Innovative Approaches for Sustainable Development: Theories and Practices in Agriculture

Contents
Chapter 1: The Economics of Climate Change in Agriculture
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Methods for Assessing Impact of Climate Change in Agriculture
1.2.1 Partial Equilibrium Models
1.2.1.1 Crop Simulation models
1.2.1.2 Agro-Ecological Zone Models
1.2.1.3 Production Function Approach
1.2.1.4 Ricardian Analysis
1.2.2 General Equilibrium Models
1.3 Adaptations and Mitigation Policies
1.3.1 Country Level Adaptation Strategies and Polices
1.3.2 Adaptation Strategies Opted by Farmers
1.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2: Indigenous Technical Knowledge Under a Changing Climate
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Vulnerability
2.2.1 Framework of Vulnerability
2.2.2 Entitlement and Vulnerability
2.2.3 Gender and Vulnerability
2.3 Indigenous Technical Knowledge (ITK)
2.3.1 What Is ITK?
2.3.2 ITK Vs Modern Technologies
2.3.3 Documentation and Scaling Out of ITK
2.3.4 Use of ICT Tools for Documentation and Scaling Out of ITK
2.4 ITK in Changing Climate
2.4.1 ITK in Weather Forecasting
2.4.2 ITK in Climate Change and Adaptation
2.4.3 Traditional Climate Resilient Practices
2.5 Integrating ITK and Traditional People with Scientific Knowledge for Mitigation and Adaptation Under a Changing Climate
2.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3: Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emission Mitigation Options: An Approach Towards Climate Smart Agriculture
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Way Towards CSA
3.3 Major GHGs from Agriculture
3.4 Possible Mitigation Measures of GHGs Emission from Agriculture
3.5 Mitigation of CH4 Emission
3.6 DSR Technique
3.7 Mitigation of N2O Emission
3.8 Carbon Sequestration in Soil
3.9 Conservation Agriculture (CA)
3.10 Low Carbon Agriculture (LCA)
3.11 Mitigation Technologies for Different Agro-Climatic Zones of India
3.12 Government Policy for Implementing, Adopting and Scaling up of Low Emission Technology
3.13 Conclusions
References
Chapter 4: New Paradigm for Higher Crop Productivity Through Climate Smart Strategies
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA)
4.3 Climate Smart Strategies
4.4 Climate Shifting - A Worldwide Problem
4.5 Crop Response to Climate Change and Air Quality
4.5.1 Direct Effects
4.5.2 Indirect Effects
4.6 Climate Smart Practices
4.6.1 Conservation Techniques
4.6.2 Case Study of South Asia - Indo Gangetic Plains
4.6.3 Biodiversity Threat
4.6.4 Crop Diversification and Intensification
4.6.5 Climate Smart Land Preparation and Site-Specific Nutrient Management
4.6.6 Effective Water Management
4.6.7 Cropping Sequence
4.6.8 Planting Materials and Quality Seed
4.6.9 Integrated Farming Systems (IFS)
4.6.10 Weather Forecasting
4.6.11 Precision Agriculture
4.6.12 Climate Smart Plant Protection Measures
4.7 Various Crop Protection Measures Suitable for Climate Smart Practices
4.7.1 Observation at Field Levels
4.7.2 Biodiversity and Tolerance
4.7.3 Crop Rotation
4.8 Practical Aspect of Climate Smart Practices Are as Follows
4.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 5: Bio-fertilizers a Future Prospect Towards Sustainable Agricultural Development
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Role of Biofertilizers
5.2.1 Biological Nitrogen Fixation
5.2.1.1 Azotobacter
5.2.1.2 Azospirillum
5.2.1.3 Rhizobium
5.2.1.4 Cyanobacteria
5.2.1.5 Azolla
5.2.1.6 Gluconacetobacter Diazotrophicus
5.2.2 Phosphorus Solubilization
5.2.2.1 Bacteria
5.2.2.2 Fungi
5.2.3 Phosphorus Mobilizers
5.2.3.1 Mycorrhiza
5.2.4 Potassium Solubilizing Bacteria
5.3 Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR)
5.4 Zinc Solubilizers
5.5 Strategies for Development of Bio-fertilizers for Sustainable Agricultural Development
5.6 Conclusion and Future Perspective
References
Chapter 6: On-Farm Water Harvesting: Promising Intervention Towards Crop Diversification and Doubling Farmers Income in Drough...
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Water Harvesting
6.3 Distribution of Annual Rainfall in India
6.4 Importance of Rainwater Harvesting
6.5 Why Double Farmers´ Income?
6.6 Case Study
6.7 Intervention
6.8 Result and Discussion
6.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7: Non-thermal Processing of Food: An Alternative for Traditional Food Processing
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Non-thermal Methods in the Food Industry
7.2.1 Pulsed Electric Field
7.2.2 Pulsed Visible Light
7.2.3 Ultrasonication
7.2.4 Ionizing Radiation
7.2.5 High Hydrostatic Pressure
7.2.5.1 Effect of HPP on Food Quality
7.2.6 Plasma Sterilization
7.2.7 High Voltage Arc Discharge (HVAD)
7.2.8 Magnetic Field Heating and Moderate Magnetic Field Heating
7.2.9 Microfiltration
7.2.10 Hurdle Technologies
7.3 Conclusion
Chapter 8: Enhancement of Shelf Life of Food Using Active Packaging Technologies
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Methods of Active Packaging
8.2.1 Oxygen Scavengers
8.2.2 Carbon Dioxide Scavengers/Emitters
8.2.3 Ethylene Scavengers
8.2.4 Flavor and Odor Absorber/Releaser
8.2.5 Preservative Releasers
8.2.6 Moisture Absorbers
8.3 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9: Nutrient Adequacy, Dietary Diversification, Food Processing Practices to Ensure Household Food Security Among Rural...
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Materials and Methods
9.3 Results and Discussion
9.3.1 Demographic Profile of the Respondents
9.3.2 Dietary Pattern of Respondents
9.3.3 Food Consumption Pattern of the Respondents
9.3.4 Average Daily Nutrient Intake of the Respondents
9.3.5 Knowledge and Practices of Traditional Food Processing Practices
9.3.6 Indigenous Food Product Preparation by Different Processing Methods
9.4 Conclusion
9.5 Recommendations
References
Chapter 10: Sustainability Science Perspective in Integrated and Sustainable Agriculture Development: Case Study of Indonesia
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Conceptual Basis for Integrated and Inter/Trans-disciplinary Approach in SS Generation and Application
10.3 Framing the Application of SS in the Context of Integrated and Sustainable Agriculture in Indonesia
10.3.1 Overview of the Research
10.3.2 Research Results
10.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 11: Horticulture: A Key for Sustainable Development
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Current Scenario of Horticulture in India
11.3 Horticulture for Food, Nutrition, Health Care and Livelihood Security
11.4 Techniques for Sustainability in Horticulture Production
11.4.1 High Density Planting
11.4.1.1 Comparison Between Traditional and Modern Systems of Fruit Production
11.4.1.2 Components of HDP
11.4.2 Integrated Nutrient Management
11.4.3 Organic Farming
11.4.4 Organic Sources
11.4.5 Biological Sources
11.4.6 Bio-fertilizers and Fruit Crops
11.4.7 Orchard Management
11.4.8 Pest and Disease Management
11.4.8.1 Cultural Control
11.4.8.2 Biological Control
11.4.8.3 Mechanical Control
11.4.8.4 Physical Environment
11.4.9 Hi-tech Horticulture and Precision Farming
11.4.9.1 Protected Cultivation
11.4.9.2 Mulching
11.5 Role of Biochar on Horticultural Crops
11.6 Carbon Sequestration
11.7 Futuristic View for High-value Horticulture to Meet the Demand of 2050
11.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 12: Nanotechnology for Sustainable Horticulture Development: Opportunities and Challenges
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Properties of Nanoparticles (NPs)
12.3 Classification of Nanoparticles
12.4 Synthesis of Nanoparticles
12.5 Nanoparticles for Sustainable Horticulture
12.6 Seed Germination
12.7 Micropropagation
12.8 Growth and Development of Plants
12.9 Abiotic Stress Tolerance
12.10 Plant Nutrition
12.11 Plant Protection
12.11.1 On the Basis of Their Use: (Kah et al., 2013)
12.11.2 On the Type of Nanocarrier
12.11.3 On Their Structure and Morphology
12.12 Common Nano Pesticides Used in Horticulture
12.13 Post-harvest Management and Shelf Life
12.14 Precision Horticulture
12.15 Risk Associated with Use of Nanomaterials (NMs)
12.16 Conclusion
References
Chapter 13: Sustainable Resource Utilization in Aquaculture: Issues and Practices
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Indian Aquaculture
13.3 Resources for Aquaculture in India
13.4 Culturable Species
13.5 Legal Definition of Sustainable Agriculture
13.6 Sustainable Development and Aquaculture
13.7 Sustainability Transition in Indian Aquaculture
13.8 Essence of Sustainable Aquaculture
13.9 Issues of Sustainability in Aquaculture
13.10 Measures in Indian Aquaculture
13.11 Climate Change and Sustainability
13.12 Impact of Climate Change on Aquatic Resources
13.13 Carbon Sequestration and Aquaculture Sustainability
13.14 Technology Scouting and Prioritization Towards Climate Resilient Aquaculture
References
Chapter 14: Cotton Leaf Curl Virus Disease Status in Bt Cotton Hybrids in Punjab, India
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Hybrid Cultivars of Cotton
14.3 Introduction of Bt-Cotton Hybrids
14.4 Cotton Leaf Curl Virus Disease-Earlier Reports
14.5 Cotton Leaf Curl Virus Disease
14.6 Disease Rating Scale
14.7 Status of Cotton Leaf Curl Virus Disease (CLCUD) Virulent Strains in Northern India
14.8 Cotton Leaf Curl Virus Disease (CLCUD) and Its Drastic Impacts
14.9 Management of the Cotton Leaf Curl Virus Disease in Punjab
References
Chapter 15: Management of Plant Diseases Through Application of Biocontrol Agents in Climate Smart Agriculture- Review
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Mode of Action of Biocontrol Agents for Management of Plant Diseases
15.2.1 Antibiosis
15.2.2 Competition
15.2.3 Mycoparasitism
15.2.4 Induction of Host Resistance
15.2.5 Enhancement of Rhizosphere Colonization of Biocontrol Agents
15.3 Management of Plant Diseases by Application of Biocontrol Agents
15.3.1 Application of Biocontrol Agents in Management of Vegetables Diseases
15.3.2 Application of Biocontrol Agents for Management of Oilseed Crop Diseases
15.3.3 Application of Biocontrol Agents for Management of Pulses Crop Diseases
15.3.4 Application of BCAs in Cereals Crop for Management of Plant Disease
15.3.5 Application of BCAs for Abiotic Stress Management in Crops
15.4 Reduction of Stress in Crops Through Trichoderma
References
Chapter 16: Role of Modern Agro-Ecosystems in the Origin of New Plant Pathogens
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Evolution of New Pathogens in Agro-Ecosystems
16.2.1 Host Tracking/Pestification
16.2.2 Host Shifts and Host Jumps
16.2.3 Horizontal Gene Transfers
16.2.4 Hybridization
16.3 Unifying Role of Agroecosystems
16.4 Steps to Prevent or Slow Down the Emergence of Plant Pathogens in Agro-Ecosystems
16.5 Recently Emerging Plant Diseases in India
16.6 Future Prospects
References
Chapter 17: Microbial Stewardship- The Integral Component of Sustainable Development
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Microbes, the Suitable Substitutes for Agrochemical Fertilizers
17.3 Microbial Role in Plant Growth Enhancement
17.4 Microbial Capabilities in Detoxification of Polluted Ecosystems
17.5 Microbes, the Evergreen Sources of Sustainable Development
17.5.1 PGPR as Biocontrol Agents
17.5.1.1 Siderophores
17.5.1.2 Bacteriocins
17.5.1.3 Antibiotics
17.5.1.4 Induced Resistance (ISR and SAR)
17.5.2 Microbes with Enhanced Osmotic Stress Tolerance
17.5.3 Role of Microbes in Phytoremediation of Contaminated Soils
17.5.4 Effect of Plants in Developing Their Rhizosphere Microbial Community
17.5.5 The ``Biased Rhizosphere´´ Concept
17.5.6 Scientific Advancements, Fostering Novel Microbial Tools for a Promising Future
17.5.6.1 Bio Nanotechnology
17.5.6.2 Fungal Synthesise of Nanoparticles
17.5.6.3 Microbial Biosensors
17.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
Chapter 18: Clubmosses (Huperzia Bernh.) of North East India: Genetic Resources, Utilization and Sustainability
18.1 The Club Mosses: Distribution and Morphology
18.2 Species Diversity and Growing Condition
18.3 Wonder Mosses: Medicinal and Chemical Properties
18.4 Species Exploitation in North East India, Conservation Status and Sustainability
18.5 Recommendations: The Conclusion
References
Chapter 19: Impact of Climate Change on Soil Carbon-Improving Farming Practices Reduces the Carbon Footprint
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Climate Change on Soil Carbon
19.3 Sustainable Land Management (SLM)
19.4 Impact Analysis
19.4.1 Crop Residue Management and No-Tillage
19.4.2 Agro-Forestry
19.4.3 Land Use Changes
19.4.4 Biochar and Other Soil Amendments
19.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 20: Impacts of Plastic Leachate on Life Traits of Micro-Crustacean Across Two Generations
20.1 Plastic Emission, Occurrence and Distribution in Aquatic Environment
20.2 Plastic Toxicity
20.3 The Impacts of Plastic Leachate on Micro-Crustacean, Daphnia Magna
20.3.1 Materials and Methods
20.3.2 Results and Discussion
20.3.2.1 Effects of Plastic Leachate on Life Trait of Parent Daphnia Magna
20.3.2.2 Effects of Plastic Leachate on Life Trait of Offspring Daphnia Magna
20.4 Managemental Challenges of Plastic
20.5 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 21: Climate Smart Agriculture and Water Management: Issues and Challenges
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Climate-Smart Agriculture
21.3 Water Management as Major Component of CSA
21.4 Agricultural Water Management: Global Status
21.5 Impacts of Climate Change on Agricultural Water Management
21.6 Major Issues and Challenges in Agricultural Water Management Under Changing Climate
21.7 Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management
21.8 Adaptation of Climate-Smart Agricultural Water Management Technologies at Field and Farm Level
21.9 Adaptation of Climate-Smart Agricultural Water Management Technologies at Irrigation Scheme Level
21.10 Adaptation of Climate-Smart Agricultural Water Management Technologies at Watershed, River Basin and National Levels
21.11 Strategies for Climate Smart Sustainable Agricultural Water Management
21.12 Conclusion
References
Chapter 22: Decoding the Enigma of Drought Stress Tolerance Mechanisms in Plants and its Application in Crop Improvement
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Physiological Traits Related to Drought Tolerance
22.2.1 Chlorophyll Fluorescence (CF)
22.2.2 Chlorophyll Content
22.2.3 Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and Antioxidants Accumulation
22.2.4 Potassium (K+) Concentration in Leaf Tissues
22.2.5 Electrolyte Leakage
22.2.6 Relative Leaf Water Content (RWC)
22.2.7 Proline Accumulation
22.3 Drought Stress Tolerance/Resistance Mechanisms
22.3.1 Strategies Employed by Plants During Drought
22.3.1.1 Drought Escape
22.3.1.2 Drought Avoidance
22.3.1.3 Structural Modifications
22.3.2 Physiological Mechanisms
22.3.2.1 Cellular and Tissue Water Conservation
22.3.2.2 Antioxidant Defense
22.3.3 Genes Involved in Osmoprotectant Regulation
22.3.3.1 Proline Accumulation
22.3.3.2 Polyols and Sugars
22.3.3.3 Glycine Betaine
22.3.3.4 Osmotin
22.3.3.5 Dehydrins
22.3.4 Redox Regulatory Machinery in Plants During Drought Stress
22.3.4.1 Enzymatic ROS Regulation during Drought
22.3.5 Hormonal Regulation of Drought Tolerance in Plants
22.3.5.1 Auxins
22.3.5.2 Cytokinin
22.3.5.3 Gibberlins
22.3.5.4 Abscisic Acid
22.3.5.5 Ethylene
22.3.5.6 Brassinosteroid
22.3.5.7 Salicylic Acid
22.3.5.8 Jasmonic Acid
22.3.6 Molecular Mechanism of Regulatory Elements During Drought Stress
22.3.6.1 MYB Transcription Factor Family
22.3.6.2 Ethylene Response Element-Binding Factors (AP2/ERF) Family
22.3.6.3 Basic Leucine Zipper Transcription Family (bZIPs)
22.3.6.4 Zinc Finger Transcription Factor Family (ZFPs)
22.3.6.5 NAC (NAM, ATAF1/2 and CUC2) Transcription Factor Family
22.4 Conclusion
References