Innovations in Green Nanoscience and Nanotechnology: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications

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Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Editor
Contributors
SECTION I: Green Nanomaterials: Synthesis and Characterization
Chapter 1 Green Synthesis, Characterization and Applications of Quantum Dots
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Structure of Quantum Dots
1.3 Green Synthetic Methods for Quantum Dots
1.4 Characterization of the Synthesized Green Quantum Dots
1.4.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
1.4.2 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)
1.4.3 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
1.5 Applications
1.5.1 Luminescent Properties
1.5.2 Drug Delivery
1.5.3 Cell Imaging
1.6 Conclusions
Refernces
Chapter 2 Biopolymer-Based Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications
List of Abbreviations
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Biopolymeric Nanomaterials
2.2.1 Cellulose
2.2.1.1 Synthesis of Cellulose Nanoparticles
2.2.1.2 Applications of Cellulose Nanomaterials
2.2.2 Starch
2.2.2.1 Starch Nanoparticles (SNPs)
2.2.2.2 Synthesis of Starch Nanoparticles
2.2.2.3 Applications of SNPs
2.2.3 Alginate
2.2.3.1 Alginate Nanoparticles
2.2.3.2 Synthesis of Alginate-Based Nanoparticles
2.2.3.3 Applications of Alginate-Based Nanomaterials
2.2.4 Chitin and Chitosan
2.2.4.1 Chitosan Nanoparticles (ChNPs)
2.2.4.2 Synthesis of ChNPs
2.2.4.3 Applications of ChNPs
2.2.5 Pullulan
2.2.5.1 Pullulan Nanoparticles
2.2.5.2 Synthesis of PNPs
2.2.5.3 Applications of PNPs
2.2.6 Gellan
2.2.6.1 Gellan Gum Nanoparticles
2.2.6.2 Synthesis of Gellan Nanocomposites
2.2.6.3 Applications of Gellan Gum Nanocomposites
2.2.7 Xanthan Gum
2.2.7.1 Xanthan Gum Nanoparticles
2.2.7.2 Synthesis of Xanthan Nanoparticles
2.2.7.3 Applications of Xanthan-Based Nanoparticles
2.3 Characterization of Biopolymeric Nanomaterials
2.3.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
2.3.2 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)
2.3.3 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
2.3.4 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR)
2.3.5 UV-Visible Spectroscopy
2.3.6 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR)Spectroscopy
2.3.7 Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS)
2.4 Summary
2.5 Keywords
References
Chapter 3 Enhancement of Permeation Rate of Rifabutin Using Encapsulation of Lipid-Based Nanoparticles through Chicken Ileum by Statistical Optimization Approach
List of Abbreviations
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Gastrointestinal Physiology Pertaining to Particulate Uptake
3.1.2 Pathways of Uptake
3.1.3 Lymphatic Absorption
3.1.4 Considerations of Toxicity and in vivo Fate
3.1.5 Mode of Administration Including in vivo Fate
3.1.5.1 Administration through the Oral Cavity
3.1.5.2 Administration via Parenteral Way
3.1.5.3 Application on the Skin
3.1.6 Steps in the Direction of the Pharmaceutical Sector
3.2 Techniques and Materials
3.2.1 Materials
3.2.2 Methodology
3.2.2.1 Fabrication of SLNs
3.2.2.2 Complete Factorial Design
3.3 Depiction of Solid Form of Lipid Nanoparticles
3.3.1 Drug Load and Entrapment Efficiency
3.3.2 Investigations Using the Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectrometer
3.3.3 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
3.3.4 Surface Morphology and Particle Size Analysis
3.3.4.1 Malvern Zetasizer
3.3.4.2 PHILIPS CM-200 London Transmission Electronic Microscope (TEM)
3.3.5 X-ray Diffractometry (XRD)
3.3.6 Study on the Release of Drugs
3.3.7 Ex vivo Permeability and Simultaneous Dissolution Investigations
3.3.7.1 Ileum Preparation for a Permeation Investigation
3.3.7.2 Methodology for Permeation Investigation
3.3.8 Stability Testing
3.3.8.1 Post-Stability Study Characterization by HPLC
3.4 Results and Discussion
3.4.1 Response Surface Analysis (RSA)
3.4.1.1 Calculation of Coefficients
3.4.1.2 Plot Lines of Rational Responses on a Response Variable
3.4.2 Efficiency of Entrapment and Drug Loading
3.4.3 Investigations Using the Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectrometer
3.4.4 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
3.4.5 Particle Size Analysis and Surface Morphology
3.4.5.1 Malvern Zetasizer
3.4.5.2 Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
3.4.6 PXRD (PowderX-ray Diffraction)
3.4.7 Investigation of in vitro Uptake and Kinetics
3.4.8 Ex vivo Penetration and Simultaneous Dissolution Investigations
3.4.9 Stability Studies
3.4.9.1 Drug Content of SLNs Containing Rifabutin
3.4.9.2 Particle Size Analysis during Stability Studies
3.5 Discussion
3.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 4 Green Synthesis of Visible Light-Driven g-C[sub(3)]N[sub(4)]-Based Composites for Wastewater Treatment
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Graphitic Carbon Nitride
4.2.1 Photocatalytic Degradation Mechanism
4.3 Green Synthesis of g-C[sub(3)]N[sub(4)]-Based Materials
4.4 Application of Green Synthesized g-C[sub(3)]N[sub(4)]-Based Composites in Wastewater Treatment
4.5 Focus on Waste and Bio-derived Materials
4.6 Future Perspectives
4.7 Summary
References
Chapter 5 Plant-Based Antimicrobial Nanofilms
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Sources of Green Solutions
5.3 Synthesis of Nanofilms by Green Chemistry
5.4 Applications of Green Nanofilms
5.5 Conclusions and Expectations
References
SECTION II: Green Nanomaterials: Applications in Bio-Medicine, Drug Delivery, energy, Sensing and other
Chapter 6 Natural Origin Biodegradable Polymer Bandages and Structures Loaded with Nanomedicines for Biomedical Applications
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Sources of Biopolymers
6.2.1 Chitosan
6.2.2 Cellulose
6.2.3 Pectins
6.2.4 Silk Fibroin
6.2.5 Collagen
6.2.6 Simple Starch
6.2.7 Gelatin
6.3 Biocompatibility and Biodegradation Properties
6.4 Loading of Nanomedicine
6.5 Nanomedicine Importance, Release System and Control
6.6 Conclusions and Path Forward
References
Chapter 7 Callus-Derived Bioactive Nanomaterials for Sustainable Drug Delivery
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Sustainable Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials
7.1.2 Callus-Derived Bioactive Nanomaterials
7.2 Callus-Derived Biomass and Bioactive Nanomaterials
7.2.1 Synthesis of Callus-Derived Bioactive Nanomaterials
7.3 Advantages of Callus-Derived Bioactive Nanomaterials
7.4 Sustainable Drug Delivery Systems Using Callus-Derived Bioactive Nanomaterials
7.4.1 Applications in Oncology
7.4.2 Applications in Other Chronic Diseases
7.5 Conclusions and Future Prospects
Acknowledgements
Declaration of Competing Interest
References
Chapter 8 Green and Environment-Friendly Graphene Quantum Dots (GQDs) with State-of-the-Art Performance for Sustainable Energy Conversion and Storage
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Graphene Quantum Dots (GQDs):An Exceptional Nanomaterial
8.3 Environment-Friendly Synthesis of GQDs: Greener and Sustainable Approaches
8.3.1 Diverse Routes for the Greener Synthesis of GQDs
8.3.1.1 Top-Down Approach for Preparation of GQDs
8.3.1.2 Bottom-Up Approach for Preparation of GQDs
8.4 Comparison between Different Approaches for the Synthesis of GQDs
8.5 Diverse Approaches for Modification of GQDs
8.5.1 Heteroatom Doping
8.5.1.1 Single Heteroatom Doping
8.5.1.2 Double Heteroatom Doping
8.5.1.3 Multiple Heteroatom Doping
8.5.2 Effect of Size and Shape on Tunable Properties of GQDs
8.5.2.1 Modification in Bandgap by Increasing Shape and Size
8.6 Real-World Applications of GQDs for the Conversion and Storage of Energy
8.6.1 Energy Conversion and Storage-Based Applications
8.6.1.1 Energy Storage Devices
8.6.1.2 Fuel Cells
8.6.1.3 Solar Cells
8.7 Challenges and Opportunities
8.8 Conclusions
References
Chapter 9 Green Nanotechnology: Applications in Medicine
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Green Nanotechnology
9.2.1 Advantages of Green Nanotechnology
9.3 Applications of Green Nanotechnology in Medicine
9.3.1 Diagnostics
9.3.2 Therapeutics
9.3.2.1 Therapeutic Compounds (Antimicrobial and Anticancer Agents)
9.3.2.2 Drug Delivery (Anticancerand Antimicrobial Drugs)
9.3.2.3 Theranostics (Imaging and Therapy)
9.3.2.4 Vaccines Delivery (Antigen Delivery and Antigen Protection)
9.3.2.5 Adjuvants (Safe Non-toxic Adjuvant)
9.4 Challenges of Nanotechnology and Recommendations for Management
9.5 Conclusions.
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 10 The Era of Green Nanomaterials for Sensing
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Importance and Need for Green Nanomaterials
10.2 Green Nanomaterials
10.2.1 Origin and Evolution of Green Nanomaterial Synthesis
10.2.1.1 Plant-Mediated Synthesis
10.2.1.2 Microbe-Mediated Synthesis
10.2.2 Applications of Green Nanomaterials
10.3 Sensing Realms of Green Nanomaterials
10.3.1 Biomedical and Healthcare
10.3.2 Agri-Food Industry
10.3.3 Environmental Sensing
10.4 Advantages of Green Nanomaterials in Sensing
10.5 Conclusions and Future Prospects
Acknowledgement
References
Chapter 11 Agro-Industrial Wastes-Derived Carbon Nanomaterials: Synthesis and Multi-faceted Applications
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Agricultural and Industrial Wastes as Sources
11.2.1 Bamboo Leaves
11.2.2 Corncobs
11.2.3 Rice Husk
11.2.4 Sugarcane Bagasse
11.2.5 Wheat Husk
11.2.6 Industrial Wastes
11.3 Different Carbon-Based Nanomaterials
11.3.1 CNTs
11.3.2 Buckminsterfullerene
11.3.4 Nanoporous Activated Carbon
11.3.3 Graphene and Graphene Oxide
11.4 Synthesis and Characterization of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials
11.4.1 Synthesis of Graphene
11.4.1.1 Characterization
11.4.2 Synthesis of Activated Carbon
11.4.2.1 Characterization
11.4.3 Synthesis of CNTs
11.4.3.1 Characterization of CNTs
11.4.4 Synthesis of Fullerene
11.4.4.1 Characterization of Fullerenes
11.5 Applications of Agro-Industrial Waste-Derived CNMs in Catalysis
11.5.1 Environmental Remediation
11.5.2 Energy-Based Applications
11.5.3 Catalysis
11.5.4 Miscellaneous Applications
11.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
SECTION III: Green Nanomaterials: Case Studies
Chapter 12 Case Studies on Applications of Green Nanotechnology
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Case Study I: Relevance of Nanotechnology in Cancer Therapeutics and Imaging–Use of Hyperthermia for Cancer Treatment
12.2.1 Active Targeting:
12.2.2 Exploitation of Hyperthermia for Cancer Treatment
12.2.3 Medicinal Use of Gold through Hyperthermic Cancer Therapeutics
12.3 Case Study II: Utilization of Radioactive Gold Nanoparticles (GA-198AuNP) in Cancer Therapies and Its Study on Mice Bearing Prostate Tumor
12.3.1 Synthesized GA-AuNPs and GA-198AuNPs and Subsequent Characterization
12.4 Case Study III: Green Nanotechnology Helpful in the Chemotherapy of Ovarian Cancer
12.4.1 Nanotechnology Methods for OVCA Diagnosis
12.5 Case Study IV: The Role of Bioactive Phytochemical Compounds (BPC) Nano-Formulation in Biomedical Drug Development and Delivery Systems
12.5.1 Construction of Nano-Formulation
12.6 Case Study V: Green Nanotechnology for Brain Tumor Diagnosis and Specific Treatment
12.6.1 Example of Diagnostic Performance of Nano-Based Technology
12.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 13 Case Studies on Multifunctional Green Quantum Dots – From Lab Bench to Commercialization
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Continuous Flow Synthesis of ZnO and CeO[sub(2)] GQDs– Bridging the Gap between Lab Bench to Pilot-Scale Synthesis
13.2.1 Overview
13.2.1.1 Nucleation-Growth Mechanisms Governing the Formation of Green QDs Inside the Continuous Flow Reactor
13.2.1.2 Conventional Synthesis Routes versus Continuous Flow Reactors
13.2.1.3 Leading Flow Processes toward Sustainability through Design and Engineering
13.2.2 Importance of Computation-Based Tools for Better Control over Reaction Parameters
13.3 Case Studies on Green Quantum Dots, Their Advantages, Disadvantages, and Structure-Property Correlation
13.3.1 Continuous Flow Synthesis of ZnO GQDs and Their Biological Applications
13.3.2 At the Crossroads of Flow Chemistry and Bioactive CeO[sub(2)] GQDs for Treatment of ROS-Mediated Diseases and Improvement in Crop Health
13.4 Conclusions and Outlook
References
Index