Instrumentation and Control Systems

Title-page_2021_Instrumentation-and-Control-Systems
Instrumentation and Control Systems
Copyright_2021_Instrumentation-and-Control-Systems
Copyright
Contents_2021_Instrumentation-and-Control-Systems
Contents
Preface_2021_Instrumentation-and-Control-Systems
Preface
Structure of the Book
Performance Outcomes
Software Tools
Changes for the 3rd edition
Acknowledgement_2021_Instrumentation-and-Control-Systems
Acknowledgement
Chapter-1---Measurement-Systems_2021_Instrumentation-and-Control-Systems
1 Measurement Systems
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Systems
1.2 Instrumentation Systems
1.2.1 The Constituent Elements of an Instrumentation System
1.3 Performance Terms
1.3.1 Resolution, Accuracy, and Error
1.3.2 Range
1.3.3 Precision, Repeatability, and Reproducibility
1.3.4 Sensitivity
1.3.5 Stability
1.3.6 Dynamic Characteristics
1.4 Dependability
1.4.1 Reliability
1.5 Requirements
1.5.1 Calibration
1.5.2 Safety Systems
Problems
Chapter-2---Instrumentation-System-Elem_2021_Instrumentation-and-Control-Sys
2 Instrumentation System Elements
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Displacement Sensors
2.2.1 Potentiometer
2.2.2 Strain-Gauged Element
2.2.3 Capacitive Element
2.2.4 Linear Variable Differential Transformer
2.2.5 Optical Encoders
2.2.6 Moiré Fringes
2.2.7 Optical Proximity Sensors
2.2.8 Mechanical Switches
2.2.9 Capacitive Proximity Sensor
2.2.10 Inductivity Proximity Sensor
2.3 Speed Sensors
2.3.1 Optical Methods
2.3.2 Incremental Encoder
2.3.3 Tachogenerator
2.4 Fluid Pressure Sensors
2.4.1 Diaphragm Sensor
2.4.2 Piezoelectric Sensor
2.4.3 Bourdon Tube
2.5 Fluid Flow
2.5.1 Differential Pressure Methods
2.5.2 Turbine Meter
2.5.3 Ultrasonic Time of Flight Flow Meter
2.5.4 Vortex Flow Rate Method
2.5.5 Coriolis Flow Meter
2.6 Liquid Level
2.6.1 Floats
2.6.2 Displacer Gauge
2.6.3 Differential Pressure
2.6.4 Load Cell
2.6.5 Electrical Conductivity Level Indicator
2.6.6 Capacitive Level Indicator
2.6.7 Ultrasonic Level Gauge
2.6.8 Nucleonic Level Indicators
2.7 Temperature Sensors
2.7.1 Bimetallic Strips
2.7.2 Liquid in Glass Thermometers
2.7.3 Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs)
2.7.4 Thermistors
2.7.5 Thermocouples
2.7.6 Thermodiodes and Transistors
2.7.7 Pyrometers
2.8 Sensor Selection
2.9 Signal Processing
2.9.1 Resistance to Voltage Converter
2.9.2 Temperature Compensation
2.9.3 Thermocouple Compensation
2.9.4 Protection
2.9.5 Analogue-to-Digital Conversions
2.9.6 Digital-to-Analogue Conversions
2.9.7 Microcontroller Systems
2.9.8 Op-Amps
2.9.9 Pressure-to-Current Converter
2.10 Signal Transmission
2.10.1 Noise
2.11 Smart Systems
2.11.1 MEMS
2.12 Data Presentation Element
2.12.1 Indicator
2.12.2 Illuminative Displays
2.12.3 Graphical User Interface (GUI)
2.12.4 Data Loggers
2.12.5 Printers
Problems
Chapter-3---Measurement-Case-Studies_2021_Instrumentation-and-Control-System
3 Measurement Case Studies
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Case Studies
3.2.1 A Temperature Measurement
3.2.2 An Absolute Pressure Measurement
3.2.3 Detection of the Angular Position of a Shaft
3.2.4 Air Flow Rate Determination
3.2.5 Fluid Level Monitoring
3.2.6 Measurement of Relative Humidity
3.2.7 Dimension Checking
3.2.8 Temperature of a Furnace
3.2.9 Automobile Tyre Pressure Monitoring
3.2.10 Control System Sensors with Automobiles
3.3 Data Acquisition Systems
3.3.1 Data Acquisition Software
3.3.2 Data Loggers
3.4 Testing
3.4.1 Maintenance
3.4.2 Common Faults
Problems
Chapter-4---Control-Systems_2021_Instrumentation-and-Control-Systems
4 Control Systems
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Control Systems
4.2.1 Open- and Closed-Loop Control
4.3 Basic Elements
4.3.1 Basic Elements of a Closed-Loop System
4.4 Case Studies
4.4.1 Control of the Speed of Rotation of a Motor Shaft
4.4.2 Control of the Position of a Tool
4.4.3 Power Steering
4.4.4 Control of Fuel Pressure
4.4.5 Antilock Brakes
4.4.6 Thickness Control
4.4.7 Control of Liquid Level
4.4.8 Robot Gripper
4.4.9 Machine Tool Control
4.4.10 Fluid Flow Control
4.5 Discrete-Time Control Systems
4.6 Digital Control Systems
4.7 Hierarchical Control
Problems
Chapter-5---Process-Controllers_2021_Instrumentation-and-Control-Systems
5 Process Controllers
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Direct and Reverse Actions
5.1.2 Dead Time
5.1.3 Capacitance
5.2 On–Off Control
5.2.1 Relays
5.3 Proportional Control
5.3.1 Proportional Band
5.3.2 Limitations of Proportional Control
5.4 Derivative Control
5.4.1 PD Control
5.5 Integral Control
5.5.1 PI Control
5.6 PID Control
5.6.1 PID Process Controller
5.7 Tuning
5.7.1 Process Reaction Tuning Method
5.7.2 Ultimate Cycle Tuning Method
5.7.3 Quarter Amplitude Decay
5.7.4 Lambda Tuning
5.7.5 Software Tools
5.7.6 Adaptive Controllers
5.8 Digital Systems
5.8.1 Embedded Systems
5.9 Fuzzy Logic Control
5.9.1 Fuzzy Logic
5.9.2 Fuzzy Logic Control Systems
5.9.3 Fuzzy Logic Controller
5.9.4 Fuzzy Logic Tuning of PID Controllers
5.10 Neural Networks
5.10.1 Neural Networks for Control
Problems
Chapter-6---Correction-Elements_2021_Instrumentation-and-Control-Systems
6 Correction Elements
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 The Range of Actuators
6.2 Pneumatic and Hydraulic Systems
6.2.1 Current to Pressure Converter
6.2.2 Pressure Sources
6.2.3 Control Valves
6.2.4 Actuators
6.3 Directional Control Valves
6.3.1 Sequencing
6.3.2 Shuttle Valve
6.4 Flow Control Valves
6.4.1 Forms of Plug
6.4.2 Rangeability and Turndown
6.4.3 Control Valve Sizing
6.4.4 Valve Positioners
6.4.5 Other Forms of Flow Control Valves
6.4.6 Fail-Safe Design
6.5 Motors
6.5.1 D.C. Motors
6.5.2 Brushless Permanent Magnet D.C. Motor
6.5.3 Stepper Motor
6.6 Case Studies
6.6.1 A Liquid Level Process Control System
6.6.2 Milling Machine Control System
6.6.3 A Robot Control System
Problems
Chapter-7---PLC-Systems_2021_Instrumentation-and-Control-Systems
7 PLC Systems
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Logic Gates
7.2.1 Field-Programmable Gate Arrays
7.3 PLC System
7.4 PLC Programming
7.4.1 Logic Gates
7.4.2 Latching
7.4.3 Internal Relays
7.4.4 Timers
7.4.5 Counters
7.5 Testing and Debugging
7.6 Case Studies
7.6.1 Signal Lamp to Monitor Operations
7.6.2 Cyclic Movement of a Piston
7.6.3 Sequential Movement of Pistons
7.6.4 Central Heating System
Problems
Chapter-8---System-Models_2021_Instrumentation-and-Control-Systems
8 System Models
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Static Response
8.1.2 Dynamic Response
8.2 Gain
8.2.1 Gain of Systems in Series
8.2.2 Feedback Loops
8.3 Dynamic Systems
8.3.1 Mechanical Systems
8.3.2 Rotational Systems
8.3.3 Electrical Systems
8.3.4 Thermal Systems
8.3.5 Hydraulic Systems
8.4 Differential Equations
8.4.1 First-Order Differential Equations
8.4.2 Second-Order Differential Equations
8.4.3 System Identification
Problems
Chapter-9---Transfer-Function_2021_Instrumentation-and-Control-Systems
9 Transfer Function
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Transfer Function
9.2.1 Transfer Function
9.2.2 Transfer Functions of Common System Elements
9.2.3 Transfer Functions and Systems
9.3 System Transfer Functions
9.3.1 Systems in Series
9.3.2 Systems with Feedback
9.4 Block Manipulation
9.4.1 Blocks in Series
9.4.2 Moving Takeoff Points
9.4.3 Moving a Summing Point
9.4.4 Changing Feedback and Forward Paths
9.5 Multiple Inputs
9.6 Sensitivity
9.6.1 Sensitivity to Changes in Parameters
9.6.2 Sensitivity to Disturbances
Problems
Chapter-10---System-Response_2021_Instrumentation-and-Control-Systems
10 System Response
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Inputs
10.3 Determining Outputs
10.3.1 Partial Fractions
10.4 First-Order Systems
10.4.1 First-Order System Parameters
10.5 Second-Order Systems
10.5.1 Second-Order System Parameters
10.6 Stability
10.6.1 The s Plane
10.7 Steady-State Error
Problems
Chapter-11---Frequency-Response_2021_Instrumentation-and-Control-Systems
11 Frequency Response
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Sinusoidal Signals
11.1.2 Complex Numbers
11.2 Sinusoidal Inputs
11.2.1 Frequency Response Function
11.2.2 Frequency Response for First-Order Systems
11.2.3 Frequency Response for Second-Order Systems
11.3 Bode Plots
11.3.1 Transfer Function a Constant K
11.3.2 Transfer Function 1/sn
11.3.3 Transfer Function sm
11.3.4 Transfer Function 1/(1+τs)
11.3.5 Transfer Function (1+τs)
11.3.6 Transfer Function ωn2/(s2+2ζωns+ωn2)
11.3.7 Transfer Function (s2+2ζωns+ωn2)/ωn2
11.4 System Identification
11.5 Stability
11.5.1 Stability Measures
11.6 Compensation
11.6.1 Changing the Gain
11.6.2 Phase-Lead Compensation
11.6.3 Phase-Lag Compensation
Problems
Chapter-12---Nyquist-Diagrams_2021_Instrumentation-and-Control-Systems
12 Nyquist Diagrams
12.1 Introduction
12.2 The Polar Plot
12.2.1 Nyquist Diagrams
12.3 Stability
12.4 Relative Stability
Problems
Chapter-13---Control-Systems_2021_Instrumentation-and-Control-Systems
13 Control Systems
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Controllers
13.2.1 Proportional Steady-State Offset
13.2.2 Disturbance Rejection
13.2.3 Integral Wind-Up
13.2.4 Bumpless Transfer
13.3 Frequency Response
13.4 Systems with Dead Time
13.5 Cascade Control
13.6 Feedforward Control
13.7 Digital Control Systems
13.7.1 The z-Transform
13.7.2 The Digital Transfer Function G(z)
13.7.3 PID Controller
13.7.4 Software Implementation of PID Control
13.8 Control Networks
13.8.1 Data Transmission
13.8.2 Networks
13.8.3 Control Area Network (CAN)
13.8.4 Automated Assembly Lines
13.8.5 Automated Process Plant Networks
13.8.6 PLC Networks
13.8.7 Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA)
13.8.8 The Common Industrial Protocol (CIP)
13.8.9 Security Issues
Problems
Answers_2021_Instrumentation-and-Control-Systems
Answers
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Appendix-A---Errors_2021_Instrumentation-and-Control-Systems
Appendix A Errors
A.1 Measurement Errors
A.2 Random Errors
A.2.1 Mean Values
A.2.2 Standard Deviation
A.2.3 Error of a Mean
A.3 Combination of Errors
A.3.1 Errors When Adding Quantities
A.3.2 Errors When Subtracting Quantities
A.3.3 Errors When Multiplying Quantities
A.3.4 Errors When Dividing Quantities
Appendix-B---Differential-Equations_2021_Instrumentation-and-Control-Systems
Appendix B Differential Equations
B.1 Differential Equations
B.2 Solving Differential Equations
B.2.1 Solving a First-Order Differential Equation
B.2.2 Complementary Function and Particular Integral
B.2.3 Solving a Second-Order Differential Equation
Appendix-C---Laplace-Transform_2021_Instrumentation-and-Control-Systems
Appendix C Laplace Transform
C.1 The Laplace Transform
C.2 Obtaining the Transform
C.2.1 Properties of the Laplace Transform
C.2.2 Initial and Final Values
C.3 The Inverse Transform
C.4 Solving Differential Equations
Appendix-D---The-z-Transform_2021_Instrumentation-and-Control-Systems
Appendix D The z-Transform
D.1 The z-Transform
D.1.1 The z and Laplace Transforms
D.1.2 Properties of the z-Transform
D.1.3 Some Important z-Transforms
D.2 The Inverse z-Transform
Index_2021_Instrumentation-and-Control-Systems
Index