Insights into the World of Diatoms: From Essentials to Applications

Foreword
Preface: The World of Diatoms
Acknowledgements
Contents
Editors and Contributors
Abbreviations
1: Photosynthetic Pigments in Diatoms
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Pigment Localization in the Diatom Cell
1.3 Structure and Properties of Pigments of Diatoms
1.3.1 Chlorophyll
1.3.2 Carotenoids
1.4 Biosynthetic Pathways of Pigments
1.4.1 Chlorophyll: Biosynthesis
1.4.2 Carotenoid: Biosynthesis
1.5 Commercial Use of Photosynthetic Pigments
1.5.1 Fucoxanthin
1.5.2 Diatoxanthin and Diadinoxanthin
1.5.3 Zeaxanthin
1.5.4 Lutein
1.5.5 β-Cryptoxanthin
1.5.6 Chlorophyll: Commercial Aspects
1.5.7 As Food Colorants
1.5.8 For Health Promoting and Medicinal Effects
1.5.9 For Antioxidant Properties
1.5.10 For Photodynamic Therapy (PDT)
1.6 Chemoprevention, Antimutagenicity, Anticlastogenicity, Antigenotoxicity, and Anticancer Therapeutic Activity
1.7 Conclusion
References
2: Impact Assessment: Diatom Flora of Free-Flowing and Fragmented Stretches of Serially Impounded Bhagirathi River (Indian Him...
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Materials and Methods
2.3 Results and Discussion
2.3.1 Flora
2.3.2 Impact on Flora
2.3.3 Abundance
References
Headings0005455442
3: Use of Multivariate Techniques for Quick Assessment of Hydropower Impacts on the Producer Community in Himalayan Rivers wit...
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Study Area
3.3 Methods
3.4 Results and Discussion
3.5 Conclusion
References
4: Alpine Lake Environments and Psychrophile Diatoms Around the World with a Particular Emphasis on Turkish Glacial Lakes
4.1 Alpine Environments and Biomes
4.2 Cryoconite Holes
4.3 Alpine Lakes and Ponds
4.4 Turkey and Area
4.4.1 Van and Urmia Lakes
4.5 The Holocene
4.6 Chemistry
4.7 Diatom Biodiversity in Extreme Environments
4.7.1 Antarctica
4.7.2 Arctic
4.7.3 Andes and Patagonia
4.7.4 Himalaya and Tibetan Plateau
4.7.5 European Alps
4.7.6 Taurus Mountains and Anatolian Mountains in Turkey
4.7.6.1 Primary Producers
4.7.6.2 Biodiversity in the Alpine Lakes of Turkey
4.7.6.2.1 Diatom Biodiversity
4.8 Environmental DNA and Cold Extremes
4.9 Trends in Biogeography for Alpine Lakes and Ponds
4.10 Climate and the Anthropocene
References
5: Ocean Acidification Conditions and Marine Diatoms
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Ocean Acidification
5.3 Effects of Ocean Acidification on Marine Diatoms Community
5.4 Impacts of Ocean Acidification on the Growth of Diatoms
5.5 The Physiological Response of Marine Diatoms to Ocean Acidification
5.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
6: Diatom Algae for Carbon Sequestration in Oceans
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Advent of Technology and Decline in Diatom Production
6.3 Interdependence in the Ocean Ecosystem
6.4 Eutrophication
6.5 Carbon Sequestration in Oceans
6.6 Role of Diatoms in Carbon Sequestration
6.7 Organic Carbon in Oceans
6.8 Blue Carbon
6.9 The Way Ahead
References
7: Diatoms: A Potential for Assessing River Health
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Health of Aquatic Ecosystems and Rivers
7.3 Diatoms in River Health Assessment
7.4 Water Quality and River Health Assessment
7.5 Bioindicators for River Health Assessment
7.6 Future Perspectives and Conclusion
References
8: Terrestrial Diatoms and Their Potential for Ecological Monitoring
8.1 Soil Microbiomes
8.2 Soil Diatoms and Environmental Factors
8.3 Soil Diatoms and Anthropogenic Disturbances
8.4 Soil Diatoms and Agricultural Practices
8.5 Conclusion
References
9: Role of Diatoms in Forensics: A Molecular Approach
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Framework of Diatom Cell
9.3 Diatoms in Forensic
9.4 History of Diatoms in Forensic Science
9.5 Why Only Diatoms as Supportive Evidence in Forensics
9.6 Recovery of Diatoms from Postmortem Samples
9.6.1 Acid/Chemical Digestion Method
9.6.2 Limitations of Acid Digestion Technique
9.6.3 Enzymatic Methods
9.6.4 Microwave Digestion, Vacuum Filtration, and Scanning Electron Microscope
9.6.5 Soluene 350 Digestion
9.7 Preparation of Diatom Slides
9.8 Molecular Approach in Forensics
9.9 Application DNA from Diatoms Via Molecular Biology
9.10 Controversies in the Validation of Diatom Test in Forensics
9.11 Conclusion
References
10: Diatoms in Forensics: Adding New Dimension to the Growing Relevance of Diatoms in Improving Lives
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Forensic Limnology
10.3 Diatom Test as a Cardinal Key to Solving Drowning Cases
10.4 Opportunities and Importance of Diatom Test
10.5 Challenges and Constraints in Diatom-Supported Forensics
10.6 Conclusion and Way Forward
References
11: Diatom Silica a Potential Tool as Biosensors and for Biomedical Field
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Evolutionary History of Brown Algae
11.3 Emerging Application of Microalgae
11.3.1 Brown Algae as Biosensor
11.3.1.1 Biosensors
11.3.1.2 Need of Algal Biosensor
11.3.1.3 Types of Biosensors
11.3.1.4 Working of Algal Biosensors
11.3.2 Diatoms-Based Sensors
11.3.2.1 Hierarchical Porous Structure
11.3.2.2 Photonic Crystals Made of Diatom Frustules
11.4 Brown Algae as Drug Delivery Agent
11.4.1 Diatom-Based Nanocarriers in Drug Delivery
11.4.1.1 Cancer Therapy with Diatom-Based Nanocarriers
11.5 Targeted Medication Delivery Using Genetically Modified Diatom Biosilica
11.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
12: Diatoms in Biomedicines and Nanomedicines
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Application of Diatoms
12.2.1 Diatoms for the Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles (NPs)
12.2.2 Diatoms in Drug Delivery
12.2.3 Diatoms in Biosensing and Bioimaging
12.2.4 Diatoms in Tissue Engineering
12.3 Conclusion
References
13: Recent Advances in Biomedicine: Diatomaceous Applications
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Diatom or Diatomite Silica: Structure, Purification, and Surface Modification
13.2.1 Diatom Structure
13.2.2 Purification
13.2.3 Surface Functionalization
13.3 Biomedical Applications of Diatom Silica
13.3.1 Drug Delivery Systems
13.3.2 Biosensors
13.3.3 Tissue Engineering with Biosilica
13.3.4 Hemorrhage Control Using Biosilica
13.3.5 Anticancer Effects
13.3.6 Antimicrobial Effects
13.4 Conclusions and Future Prospect
References
14: Perspectives on the Ecosystem Services and Need for Conservation of Diatomite and Diatomaceous Earth Landscapes for India
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Diatomite-Rich Sediments and Landscapes Impart Natural Eco-Resilience
14.3 Perspectives Related to Diatomite Mining in Global and Indian Scenarios
14.4 Conclusions
References
Online Resources
15: Biofuels from Diatoms: Potential and Challenges
15.1 Introduction
15.1.1 Diatoms
15.1.2 Biofuel from Diatoms
15.2 History
15.3 Methodology
15.3.1 Harvesting
15.3.2 Breaking the Cell Wall
15.3.3 Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Diatoms
15.4 Indian Scenario
15.5 Potential
15.6 Challenges
15.7 Solutions
15.8 Discussion
15.9 Conclusion
References
16: Potential Industrial Application of Diatoms for a Greener Future
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Industrial Applications
16.2.1 Biofuel Production
16.2.2 Metabolite Production
16.2.3 Diatom-Based Nanofabrication
16.2.4 Biomedical Industry
16.3 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
17: The Mechanism of Ecosystem Restoration and Resilience of Present-Day Coastal Lagoons by Coastal Diatoms and Their Implicat...
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Diatoms as Proxies of Eco-Resilience of Coastal Lagoons
17.3 An Illustrative Example of a Resilient Lagoon Ecosystem from India: Pulicat Lagoon
17.4 Discussion and Conclusions
References