Fourth Edition. — Butterworth-Heinemann, Elsevier, 2010. — 906 p. — ISBN 978-0-7506-8308-1.Instrumentation embraces the equipment and systems used to detect, track and store data related to physical, chemical, electrical, thermal and mechanical properties of materials, systems and operations. While traditionally a key area within mechanical and industrial engineering, it also has a strong presence in electrical, chemical, civil and environmental engineering, biomedical and aerospace engineering. The discipline of Instrumentation has grown appreciably in recent years because of advances in sensor technology and in the inter-connectivity of sensors, computers and control systems. In turn, this has meant that the automation of manufacturing, process industries, and even building and infrastructure construction has been improved dramatically. And now with remote wireless instrumentation, heretofore inaccessible or widely dispersed operations and procedures can be automatically monitored and controlled.
The new 4th edition of this already well-established reference work, will reflect these dramatic changes with improved and expanded coverage of the both the traditional domains of instrumentation as well as the cutting edge areas of digital integration of complex sensor/control systems.
Thoroughly revised, with up-to-date coverage of wireless sensors and systems, as well as nanotechnologies role in the evolution of sensor technology
Latest information on new sensor equipment, new measurement standards, and new software for embedded control systems, networking and automated control
Three entirely new sections on Controllers, Actuators and Final Control Elements; Manufacturing Execution Systems; and Automation Knowledge Base
Up-dated and expanded references and critical standardsContents
Preface
Contributors
Introduction
The Automation Knowledge Base
The Automation Practicum W. Boyes
Introduction
Job Descriptions
Careers and Career Paths
SA Certified Automation Professional (CAP) Classification System
Where Automation Fits in the Extended Enterprise
Manufacturing Execution Systems and Manufacturing Operations Management
Introduction
Manufacturing Execution Systems (MES) and Manufacturing Operations Management (MOM)
The Connected Enterprise Suggested Reading
Basic Principles of Industrial Automation W. Boyes
Introduction
Standards
Sensor and System Design, Installation, and Commissioning
The Basics
Identification of the Application
Selection of the Appropriate Sensor/Transmitter
Selection of the Final Control Element
Selection of the Controller and Control Methodology
Design of the Installation
Installing, Commissioning, and Calibrating the System
Maintenance and Operation
Introduction
Life-cycle Optimization
Reliability Engineering
Asset Management, Asset Optimization, and Plant Optimization Suggested Reading
Measurement Methods and Control Strategies W. Boyes
Introduction
Measurement and Field Calibration Methodology
Process Control Strategies
Advanced Control Strategies Suggested Reading
Simulation and Design Software M. Berutti
Introduction
Simulation
Best Practices for Simulation Systems in Automation
Ground-up Testing and Training
Simulation System Selection
Simulation for Automation in the Validated Industries
Conclusion
Security for Industrial Automation W. Boyes and J. Weiss
The Security Problem
An Analysis of the Security Needs of Industrial Automation
Some Recommendations for Industrial Automation Security
Mechanical Measurements
Measurement of Flow G. Fowles and W. H. Boyes
Introduction
Basic Principles of Flow Measurement
Streamlined and Turbulent Flow
Viscosity
Bernoulli’s Theorem
Practical Realization of Equations
Modification of Flow Equations to Apply to Gases
Fluid Flow in Closed Pipes
Differential-Pressure Devices
Rotating Mechanical Meters for Liquids
Rotating Mechanical Meters for Gases
Electronic Flowmeters
Mass Flowmeters
Flow in Open Channels
Head/Area Method
Velocity/Area Methods
Dilution Gauging
Point Velocity Measurement
Laser Doppler Anemometer
Hotwire Anemometer
Pitot Tube
Electromagnetic Velocity Probe
Insertion Turbine
Propeller-Type Current Meter
Insertion Vortex
Ultrasonic Doppler Velocity Probe
Flowmeter Calibration Methods
Flowmeter Calibration Methods for Liquids
Flowmeter Calibration Methods for Gases
References
Further Reading
Measurement of Viscosity K. Walters and W. M. Jones
Introduction
Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Behavior
Measurement of the Shear Viscosity
Capillary Viscometer
Couette Viscometer
Cone-and-plate Viscometer
Parallel-plate Viscometer
Shop-Floor Viscometers
Measurement of the Extensional Viscosity
Measurement of Viscosity Under Extremes of Temperature and Pressure
Online Measurements
Accuracy and Range
References
Further Reading
Measurement of Length P. H. Sydenham
Introduction
The Nature of Length
Derived Measurements
Derived from Length Measurement Alone
Standards and Calibration of Length
Practice of Length Measurement for Industrial Use
General Remarks
Mechanical Length-Measuring Equipment
Electronic Length Measurement
Use of Electromagnetic and Acoustic Radiation
Miscellaneous Methods
Automatic Gauging Systems
References
Further Reading
Measurement of Strain B. E. Noltingk
Strain
Bonded Resistance Strain Gauges
Wire Gauges
Foil Gauges
Semiconductor Gauges
Rosettes
Residual Stress Measurement
Gauge Characteristics
Range
Cross-sensitivity
Temperature Sensitivity
Response Times
Installation
Circuits for Strain Gauges
Vibrating Wire Strain Gauge
Capacitive Strain Gauges
Surveys of Whole Surfaces
Brittle Lacquer
Patterns on Surfaces
Photoelasticity
References
Measurement of Level and Volume P. H. Sydenham and W. Boyes
Introduction
Practice of Level Measurement
Installation
Sources of Error
Calibration of Level-Measuring Systems
Methods Providing Full-Range Level Measurement
Sight Gauges
Float-driven Instruments
Capacitance Probes
Upthrust Buoyancy
Pressure Sensing
Microwave and Ultrasonic, Time-Transit Methods
Force or Position Balance
Methods Providing Short-Range Detection
Magnetic
Electrical Conductivity
Infrared
Radio Frequency
Miscellaneous Methods
References
Vibration P. H. Sydenham
Introduction
Physical Considerations
Practical Problems of Installation
Areas of Application
Amplitude Calibration
Accelerometer Calibration
Shock Calibration
Force Calibration
Sensor Practice
Mass-Spring Seismic Sensors
Displacement Measurement
Velocity Measurement
Acceleration Measurement
Measurement of Shock
Literature
References
Further Reading
Measurement of Force C. S. Bahra and J. Paros
Basic Concepts
Force Measurement Methods
Lever-Balance Methods
Equal-lever Balance
Unequal-lever Balance
Compound lever Balance
Force-Balance Methods
Hydraulic Pressure Measurement
Acceleration Measurement
Elastic Elements
Spring Balances
Proving Rings
Piezoelectric Transducers
Strain-gauge Load Cells
Further Developments
References
Measurement of Density E. H. Higham and W. Boyes
General
Measurement of Density Using Weight
Measurement of Density Using Buoyancy
Measurement of Density Using a Hydrostatic Head
General Differential Pressure Transmitter Methods
DP Transmitter with Overflow Tank
DP Transmitter with a Wet Leg
DP Transmitter with a Pressure Repeater
DP Transmitter with Flanged or Extended Diaphragm
DP Transmitter with Pressure Seals
DP Transmitter with Bubble Tubes
Other Process Considerations
Measurement of Density Using Radiation
Measurement of Density Using Resonant Elements
Liquid Density Measurement
Gas Density Measurements
Relative Density of Gases Further Reading
Measurement of Pressure E. H. Higham and J. M. Paros
What is Pressure?
Pressure Measurement
Pressure Measurements by Balancing a Column of Liquid of Known Density
Pressure Measurements by Allowing the Unknown Pressure to Act on a Known Area and Measuring the Resultant Force
Pressure Measurement by Allowing the Unknown Pressure to Act on a Flexible Member and Measuring the Resultant Motion
Pressure Measurement by Allowing the Unknown Pressure to Act on an Elastic Member and Measuring the Resultant Stress or Strain
Pressure transmitters
Pneumatic Motion-Balance Pressure Transmitters
Pneumatic Force-Balance Pressure Transmitters
Force-Measuring Pressure Transmitters
Digital Pressure Transducers
References
Further Reading
Measurement of Vacuum D. J. Pacey
Introduction
Systems of Measurement
Methods of Measurement
Choice of Nonabsolute Gauges
Accuracy of Measurement
Absolute Gauges
Mechanical Gauges
Liquid Manometers
The McLeod Gauge (1878)
Nonabsolute Gauges
Thermal Conductivity Gauges
Ionization Gauges
References
Particle Sizing W. L. Snowsill
Introduction
Characterization of Particles
Statistical Mean Diameters
Terminal Velocity
Optical Effects Caused by Particles
Particle Shape
Methods for Characterizing a Group of Particles
Gaussian or Normal Distributions
Log-Normal Distributions
Rosin–Rammler Distributions
Analysis Methods that Measure Size Directly
Sieving
Microscope Counting
Direct Optical Methods
Analysis Methods that Measure Terminal Velocity
Sedimentation
Elutriation
Impaction
Analysis Methods that Infer Size from Some Other Property
Coulter Counter
Hiac Automatic Particle Sizer
Climet
Adsorption Methods
References
Further Reading
Fiber Optics in Sensor Instrumentation B. T. Meggitt
Introduction
Principles of Optical Fiber Sensing
Sensor Classification
Modulation Parameters
Performance Criteria
Interferometric Sensing Approach
Heterodyne Interferometry
Pseudoheterodyne Interferometry
White-Light Interferometry
Central Fringe Identification
Doppler Anemometry
Introduction
Particle Size
Fluid Flow
Vibration Monitoring
In-Fiber Sensing Structures
Introduction
Fiber Fabry–Perot Sensing Element
Fiber Bragg Grating Sensing Element
References
Nanotechnology for Sensors W. Boyes
Introduction
What is Nanotechnology?
Nanotechnology for Pressure Transmitters
Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS)
MEMS Sensors Today
Microprocessor-Based and Intelligent Transmitters E. H. Higham and J. Berge
Introduction
Terminology
Background Information
Attributes and Features of Microprocessor-Based and Intelligent Transmitters
Microprocessor-Based Features
Intelligent Features
Microprocessor-Based and Intelligent Temperature Transmitters
Microprocessor-Based and Intelligent Pressure and Differential Transmitters
Microprocessor-Based and Intelligent Flowmeters
Coriolis Mass Flowmeters
Electromagnetic Flowmeters
Vortex Flowmeters
Other Microprocessor-Based and Intelligent Transmitters
Density Transmitters
Microprocessor-Based and Intelligent Liquid Level Measurement Systems
Other Microprocessor-Based and Intelligent Measurement Systems
Fieldbus
Background
Introduction to the Concept of a Fieldbus
Current Digital Multiplexing Technology
The HART Protocol
User Experience with Microprocessor-Based and Intelligent Transmitters
Fieldbus Function and Benefits
Fo u n d a t i o n Fieldbus and Profibus-PA
Field-Mounted Control
Future of Analog Instruments
Sensor Validation
Plant Diagnostics
Handheld Interfaces (Handheld Terminals or Handheld Communicators)
Measuring Directives
Further Developments of Intelligent Transmitters
Integration of Intelligent Transmitters into Instrument Management Systems
References
Industrial Wireless Technology and Planning D. R. Kaufman
Introduction
The History of Wireless
The Basics
Radio Frequency Signals
Radio Bands
Radio Noise
Radio Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)
Wireless Reliability
Fixed Frequencies
Spread Spectrum
Security
Antennas
Antenna Connection
Commissioning
Mesh Technologies
System Management
System Interfaces
Standards and Specifications
Planning for Wireless
Imagine the Possibilities
Getting Ready for Wireless
References
Measurement of Temperature and Chemical Composition
Temperature Measurement C. Hagart-Alexander
Temperature and Heat
Application Considerations
Definitions
Radiation
Temperature Scales
Celsius Temperature Scale
Kelvin, Absolute, or Thermodynamic Temperature Scale
International Practical Temperature Scale of 1968 (IPTS-68)
Fahrenheit and Rankine Scales
Realization of Temperature Measurement
Measurement Techniques: Direct Effects
Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
Liquid-Filled Dial Thermometers
Gas-Filled Instruments
Vapor Pressure Thermometers
Solid Expansion
Measurement Techniques: Electrical
Resistance Thermometers
Thermistors
Semiconductor Temperature Measurement
Measurement Techniques: Thermocouples
Thermoelectric Effects
Thermocouple Materials
Thermocouple Construction
Measurement Techniques: Radiation Thermometers
Introduction
Radiation Thermometer Types
Temperature Measurement Considerations
Readout
Sensor Location Considerations
Miscellaneous Measurement Techniques
References
Further Reading
Chemical Analysis: Introduction W. G. Cummings; edited by I. Verhappen
Introduction to Chemical Analysis
Chromatography
General Chromatography
Paper Chromatography and Thin-Layer Chromatography
Polarography and Anodic Stripping Voltammetry
Polarography
Anodic Stripping Voltammetry
Thermal Analysis Further Reading
Chemical Analysis: Spectroscopy A. C. Smith; edited by I. Verhappen
Introduction
Absorption and Reflection Techniques
Infrared
Absorption in UV, Visible, and IR
Absorption in the Visible and Ultraviolet
Measurements Based on Reflected Radiation
Chemiluminescence
Atomic Techniques: Emission, Absorption, and Fluorescence
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy
Ray Spectroscopy
X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy
X-ray Diffraction
Photo-Acoustic Spectroscopy
Microwave Spectroscopy
Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR)
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Neutron Activation
Mass Spectrometers
Principle of the Classical Instrument
nlet Systems
on Sources
Separation of the Ions
Other Methods of Separation of Ions
References
Further Reading
Chemical Analysis: Electrochemical Techniques W. G. Cummings and K. Torrance; edited by I. Verhappen
Acids and Alkalis
Ionization of Water
Electrical Conductivity
Electrical Conduction in Liquids
Conductivity of Solutions
Practical Measurement of Electrical Conductivity
Applications of Conductivity Measurement
The Concept of pH
General Theory
Practical Specification of a pH Scale
pH Standards
Neutralization
Hydrolysis
Common Ion Effect
Buffer Solutions
Electrode Potentials
General Theory
Variation of Electrode Potential with Ion Activity (The Nernst Equation)
Ion-Selective Electrodes
Glass Electrodes
Solid-State Electrodes
Heterogeneous Membrane Electrodes
Liquid Ion Exchange Electrodes
Gas-Sensing Membrane Electrodes
Redox Electrodes
Potentiometry and Specific Ion Measurement
Reference Electrodes
Measurement of pH
Measurement of Redox Potential
Determination of Ions by Ion-Selective Electrodes
Common Electrochemical Analyzers
Residual Chlorine Analyzer
Polarographic Process Oxygen Analyzer
High-temperature Ceramic Sensor Oxygen Probes
Fuel Cell Oxygen-measuring Instruments
Hersch Cell for Oxygen Measurement
Sensor for Oxygen Dissolved in Water
Coulometric Measurement of Moisture in Gases and Liquids Further Reading
Chemical Analysis: Gas Analysis C. K. Laird; edited by I. Verhappen
Introduction
Separation of Gaseous Mixtures
Gas Chromatography
Detectors
Thermal Conductivity Detector (TCD)
Flame Ionization Detector (FID)
Photo-Ionization Detector (PID)
Helium Ionization Detector
Electron Capture Detector
Flame Photometric Detector (FPD)
Ultrasonic Detector
Catalytic Detector (Pellistor)
Semiconductor Detector
Properties and Applications of Gas Detectors
Process Chromatography
Sampling System
Carrier Gas
Chromatographic Column
Controlled Temperature Enclosures
Detectors
Programmers
Data-Processing Systems
Operation of a Typical Process Chromatograph
Special Gas Analyzers
Paramagnetic Oxygen Analyzers
Ozone Analyzer
Oxides of Nitrogen Analyzer
Summary of Special Gas Analyzers
Calibration of Gas Analyzers
Static Methods
Dynamic Methods Further Reading
Chemical Analysis: Moisture Measurement D. B. Meadowcroft; edited by I. Verhappen
Introduction
Definitions
Gases
Liquids and Solids
Measurement Techniques
Gases
Liquids
Solids
Calibration
Gases
Liquids
Solids
References
Electrical and Radiation Measurements
Electrical Measurements M. L. Sanderson
Units and Standards of Electrical Measurement
SI Electrical Units
Realization of the SI Base Unit
National Primary Standards
Measurement of DC and AC current and Voltage Using Indicating Instruments
Permanent Magnet-Moving Coil Instruments
Moving-Iron Instruments
AC Range Extension Using Current and Voltage Transformers
Dynamometer Instruments
Thermocouple Instruments
Electrostatic Instruments
Digital Voltmeters and Digital Multimeters
Analog-to-Digital Conversion Techniques
Elements in DVMs and DMMs
DVM and DMM Specifications
Power Measurement
The Three-Voltmeter Method of Power Measurement
Direct-Indicating Analog Wattmeters
Connection of Wattmeters
Three-Phase Power Measurement
Electronic Wattmeters
High-Frequency Power Measurement
Measurement of Electrical Energy
Power-Factor Measurement
The Measurement of Resistance, Capacitance, and Inductance
DC B
