Insect Predators in Pest Management

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Editor
Contributors
Chapter 1 Insect Predators
Learning Objectives
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Order: Hemiptera
1.2.1 Family: Pentatomidae
1.2.1.1 Subfamily: Asopinae
1.2.1.2 Subfamily: Pentatominae
1.2.2 Family: Nabidae
1.2.2.1 Subfamily: Nabinae
1.2.3 Family: Anthocoridae (Pirate Bug)
1.2.3.1 Orius Insidiosus (Insidious Flower Bug)
1.2.3.2 Orius Niger
1.2.3.3 Orius Tantillus (Motschulsky)
1.2.3.4 Tetraphleps Spp.
1.2.4 Family: Geocoridae
1.2.4.1 Geocoris Ochropterus (Fieber)
1.2.4.2 Geocoris Jucundus (Fieber)
1.2.4.3 Xylocoris Spp.
1.2.5 Family: Miridae
1.2.5.1 Cyrtorhinus Lividipennis (Reuter)
1.2.5.2 Macrolophus Spp.
1.2.5.3 Nesidiocoris Tenuis
1.2.5.4 Apolygus Spinolae
1.2.5.5 Miris Striatus (British Bugs)
1.2.5.6 Blepharidopterus Angulatus (Black-Kneed Capsid)
1.2.5.7 Atractotomus Spp.
1.2.6 Family: Reduviidae
1.2.6.1 Zelus Renardii (Leafhopper Assassin Bug)
1.2.6.2 Platymeris Laevicollis (Red-Eyed Assassin Bug)
1.2.6.3 Rhynocoris Marginatus
1.2.6.4 Rhynocoris Fuscipes (Fabricius)
1.2.6.5 Rhynocoris Costalis (Stal.)
1.2.6.6 Blaptostethus Pallescens Poppius
1.2.6.7 Acanthaspis Pedestris (Stal.)
1.2.6.8 Acanthaspis Siva Distant
1.2.6.9 Cydnocoris Gilvus (Bunnester)
1.2.6.10 Endochus Inornatus Stal.
1.2.7 Family – Gerridae
1.2.7.1 Limnogonus Nitidus (Mayr.)
1.2.7.2 Neogerris Parvula (Stal.)
1.3 Order: Neuroptera (Lacewings and Allied Insects)
1.3.1 Family: Chrysopidae (Green Lacewings)
1.3.2 Family: Hemerobiidae (Brown Lacewings)
1.3.3 Family: Coniopterygidae (Powdery Lacewings)
1.3.4 Family: Mantispidae (Mantid-flies)
1.3.5 Family: Raphidiidae and Inocelliidae (Snake-flies)
1.4 Order: Coleoptera
1.4.1 Family: Carabidae (Ground Beetles)
1.4.1.1 Bembidion Spp
1.4.1.2 Calosoma Spp.
1.4.1.3 Carabus Spp.
1.4.1.4 Harpalus Spp.
1.4.1.5 Loricera Pilicornis
1.4.1.6 Nebria Brevicollis
1.4.1.7 Anchomenus Dorsalis
1.4.1.8 Pterostichus Spp.
1.4.1.9 Amara Spp.
1.4.2 Family: Silphidae (Carrion Beetles)
1.4.2.1 Dendroxena Quadrimaculata
1.4.3 Family: Staphylinidae (Rove Beetles)
1.4.3.1 Aleochara Spp.
1.4.3.2 Dalotia Coriaria
1.4.4 Family: Cantharidae (Soldier Beetles)
1.4.4.1 Cantharis Spp.
1.4.4.2 Rhagonycha Spp.
1.4.5 Family: Coccinellidae (Ladybird Beetles)
1.4.5.1 Chilocorus Spp.
1.4.5.2 Clitostethus Arcuatus
1.4.5.3 Scymnus Spp.
1.4.5.4 Stethorus Spp.
1.4.5.5 Coccinella Spp.
1.4.5.6 Cryptolaemus Montrouzieri
1.4.5.7 Harmonia Axyridis
1.4.5.8 Adalia Bipunctata (Two-Spotted Lady Bird)
1.4.5.9 Propylea Spp.
1.5 Order: Diptera
1.5.1 Family: Cecidomyiidae (Gall Midges)
1.5.1.1 Aphidoletes Spp.
1.5.1.2 Lestodiplosis Spp.
1.5.2 Family: Asilidae (Robber Flies)
1.5.3 Family: Dolichopodidae (Long-Legged Flies)
1.5.4 Family: Phoridae (Scuttle Flies)
1.5.5 Family: Syrphidae (Hoverflies)
1.5.5.1 Epistrophe Spp.
1.5.5.2 Eupeodes Spp.
1.5.5.3 Syrphus Spp.
1.5.6 Family: Chloropidae (Grass Flies)
1.5.7 Family: Sarcophagidae (Flesh Flies)
1.5.8 Family: Muscidae (Muscid Flies)
1.6 Miscellaneous Predators
1.6.1 Dragonflies
1.6.2 Mantises
1.6.3 Earwigs
1.6.4 Thrips
1.6.4.1 Family: Aeolothripidae
1.6.4.2 Family: Thripidae
1.6.4.3 Family: Phlaeothripidae
1.6.5 Butterflies and Moths
1.7 Conclusions
Points to Remember
References
Chapter 2 Reduviid Predators
Learning Objectives
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Taxonomy
2.3 Diversity of Reduviids
2.4 Biology and Behaviour
2.5 Unique Features of Assassin Bugs in Favour of Biocontrol
2.6 Potential Assassin Bugs for Augmentative Biocontrol
2.6.1 Subfamily Harpactorinae
2.6.2 Subfamily Reduviinae
2.6.3 Subfamily Ectrichodiinae
2.6.4 Subfamily Holoptilinae
2.6.5 Subfamily Peiratinae
2.6.6 Subfamily Emesinae
2.6.7 Subfamily Phymatinae
2.6.8 Subfamily Salyavatinae
2.6.9 Subfamily Stenopodainae
2.7 Mass Multiplication and Field Evaluation
2.7.1 Mass Multiplication
2.7.2 Field Evaluation
2.8 Conclusions
2.9 Points to Remember
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 3 The Flower Bugs (Anthocoridae)
Learning Objectives
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Diversity, Systematic Position and Taxonomy
3.3 Morphology
3.4 Basic Biology and Life History
3.5 Ecology and Behaviour
3.5.1 Seasonal Cycle and Overwintering
3.5.2 Movement
3.5.3 Predator Prey Interactions
3.5.4 Intraguild Predation
3.5.5 Effect of Host Plant Traits
3.5.6 Responses to Plant Volatiles
3.5.7 Prey Preference
3.6 Anthocorids as Effective Predators
3.6.1 Predators of Thrips
3.6.2 Predators of Lepidopterans
3.6.3 Predators of Whiteflies
3.6.4 Predators of Aphids
3.6.5 Predators of Scale Insects
3.6.6 Predators of Mites
3.6.7 Predators of Storage Pests
3.6.8 Factors Affecting the Success of Anthocorid Predators as Bioagents
3.6.9 Compatibility of Anthocorid Predators with Microbial Bioagents
3.7 Rearing of Anthocorid Predators
3.8 Storage Studies
3.9 Conclusions
3.10 Points to Remember
References
Chapter 4 Mirid and Geocorid Predators
Learning Objectives
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Predaceous Mirids
4.2.1 Systematics
4.2.1.1 Family Diagnosis
4.2.2 Diversity and Prey
4.2.3 Biology and Life History
4.2.4 Ecology and Behavior
4.2.4.1 Intraguild Predation
4.2.4.2 Functional Response
4.2.4.3 Chemical Ecology
4.2.5 As Biocontrol Agents
4.3 Geocorid Bugs
4.3.1 Systematics
4.3.1.1 Family Diagnosis
4.3.2 Diversity and Prey
4.3.3 Biology and Life History
4.3.4 Ecology and Behavior
4.3.4.1 Intraguild Predation
4.3.4.2 Functional Response
4.3.5 Chemical Ecology
4.3.5.1 As Biocontrol Agents
4.4 Conclusions
4.5 Points to Remember
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 5 Asopinae (Pentatomidae) Predators
Learning Objectives
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Amyotea Ellenrieder
5.1.2 Anasida Karsch
5.1.3 Andrallus (Bergroth)
5.1.4 Arma Hahn
5.1.5 Blachia Walker
5.1.6 Picromerus Amyot & Serville
5.1.7 Cecyrina Walker
5.1.8 Cazira Amyot & Serville
5.1.9 Eocanthecona Bergroth
5.1.10 Zicrona Amyot & Serville
5.1.11 Species List of Asopinae
5.2 Diversity of Predators and Prey
5.3 Characteristics of Pentatomids
5.4 Commercialization
5.5 Effective Biocontrol Agents
5.6 Mass Rearing of Predatory Pentatomid Bugs
5.7 Conclusions
5.8 Points to Remember
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 6 Chrysopids (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)
Learning Objectives
6.1 Systematics
6.2 Cryptic Songs for the Identification of Chrysopids Species
6.3 Biology and Life History
6.4 Rearing and Storage
6.5 Ecology and Interaction Study
6.5.1 Interaction with Microbials
6.6 Strain Improvement
6.7 Biointensive IPM
6.8 Chemical Ecology
6.9 Conclusions
6.10 Points to Remember
Acknowledgement
References
Chapter 7 Ground Beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
Learning Objectives
7.1 Introduction
7.2 History
7.3 Species Diversity
7.4 Diagnostic Features of Carabidae
7.4.1 General Characters of the Family Carabidae Latreille, 1802
7.5 Biology of Carabids
7.5.1 Defence in Ground Beetles
7.5.2 Feeding Habits of Ground Beetles
7.5.2.1 Carnivores
7.5.2.2 Granivores
7.5.2.3 Omnivores
7.6 Economic Importance
7.7 Important Genera of Ground Beetles
7.7.1 Anthia Weber, 1801
7.7.2 Amara Bonelli, 1810
7.7.3 Bembidion Latreille, 1802
7.7.4 Carabus Linnaeus, 1758
7.7.5 Calosoma Weber, 1801
7.7.6 Harpalus Latreille, 1802
7.7.7 Pterostichus Bonelli, 1810
7.7.8 Genera Commonly Found in India
7.8 Conservation of Beneficial Ground Beetles
7.9 Conclusion
Points to Remember
Acknowledgement
References
Chapter 8 Ladybird Beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)
Learning Objectives
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Prey Classification
8.3 Factors Modulating Prey Preferences
8.3.1 Prey Quality
8.3.2 Prey Quantity
8.3.2.1 Functional and Numerical Responses
8.3.2.2 Prey Quantity and Life Attributes
8.3.3 Prey Mobility and Prey Defence
8.3.4 Morphology, Age and Parasitization Status of Prey
8.3.5 Stage, Size, Sex and Age of Predators
8.3.6 Learning Ability and Memory of Ladybirds
8.3.7 Environmental Factors
8.3.7.1 Temperature
8.3.7.2 Photoperiod and Light Intensity
8.3.8 Genetic Factors
8.4 Prey Searching Behaviour of Ladybirds
8.4.1 Pattern of Foraging
8.4.2 Prey Recognition
8.4.3 Extensive Search
8.4.3.1 Visual Cues
8.4.3.2 Olfactory Cues
8.4.3.3 Gustatory Cues
8.4.4 Intensive Search
8.4.5 Learning
8.4.6 Factors Affecting Foraging Behaviour in Ladybirds
8.4.6.1 Abiotic Factors
8.4.6.2 Biotic Factors
8.5 Conclusions
8.6 Points to Remember
References
Chapter 9 Syrphid Predators (Diptera: Brachycera)
Learning Objectives
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Diversity of Insects and Prey
9.3 Basic Biology
9.4 Ecology and Behaviour
9.4.1 As a Potential Biocontrol Agents
9.4.2 As Pollinators
9.5 Life History
9.6 Mass Production
9.7 Effectiveness of Syrphids as Biocontrol Agents in the Field
9.7.1 Predator Exclusion Method
9.7.2 Observational Studies
9.7.3 Predator: Prey Ratios
9.7.4 Prediction Model
9.8 Conclusions
Points to Remember
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 10 Predators of Mite Pests
Learning Objectives
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Important Mite Pest Families and Species
10.3 Biological Control of Mite Pests
10.3.1 Mite Predators
10.3.1.1 Acari
10.3.1.2 Insects
10.4 Assessment of the Performance and Efficacy of Mite Predators
10.5 The Future of Biological Control of Mite Pests
10.6 Conclusions
10.7 Points to Remember
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 11 Aquatic Insects
Learning Objectives
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Diversity of Aquatic Insects
11.3 Aquatic Insect Habitats and Adaptations
11.4 Aquatic Insect Functional Groups
11.5 Aquatic Insects as Vectors
11.5.1 Culicidae (Mosquitoes)
11.5.2 Simuliidae (Blackflies)
11.5.3 Ceratopogonidae (Biting Midges)
11.5.4 Tabanidae (Horseflies and Deerflies)
11.6 Aquatic Insects in Vector Control
11.7 Conservation of Aquatic Insect Predators
11.8 Conclusions
11.9 Points to Remember
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 12 Weed Bio-Control Agents
Learning Objectives
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Weeds: Food Resource for Insects
12.3 Ratification of Insects for Weed Control
12.4 Antagonistic Potential of Insect Bioagents Against Weeds
12.5 Major Weeds and their Control by Insects
12.6 Conclusions
12.7 Points to Remember
References
Index