Innovation and U.S. Research. Problems and Recommendations

Title Page......Page 1
Half Title Page......Page 3
Copyright......Page 4
ACS Symposium Series......Page 5
FOREWORD......Page 6
PREFACE......Page 7
CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS......Page 9
INTRODUCTION......Page 17
PdftkEmptyString......Page 0
1 Overview of U.S. Research and Development......Page 19
INTERNAL BALANCE......Page 20
COMPATIBILITY WITH NATIONAL OBJECTIVES......Page 22
PRODUCTIVITY OF R&D......Page 26
I. Definitions and Purpose......Page 34
III. R&D in and the Macroeconomics of the Chemical Industry......Page 35
IV. Relationship of R&D to its Economic Benefits in the Chemical Industry......Page 43
V. The Differing Types of Innovation......Page 47
VI. Important Innovations in the Chemical Industry since 1953......Page 53
VII. Conclusions......Page 61
Literature Cited......Page 63
3 Science, Technology, and Innovation in Europe......Page 66
4 Innovation in Japan......Page 71
5 Innovation and Technology Assessment......Page 78
6 Systems of Innovation MACRO/MICRO......Page 84
A Dynamic Model of Product and Process Change......Page 85
Sources of Radical Change......Page 89
A General Pattern of Response to Technological Invasion.......Page 92
The Traditional Technology Improves Dramatically When Threatened......Page 95
The New Technology is Crude, Expensive and Unreliable......Page 97
The New Technology Enters a Special Market Niche......Page 98
Technological Innovation Leads to Changes in Market Structure......Page 99
What Does this Mean for Your Firm?......Page 101
Notes......Page 103
7 The Economics of Innovation......Page 106
Literature Cited......Page 112
8 Technological Progress and the Investment Climate......Page 113
II. Changes in Regulatory Policy:......Page 118
III. Changes in the U.S. Patent System:......Page 120
V. Summary and Conclusion:......Page 121
9 Personal Observations on the DPR Process......Page 124
Special Study of Economic Change......Page 131
The Research and Innovation Area Study......Page 132
Contents of the Report......Page 133
Concluding Observations......Page 136
Closing......Page 137
The Inner Temple -- The Self......Page 138
Not by Bread Alone......Page 140
Problem -- A State of Discomfort......Page 143
One Percent + Ninety Nine Percent......Page 144
Conclusions -- Scratching Where it Itches and ROI......Page 146
Literature Cited......Page 147
Into The Frying Pan......Page 148
A Scouring Pad Makes Good......Page 149
It Floats!......Page 150
13 The Individual in Research Innovation: Eleven Hypotheses About Innovators......Page 152
14 The Individual in Industrial Research and Innovation......Page 160
15 The Individual in Government Research and Innovation......Page 164
Note......Page 174
I. Top Management's Attitude toward Innovation......Page 175
II. Functional Coupling within the Corporation......Page 178
III. The Effect of Organizational Structure......Page 180
IV. The Management of Change......Page 181
17 Organizing for Innovation......Page 182
18 The Bureaucratization of American Science......Page 189
19 Appropriate Role of Government in Innovation......Page 195
20 Recognition and Awards for Innovation......Page 203
Literature Cited:......Page 215
21 Effect of Patent Policy on Innovation in Industry and Government......Page 217
As Matters Stand............Page 221
Industry Initiative......Page 222
Action Now......Page 224
23 The Outlook for Innovation: A Policy View......Page 227
24 Congressional View of Innovation and U.S. Research......Page 231
25 The Next Step for the Administration for U.S. Research and Innovation......Page 236
26 Assessment of Government Impact on Innovation......Page 242
1. What option does the Federal government have as it works to establish and maintain the nation's scientific and technological capability?......Page 245
3. What should be the Federal role in helping to ensure that private sector innovation is in accord with the public
interest?......Page 246
27 Summary......Page 249
D......Page 255
I......Page 256
K......Page 257
R......Page 258
Z......Page 259