This book – the first of its kind – covers ab initio the aerodynamics of subsonic and supersonic intakes in civil and military types of aircraft. The problems of both internal and external airflow are investigated. The contents and style of presentation will have a wide appeal. The emphasis throughout is on understanding the fluid mechanics of the process and the effect they have on the problems involved. Simple mathematics are used in analysis, and stress is placed on giving a physical picture of the flow, aided throughout by numerous illustrations.
The Second Edition takes account of some of the computational and experimental data that has become available since the book was first published in 1985, together with other developments. The book is an important reference for research workers in industry and research establishments, for industrial design teams, and for final year undergraduates and postgraduates of aeronautical engineering.
Author(s): John M. Seddon; EL Goldsmith
Publisher: Blackwell Science Ltd
Year: 1999
Language: English
Pages: 473
1......Page 1
Contents......Page 6
Foreword......Page 13
Preface......Page 15
Acknowledgements......Page 19
Notation List......Page 20
List of Abbreviations......Page 29
1.1 Useful flow relationships......Page 32
1.2 Incompressible flow......Page 34
1.3 Momentum theorem......Page 35
1.4 The aerodynamic duct concept......Page 36
1.5 Flow quantity through an aerodynamic duct......Page 38
1.6 Intake pressure recovery......Page 41
1.7 Intake drag: compromise in design......Page 45
2.1 Introduction......Page 50
2.2 Collected data......Page 53
2.3 Approximate theory of friction loss......Page 54
2.4 Examination of p3 variation......Page 59
2.6 Pressure recovery characteristics......Page 63
2.7 Plenum chambers......Page 67
2.8 Propeller turbines......Page 70
2.9 Flow stability in twin intakes......Page 73
2.10 Helicopter intakes......Page 76
3.1 First expectations......Page 80
3.2 Experiments of Davis et al.......Page 82
3.3 The real nature of pre-entry flow......Page 83
3.4 Pressure coefficient at separation......Page 86
3.5 Effect of separation on intake pressure recovery......Page 92
3.6 Basics of normal shock and turbulent boundary-layer interaction.......Page 97
2......Page 101
4.1 Introduction......Page 106
4.2 Calculation methods......Page 107
4.3 Transonic throat flow with AJA, < 1......Page 109
4.4 Lip shaping for AJA, > 1......Page 112
4.5.1 Attached flow at entry......Page 120
4.5.2 Separated flow at entry......Page 123
4.5.3 Special conditions with separated flow......Page 130
4 6 Static loss in practical intakes......Page 136
5.1 Pitot intake......Page 141
5.2 Two-shock intakes......Page 145
5.3 Multi-shock intakes......Page 151
5.4 Isentropic compression......Page 157
5.5 Limits of external compression......Page 158
5.5.1 External shock attachment with no duct angling......Page 160
5.5.2 Internal shock attachment......Page 161
5.5.3 Shock structure......Page 164
5.6 Intakes A and B......Page 166
5.7 Position of normal shock in subcritical operation......Page 168
5.7.1 Pitot intake......Page 169
5.7.2 Two-shock intakes......Page 173
5.8 Calculation of subcritical pressure recovery......Page 175
6.1 The flow starting problem......Page 179
6.2 Limiting contraction ratio......Page 181
6.3 Perforated intake......Page 183
6.5 Types of intake and limiting pressure recovery......Page 185
6.6 Mixed compression, intakes C and D......Page 189
6.7 Some design, performance and operating aspects......Page 190
7.2 Pitot intake......Page 200
7.3 Side intake......Page 201
7.4 External compression intakes: adaptation of interaction formula......Page 202
7.5 Empirical analysis of 'cornering losses' for axisymmetric......Page 205
7.6 Inviscid theory for special case of cylindrical cowl......Page 209
7.7 Situation with two-dimensional intakes......Page 211
8.1 Brief description......Page 220
8.2 Parameters relevant to intake performance......Page 225
8.3.1 Normal-shock intakes......Page 227
8.3.2 External-compression intakes......Page 228
8.4.1 External compression......Page 231
8.4.2 Internal or mixed compression......Page 236
8.5 Bleed drag......Page 238
8.5.1 Types offlow......Page 239
8.5.2 Application of momentum equation......Page 240
8.6 Diverter drag......Page 245
9.2 Definitions of thrust and drag......Page 248
9.3 Subsonic intake drag below critical Mach number......Page 251
9.4.1 Subcritical design......Page 254
9.4.2 Supercritical design......Page 259
9.5.1 General considerations......Page 262
9.5.2 Pitot intake at subsonic speeds......Page 265
9.5.3 Pitot intake at transonic speeds......Page 267
9.5.4 Pitot intake at supersonic speeds......Page 271
9.5.5 Methods of prediction......Page 272
9.5.6 External-compression intakes......Page 276
9.6.1 Axisymmetric sharp-lipped cowls......Page 282
9.6.2 Two-dimensional sharp-lipped cowls......Page 291
9.6.3 Blunt-lipped cowls......Page 293
10.1 Introduction......Page 299
10.2 General description......Page 300
10.3.1 Vortex-sheet (Ferri) criterion......Page 301
10.3.2 Flow separation from compression surface......Page 306
10.3.3 Pressure-slope criterion......Page 307
10.3.4 Dynamic stability theories......Page 310
10.4 Buzz avoidance......Page 311
10.5 Other forms of shock oscillation......Page 315
11.1 Introduction and historical note......Page 323
11.2.1 Criteria in steady flow......Page 326
11.2.2 Dynamic distortion......Page 329
11 -2.3 Intake considerations......Page 332
11.3 Swirl......Page 340
11 -3.1 Intrinsic nature of JEo w......Page 341
11 -3.2 Sensitivities and correlation potential......Page 345
12.1 Subsonic intake......Page 351
12.2 Supersonic intake: nature of the problem......Page 352
12.3 Supply and demand......Page 354
12.4 Variable geometry and practical examples......Page 356
12.5.1 The Concorde intake......Page 360
12.5.2 Matching in high-speed flight......Page 364
12.5.3 Transients......Page 367
12.6 Matching of a ramjet intake......Page 368
13.1 Introduction......Page 371
13.2 Separation and reattachment boundaries......Page 374
13.3 Internal losses......Page 379
13.4.1 Lip shaping......Page 381
13.4.3 Cross-sectional shape......Page 383
13.4.4 Entry stagger......Page 385
13.5.2 Wedge-compression intake......Page 388
13.5.3 Cone-compression intake......Page 393
13.6 Intake shielding......Page 396
5......Page 401
14.2.1 Compression surfaces derived from plane-shock flow......Page 403
14.2.2 Bump intake......Page 405
14.3.1 Increase of pressure recovery at incidence......Page 410
14.3.2 Reduction of cowl wave drag......Page 416
14.4 Variable geometry......Page 417
14.4.1 Step-bleed intake......Page 419
14.4.2 Devices for conical flow......Page 422
14.4.3 Multifunction variable geometry......Page 423
14.5.1 Boundary layer blowing......Page 424
14.5.2 Isothermal compression......Page 428
14.5.3 Water injection to aid matching......Page 432
15.1 Types of model and test......Page 434
15.2.1 Measurement of flow ratio and pressure recovery......Page 441
15.2.2 Evaluation of pressure recovery......Page 444
15.2.3 Evaluation of flow ratio......Page 448
15.2.4 Calibration of flow cells......Page 451
15.3 Compatibility features......Page 454
15.4.1 Corrections for the effects of internal flow......Page 457
15.4.2 Drag by force measurement......Page 458
15.4.3 Spillage drag by wake traverse......Page 462
15.4.4 Cowl drag by pressure plotting......Page 465
15.5 Local flow field at intake position......Page 466
Index......Page 468
