
5.8 Variants of living technological systems
5.8.1 Floating treatment wetlands
5.8.2 Integrated waste stabilization ponds train system
5.8.3 Constructed wetlands: phytomicroremediation in Nature's image
5.8.4 Hydroponics: soilless cultivation
5.8.5 Wastewater-fed aquaculture: a win–win way to waste into wealth?
5.9 Conclusions
References
Chapter 6 Integrated microbial desalination cell and microbial electrolysis cell for wastewater treatment, bioelectricity generation, and biofuel production: Success, experience, challenges, and future prospects
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Microbial electrolysis cells(MECs)
6.2.1 MEC for wastewater treatment and hydrogen production
6.2.2 Integration MEC with other systems
6.2.3 MEC for the production of valuable products
6.3 Microbial desalination cells(MDCs)
6.3.1 Optimized MDC systems for wastewater treatment, salinity removal and power generation
6.3.2 Integrated MDC systems
6.3.3 MDC for the production of valuable products
6.4 Challenges and limitations
6.4.1 MEC challenges
6.4.2 MDC challenges
6.5. Conclusions and future perspectives
References
Chapter 7 Hydroxyapatite for environmental remediation of water/wastewater
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Synthesis and properties of hydroxyapatite
7.2.1 Synthesis techniques
7.2.2 Properties of hydroxyapatite
7.3 Hydroxyapatite as an adsorbent for wastewater treatment
7.3.1 Common pollutants in wastewater
7.3.2 Removal of pollutants
7.4 Mechanisms involved
7.4.1 Dissolution precipitation
7.4.2 Ion exchange
7.4.3 Physical adsorption
7.4.4 Electrostatic interactions
7.5 Recent trends in wastewater treatment with HAP
7.6 Conclusion and future perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 8 Algae coupled constructed wetland system for wastewater treatment
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Constructed wetlands in wastewater system
8.2.1 Classification
8.2.2 Design parameters
8.2.3 Removal efficiency
8.2.4 Limitations with constructed wetlands in wastewater treatment
8.3 Algae in wastewater treatment
8.3.1 Cultivation system for algae-mediated wastewater treatment
8.3.2 Limitation with algae-mediated wastewater treatment
8.4 Algae coupled constructed wetland
8.4.1 Removal of nutrients
8.4.2 Removal of organics
8.4.3 Removal of emerging contaminants
8.4.4 Challenges with algae coupled constructed wetland
8.5 Resource and energy recovery through algae coupled constructed wetland
8.6 Real-world application of algae coupled constructed wetland: perspectives
8.7 Conclusion and future prospects
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 9 Integrated CO2 sequestration, wastewater treatment, and biofuel production by microalgae culturing: Needs and limitations
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Integrated carbon sequestration and its sequestration technologies
9.2.1 Integrated approach in wastewater treatment
9.2.2 Limitations of carbon sequestration technologies
9.2.3 Applications of integrated carbon sequestration technologies
9.3 Microalgae-based biorefinery
9.3.1 Biorefinery products
9.4 Products obtained from biorefinery for biofuel industry
9.4.1 Bioethanol
9.4.2 Biodiesel
9.4.3 Biomethane
9.4.4 Biofertilizers
9.4.5 Biohydrogen
9.5 Applications of microalgal biomass
9.6 Limitations of algal biomass products
9.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 10 Physicochemical–biotechnological approaches forremoval of contaminants fromwastewater
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Water pollution
10.2.1 Causes and nature of contamination
10.3 Wastewater treatment - general scheme
10.4 Physicochemical approaches for removal of contaminants from wastewater
10.4.1 Screening and use of grit chambers
10.4.2 Flotation
10.4.3 Sedimentation
10.4.4 Centrifugal separation
10.4.5 Filtration
10.4.6 Reverse osmosis(RO)
10.5 Chemical approach
10.5.1 Neutralization
10.5.2 Precipitation
10.5.3 Flocculation
10.5.4 Redox reactions
10.5.5 Adsorption with activated carbon
10.5.6 Ozonation
10.5.7 Disinfection
10.6 Biotechnological approaches for removal of contaminants from wastewater
10.6.1 Bioremediation
10.6.2 Phytoremediation
10.6.3 Mycoremediation
10.6.4 Phycoremediation
10.6.5 Nanobiotechnology
10.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 11 Integrated biopolymer and bioenergy production from organic wastes: Recent advances and future outlook
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Structural and chemical characteristics of biopolymer and bioenergy
11.3 Chemical insights into organic wastes
11.4 Traditional technologies for bioenergy and biopolymer production through organic wastes
11.4.1 Conventional incineration
11.4.2 Hydrothermal incineration and oxidation
11.4.3 Pyrolysis
11.4.4 Liquefaction
11.4.5 Gasification
11.4.6 Transesterification
11.4.7 Process intensification
11.4.8 Anaerobic digestion or biomethanation
11.5 Advanced biotechnology techniques(integrated systems)
11.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 12 Integrated production of polyhydroxyalkonate(bioplastic) with municipal wastewater and sludge treatment for sus
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Enzymes, structure and properties of polyhydroxyalkonate
12.3 Overview of different substrate for PHA production
12.4 Chemical environment and composition of wastewater sludge
12.5 Production of PHA using pure and mixed microbial cultures
12.6 Integration of polyhydroxyalkonate production process with wastewater treatment plant
12.7 Growing impact and policies of PHA-based bioplastic in the world
12.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 13 Wastewater treatment by oleaginous algae and biodiesel production: Prospects and challenges
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Contaminants in industrial wastewater
13.3 Microalgae and industrial wastewater
13.3.1 Microalgae and agro-industrial wastewater
13.3.2 Microalgae and heavy metal wastewater
13.3.3 Microalgae and textile dye wastewater
13.4 Prospects of microalgae for biofuel production
13.4.1 Advantages of utilizing microalgae for biodiesel production
13.4.2 Lipids from microalgae
13.4.3 Induction of neutral lipid production
13.4.4 Extraction of oil from microalgae and its different techniques
13.5 Conversion of algal oil to biodiesel
13.5.1 Catalytic transesterification methods
13.6 Biofuels and bioproducts acquired from biovolarization of algal biomass
13.6.1 Biodiesel
13.6.2 Biomethane
13.6.3 Bioethanol
13.6.4 Biochar
13.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 14 Integrating forward osmosis into microbial fuel cells for wastewater treatment
14.1 Introduction
14.1.1 Microbial fuel cell
14.1.2 Forward osmosis
14.2 Membrane transport theory
14.3 Osmotic microbial fuel cells
14.3.1 Operational and manufactural observations
14.3.2 Applications
14.4 Challenges and obstacles
14.4.1 Reverse solute flux
14.4.2 Cost and efficiency
14.4.3 Membranes
14.5 Previous studies on OsMFCs
14.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 15 Recent trends for treatment of environmental contaminants in wastewater: An integrated valorization of industrial wastewater
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Physicochemical removal of pollutants from wastewater generated by industries
15.2.1 Removal of adsorption
15.2.2 Removal by ion exchange
15.2.3 Removing by nanotechnology
15.2.4 Removal by electrocoagulation
15.2.5 Removal by membrane processes
15.2.6 Removal by chemical precipitation
15.2.7 Removal by magnetic extraction
15.2.8 Removal for biofiltration
15.3 Biotechnological removal of pollutants from wastewater generated by industries
15.3.1 Phytoremediation
15.3.2 Bioaccumulation removal
15.3.3 Biomineralization removal
15.3.4 Biotransformation based removal
15.3.5 Removal by bioadsorption
15.3.6 Bacteria and fungus degradation
15.4 Combined physicochemical-biotechnological strategies
15.5 Drawbacks and future perspectives
References
Chapter 16 Advancements in industrial wastewater treatment by integrated membrane technologies
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Fundamentals of MBR
16.2.1 Membrane flux
16.2.2 Membrane resistance
16.3 Hybrid MBR for high-strength wastewater
16.4 MBR for tannery wastewater treatment
16.5 MBR for textile wastewater treatment
16.5.1 Characterization of textile wastewaters
16.5.2 Hybrid MBR for textile wastewater treatment
16.6 MBR for pharmaceutical wastewater
16.7 Membrane fouling
16.7.1 Biofouling by extracellular polymeric substances \(EPS\) and soluble microbial products \(SMP\)
16.8 Strategies to reduce membrane fouling
16.8.1 Material configuration for fouling reduction
16.8.2 Integration of treatment system for fouling reduction
16.9 Conclusions
References
Chapter 17 Microbial electrochemical-based constructed wetland technology for wastewater treatment: Reality, challenges, and future prospects
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Integration of BES with CW \(CW-BES\)
17.2.1 Fundamentals of BES
17.2.2 Advantages of integrating BES with CW
17.2.3 Design of CW-BES systems and requirements
17.3 Wastewater treatment using CW-BES \(lab-, pilot-, and full-scale studies\)
17.4 Challenges and limitations
17.5 Future scope
17.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 18 Nanostructured materials for water/wastewater remediation
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Wastewater and their sources
18.3 Nanomaterials for water remediation process
18.4 Carbon-based nanomaterials
18.4.1 Graphene-based nanomaterials
18.4.2 Carbon nanotubes
18.5 Metal and metal oxides nanoparticles
18.5.1 Silver nanoparticles
18.5.2 Nano zerovalent Fe particles
18.5.3 Nano-TiO2 particles
18.5.4 Magnetic nanoparticles
18.6 Nanocomposite and nanofibers membrane
18.6.1 Self-assembling membranes
18.6.2 Clay-based nanoadsorbents
18.7 Conclusion and future aspects
References
Chapter 19 Integrated technologies for wastewater treatment
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Current situation of wastewater treatment and management
19.3 New concepts and technologies for wastewater treatment
19.3.1 Wastewater treatment using activated carbon
19.3.2 Wastewater treatment using nanoparticles
19.3.3 Carbon nanotubes and wastewater cleansing
19.3.4 Microbial fuel cells
19.4 Advanced integrated technologies for wastewater treatment
19.5 Potential benefits of integrated technologies used in wastewater treatment
19.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 20 Integrated anaerobic-aerobic processes for treatment of high strength wastewater: Consolidated application, new trends, perspectives, and challenges
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Integrated anaerobic and aerobic treatment of high strength wastewater
20.2.1 Consolidated application
20.2.2 New trends, perspectives, and challenges
20.3 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 21 Integrated biomedical waste degradation and detoxification
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Sources of biomedical waste
21.2.1 Medical waste types
21.2.2 Biomedical waste segregation/sorting
21.2.3 Detoxification of waste
21.3 Disposal strategies
21.4 Strategies and mechanism of degradation
21.4.1 Thermochemical methods
21.4.2 Biochemical methods
21.5 Constraints
21.6 Future scope
21.7 Some advanced approaches to treat medical waste
21.8 Conclusion and prospects
References
Chapter 22 Role of algal-bacterial association in combined wastewater treatment and biohydrogen generation: An overview on its challenges and future
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Unscientific discharge of effluents: A serious environmental issue
22.2.1 Composition of different effluents
22.2.2 Probable solutions from water pollution
22.3 Potential role of microorganisms in remediation of wastewater
22.3.1 Role of bacteria in treating wastewater
22.3.2 Role of microalgae in treating waste water
22.3.3 Microalgae-bacterial consortia in treating wastewater
22.4 Alternative use of microalgae-bacteria consortia
22.4.1 Biohydrogen: An alternative bioenergy
22.4.2 Potential drawbacks in biohydrogen production by microalgae-bacteria consortia
22.5 Comparative analysis of biohydrogen over conventional fuels
22.6 Future aspect of biohydrogen production from microalgae-bacteria consortia
Reference
Chapter 23 Cyanobacteria mediated toxic metal removal as complementary and alternative wastewater treatment strategy
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Metal toxicity
23.3 Cyanobacteria mediated metal removal
23.3.1 Antimony
23.3.2 Arsenic
23.3.3 Cadmium
23.3.4 Chromium
23.3.5 Copper
23.3.6 Lead
23.3.7 Selenium
23.4 Mechanism
23.5 Conclusions and future perspectives
Reference
Index
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