Innovation in Nano-polysaccharides for Eco-sustainability: From Science to Industrial Applications

Front Cover
Innovation in Nano-polysaccharides for Eco-sustainability
Copyright Page
Contents
List of contributors
Preface
1 Nanopolysaccharides (polysaccharide-based nanoparticles): perspectives and applications
1.1 Introduction and classification of polysaccharides
1.2 Composition of nanopolysaccharides
1.3 Characterization techniques used for nanopolysaccharides
1.4 Applications of nanopolysaccharides
1.4.1 As antimicrobial and antiviralagent
1.4.2 As anticancer
1.4.3 In wound healing
1.4.4 In targeted delivery
1.4.5 In biosensing
1.4.6 In DNA delivery
1.4.7 In food and agriculture
1.4.8 As catalyst
1.5 Conclusions and future perspective
Acknowledgments
References
2 Nanopolysaccharides: fundamentals, isolation, and applications
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Fundamentals of nanostructured polysaccharides from plant-based resources
2.2.1 Lignocellulose
2.2.1.1 Structure and properties of nanocellulose from lignocellulose
2.2.1.2 Isolation of nanostructured cellulose from lignocellulose
2.2.2 Starch
2.2.2.1 Structure and properties of nanostructured starch
2.2.2.2 Isolation of nanostructured starch
2.3 Fundamentals of nanostructured polysaccharides from animal-based resources
2.3.1 Chitin/chitosan
2.3.1.1 Structure and properties of nanochitin and nanochitosan
2.3.1.2 Isolation of nanostructured chitin and chitosan
2.3.2 Glycogen
2.3.2.1 Structure and properties of nanoglycogen
2.3.2.2 Modification method of nanostructured glycogen
2.3.3 Tunicate
2.3.3.1 Structure and properties of tunicate nanocellulose
2.3.3.2 Isolation of nanostructured cellulose from tunicate
2.4 Fundamentals of nanostructured polysaccharides from algae resources
2.4.1 Macroalgae
2.4.1.1 Structure and properties of nanostructured alginate and carrageenan
2.4.1.2 Isolation of nanostructured phycocolloids
2.4.2 Algae nanocellulose
2.4.2.1 Structure and properties of algae nanocellulose
2.4.2.2 Isolation of nanostructured cellulose from algae
2.5 Applications
2.5.1 Health
2.5.2 Environment
2.5.3 Energy
2.5.4 Engineering product and others
2.6 Conclusion
References
3 Fundamentals of processing and characterization of polysaccharide nanocrystal–based materials
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Cellulose nanocrystals
3.1.2 Processing of CNCs/PNCs
3.1.3 Preparation of cellulose nanocrystals
3.1.3.1 Starch nanocrystals
3.1.3.2 Isolation of chitin nanocrystals
3.1.3.3 Use of ionic liquid
3.1.3.4 Preparation of some biologically active polysaccharide from plant source
3.2 Characterization
3.3 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
3.4 SEM/TEM
3.4.1 Thermal analysis
3.5 X-ray diffraction
3.6 Anticancerous activities
3.7 Conclusion
References
4 The composition of polysaccharides: monosaccharides and binding, group decorating, polysaccharides chains
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Carbohydrates and its classification
4.2.1 Monosaccharides
4.2.1.1 Classification of monosaccharide
4.2.1.1.1 Classification based on number of carbon atoms
4.2.1.1.2 Classification based on different types of carbonyl group
4.2.1.2 Properties
4.2.1.2.1 Physical properties
4.2.1.2.2 Chemical properties
4.2.1.3 Examples of monosaccharide (glucose)
4.2.1.3.1 Types of glucose
4.2.1.3.2 Occurrence
4.2.1.3.3 Properties
4.2.1.3.4 Structure of glucose
4.2.2 Oligosaccharide
4.2.2.1 Types of oligosaccharide
4.2.2.1.1 Disaccharide
4.2.2.1.2 Trisaccharide
4.2.3 Polysaccharide
4.2.3.1 Classification of polysaccharides
4.2.3.1.1 Homopolysaccahride
4.2.3.1.2 Heteropolysaccharide
4.2.3.2 Properties
4.2.3.2.1 Physical properties
4.2.3.2.2 Chemical properties
4.3 Composition and linkages in polysaccharides
4.3.1 Starch
4.3.2 Cellulose
4.3.3 Chitin
4.3.4 Cellulose nanocrystals and chitin nanocrystals
4.4 Decorating groups in polysaccharides
4.5 Polysaccharides chains
4.6 Binding group and linkages of polysaccharide
4.7 Summary
References
5 Understanding how the substituents of polysaccharides influence physical properties
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Characteristics and classification of polysaccharides
5.3 Influence of polysaccharide substituents on physical properties
5.3.1 Solubility
5.3.2 Stiffness and crystallinity
5.3.3 Hygroscopicity
5.3.4 Stability
5.3.5 Thermal properties
5.3.6 Intrinsic viscosity
5.4 Impact of substituents of functionalized polysaccharide derivatives
5.5 Understanding the pattern of linkage and conformation of carbohydrates
5.6 Polysaccharides in medical applications
5.6.1 Polysaccharides in drug delivery
5.6.2 Nanoparticle drug delivery nanoparticles
5.6.3 Polysaccharides as functional foods and nutriceuticals
5.7 Conclusions and future perspectives
Acknowledgments
Declaration of competing interest
References
6 Surface modification of polysaccharide nanocrystals
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Surface alchemy of polysaccharide nanocrystals
6.3 Objective and strategies of surface modification
6.4 Diverse methods of surface modification of polysaccharide nanocrystals
6.4.1 Strategy of physical modifications
6.4.1.1 Adsorption of surfactants
6.4.1.1.1 Cationic surfactants
6.4.1.1.2 Anionic surfactants
6.4.1.1.3 Nonionic surfactants
6.4.1.2 Adsorption of macromolecules
6.4.1.2.1 Cationic and anionic polyelectrolytes
6.4.1.2.2 Amphoteric polymers
6.4.1.2.3 Block copolymers
6.4.1.2.4 Adsorption of enzymes
6.4.2 Strategy for chemical modifications
6.4.2.1 Acetylation and esterification
6.4.2.2 Silylation
6.4.2.3 Tempo-mediated oxidation
6.4.2.4 Isocyanate carboamination
6.4.2.5 Cationization of polysaccharide nanocrystals
6.4.2.6 Self-cross-linking of polysaccharide nanocrystals
6.4.3 Polymer-grafting techniques
6.4.3.1 Grafting onto approach
6.4.3.1.1 Isocyanate-mediated reaction
6.4.3.1.2 Click chemistry
6.4.3.2 Grafting from approach
6.4.3.2.1 Ring-opening polymerization
6.4.3.2.2 Living radical polymerization
6.5 Conclusions and future perspectives
Acknowledgment
Declaration of competing interest
References
7 Nanostructured polysaccharide-based materials obtained from renewable resources and uses
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Types of polysaccharide-based nanocomposites
7.3 Polysaccharides in packaging
7.3.1 Edible films and coatings
7.3.2 Active packaging
7.3.3 Carriers of antioxidant and antimicrobial compounds
7.3.4 Carrier of probiotics
7.3.5 Flavor encapsulation
7.4 Water treatment
7.4.1 Organic pollutants
7.4.2 Heavy metals and inorganic ions
7.5 Energy applications
7.5.1 Polysaccharide-based nanocomposites in solar cells
7.5.2 Polysaccharide-based nanocomposites for lithium ion batteries
7.5.3 Nanocellulose-based nanocomposites for supercapacitors
7.5.4 Polysaccharide-based hybrid membranes for CO2 separation
7.6 Future prospects
References
8 Nanopolysaccharides and pharmaceutical applications
List of abbreviation
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Pharmaceutical applications of nanopolysaccharides
8.2.1 Drug-delivery system
8.2.2 Molecular imaging tool
8.2.3 Disease treatment and therapy
8.2.4 Biosensing
8.3 Fabrication of nanopolysaccharide used for pharmaceutical applications
8.3.1 Nano gelation/suspension/emulsion
8.3.2 Self-assembled nanoparticles
8.3.3 Grafting
8.3.4 Cross-linking
8.3.5 Metal-based polysaccharide nanoforms
8.3.6 Nanoprecipitation method
8.4 Conclusions and future prospects
References
9 Nanocellulose: a sustainable nanomaterial for controlled drug delivery applications
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Evolution of controlled drug delivery
9.1.2 Significance of controlled drug delivery
9.1.3 Hydrogels for controlled drug delivery
9.1.4 Biobased hydrogel materials
9.2 Nanocellulose-based hydrogels
9.2.1 Nanocellulose
9.2.1.1 Bacterial nanocellulose
9.2.1.2 Cellulose nanocrystals
9.2.1.3 Cellulose nanofibers
9.2.2 Benefits of cellulose-based nanohydrogels
9.2.2.1 Abundance and renewability
9.2.2.2 High hydrophilicity and swelling capacity
9.2.2.3 High surface area
9.2.2.4 High surface functionality
9.2.2.5 Mechanical stability
9.2.2.6 Sustainability and facile preparation
9.2.2.7 Biocompatibility
9.2.3 Challenges for cellulose-based nanohydrogels
9.2.3.1 Spatial and temporal control of drug release
9.2.3.2 Drug conjugation
9.2.3.3 Nanocellulose characterization
9.2.3.4 Cost
9.3 Nanocellulose hydrogel-drug delivery systems
9.3.1 Nanocellulose hydrogel forms
9.3.2 Mechanisms of drug loading
9.3.3 Mechanisms of drug release
9.3.4 Scope of book chapter
9.4 Cellulose nanocrystal hydrogels for controlled drug delivery
9.4.1 Overview of cellulose nanocrystal hydrogels
9.4.2 Cellulose nanocrystal cross-linked nanocomposite hydrogels
9.4.3 Physically cross-linked cellulose nanocrystal hydrogels
9.4.4 Chemically cross-linked cellulose nanocrystal hydrogels
9.4.5 List of cellulose nanocrystal hydrogels
9.5 Cellulose nanofiber-based hydrogels for controlled drug delivery
9.5.1 Overview of cellulose nanofiber hydrogels
9.5.2 Cellulose nanofiber hydrogels
9.5.3 List of cellulose nanofiber hydrogels
9.6 Stimuli-responsive nanocellulose hydrogels
9.6.1 Overview of stimuli-responsive hydrogels
9.6.2 Stimuli-responsive nanocellulose hydrogels
9.6.3 List of stimuli-responsive nanocellulose hydrogels
9.7 Conclusion and future perspectives
References
10 Nanopolysaccharide-based composite materials for photocatalysis applications
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Polysaccharides obtained from plant source
10.1.2 Polysaccharides obtain from algal source
10.1.3 Polysaccharides obtain from animal source
10.1.4 Microbial polysaccharides
10.2 Fabrication methods for nanopolysaccharides-based composite materials
10.2.1 Sol–gel method
10.2.2 Hydrothermal method
10.2.3 Atomic layer deposition
10.2.4 Electrospinning
10.2.5 Phase inversion method
10.3 Characterization of nanopolysaccharide-based composites
10.4 Applications
10.5 Future perspectives
10.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Conflict of interest statement
References
11 Polysaccharide nanocomposite materials for the removal of Methylene blue (MB) dye from water
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Polysaccharides
11.2.1 Overview of polysaccharides
11.2.2 Advantage of polysaccharides
11.3 Common methods applied for the nanoparticles synthesis
11.3.1 Polysaccharide nanocomposite materials
11.3.2 Characterization
11.4 Methylene blue removal using polysaccharides nanocomposite materials
11.5 Conclusions and future perspectives
Acknowledgments
Conflict of interest
References
12 Energy/bioenergy applications of polysaccharides
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Energy/bioenergy applications
12.2.1 Supercapacitors—energy storage systems
12.2.2 Cellulose-based supercapacitors
12.2.3 Chitosan-based supercapacitors
12.2.4 Starch-based supercapacitors
12.3 Conclusion and outlook
References
13 Enabling polysaccharide applications for wastewater treatment using carbon nanotubes
13.1 Introduction
13.1.1 Background
13.1.2 Polysaccharides for wastewater treatment
13.1.3 Nanotechnology applications
13.2 Common water pollutants
13.2.1 Heavy metals
13.2.2 Dyes
13.2.3 Pesticides/insecticides
13.2.4 Pharmaceutical drugs
13.3 Carbon nanotubes as an adsorbent for water pollutants
13.3.1 Structure
13.3.2 Properties of CNTs
13.3.3 Potential use of CNTs in wastewater treatment as adsorbent
13.4 Polysaccharides
13.4.1 Properties of polysaccharides
13.4.2 Polysaccharide derivatives
13.4.3 Polysaccharide-based composites
13.4.3.1 Saccharide-derived monomer
13.4.3.2 Unmodified natural polysaccharides
13.4.3.3 Polysaccharide-based CNT nanocomposites
13.5 Positive attributes of polysaccharides and CNTs for water treatment
13.6 Conclusion
References
14 Environmental applications of ecofriendly nanophotocatalysts: toward green nanotechnology
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Wastewater treatment technology
14.2.1 Degradation of organics
14.2.2 Degradation of inorganics
14.2.3 Bacterial contamination
14.3 Clean energy production
14.3.1 Solar cell technology
14.3.2 Hydrogen gas as fuel
14.3.3 Biofuel production
14.3.4 Hydrocarbons as fuel
14.4 Conclusion
References
15 Nanocellulose-based composites for environmental applications: a review
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Nanocellulose-based composites for environmental applications
15.3 Nanobioadsorbents
15.3.1 2D nanocellulose adsorbents
15.3.2 3D nanocellulose adsorbents (aerogels)
15.4 Biosensors
15.4.1 Biomedical area
15.4.2 Packaging area
15.5 Energy storage and environmental sensing
15.6 Environmental remediation system
15.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Index
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