Inflammation and Obesity: A New and Novel Approach to Manage Obesity and its Consequences

Front Cover
Inflammation and Obesity: A New and Novel Approach to Manage Obesity and its Consequences
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Contributors
Chapter 1 Introduction to obesity and inflammation
References
Chapter 2 The obesity pandemic: How we are failing our patients
Obesity as a disease
Epidemiology
Global impact of obesity
Obesity worldwide
Impact of increased incidence of obesity
Origins of the obesity epidemic
Sociodemographic factors associated with obesity [18]
Behavioral factors associated with obesity
Obesity and disease
Type 2 diabetes
Obesity and cancer
Failures in management of obesity
Poor training
Practitioner bias
References
Chapter 3 Inflammation: A multifaceted and omnipresent phenomenon
Inflammation
Allostasis and allostatic load
Inflammation triggers
Obesity
Physical activity
Dysbiosis
Diet
Chronic stress
Disturbed sleep
Chronic infections
Xenobiotics
References
Chapter 4 Pathophysiology of obesity
Structure of adipose tissue
Phenotype of obesity
Ectopic fat deposition
Chronic inflammation
Insulin resistance
Loss of Brown adipose tissue
Endocrine action of adipocytes in lean and obese states
Leptin
Adiponectin
MicroRNAs (miRNAs)
Putting it together: Treatment for obesity and metabolic syndrome
Restoring energy balance
Harnessing Brown adipose tissue
Resolving inflammation
Resolving endocrine dysfunction
Conclusion
References
Chapter 5 Consequences of inflammation in obesity
Introduction
Mechanism of inflammation
Inflammatory processes in cardiovascular diseases and its relation to obesity
Inflammatory processes in endocrine diseases and its relation to obesity
Inflammatory processes in gastrointestinal diseases and its relation to obesity
Inflammatory processes in musculoskeletal diseases and its relation to obesity
Inflammatory processes in the central nervous system and their relation to obesity
Conclusion
References
Chapter 6 Inflammation and obesity
Obesity and inflammation
Changes in adipose tissue
Adipokines: Origins and effects
Tumor necrosis factor alpha
Interleukin 6
Adiponectin
Promotion of inflammation in obesity
Insulin resistance
microRNA
Endothelial and microvascular dysfunction
Obesity, inflammation, and cancer
References
Chapter 7 Obesity, inflammation, and aging
Inflammation and aging
Immunosenescence
Gut dysbiosis
Cell debris
Cell senescence
Inflammation and obesity
Metabolic inflammation
Adipocyte senescence
Connecting inflammation, obesity, and aging
Immunocompromise
Insulin resistance
Atherosclerosis
Alzheimer’s disease
Antiinflammatory intervention for aging-related illnesses
Antiinflammatory mediators in healthy aging and longevity
Targeting inflammation in aging-related illnesses
Conclusions
References
Chapter 8 Obesity, inflammation, and diseases of the gastrointestinal tract
Introduction and epidemiology
Limitations of BMI in obesity definition
Obesity incidence in certain groups
Pediatric populations
Socioeconomic, racial, and equitable healthcare
Etiology
Genetics
The connection between obesity and inflammation
Pathogenesis
Acute disease processes
Chronic diseases processes
Obesity and gastrointestinal diseases
Upper GI tract
Hepatobiliary
Small intestine and colon
Interventions
Management
Prevention
References
Chapter 9 Obesity, inflammation, and cardiovascular disorders
Introduction
Atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease
Heart failure
Arrhythmias
Aortic stenosis
Aneurysmal disease
The obesity paradox
References
Chapter 10 Obesity, inflammation, and CNS disorders
Introduction
CNS disorders associated with obesity
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
Obesity and stroke
Autoimmune CNS disorders and obesity
Obesity, inflammation, and cognition
Conclusions
References
Chapter 11 Obesity, inflammation and muscle weakness
Introduction
Obesity and relative muscle weakness
Mechanisms
Clinical consequences of relative muscle weakness in obesity
Prevention and treatment
Sarcopenic obesity
Definitions
Prevalence
Mechanisms
Reduced physical activity
Proinflammatory cytokines
Adipokines (leptin and adiponectin)
Myokines
Hormones
Clinical consequences
Sarcopenic obesity and frailty
Sarcopenic obesity and cancer
Sarcopenic obesity and coexisting conditions other than cancer
Treatment
Summary and conclusions
References
Chapter 12 Resolution of inflammation
Resolution of inflammation
Cyclopentenone prostaglandins
Therapeutic applications
Apoptotic cells and their clearance
Therapeutic applications
microRNA
Therapeutic applications
Resolution-directed lipid mediators of inflammation
Lipoxins
Therapeutic applications
Resolvins
Maresins
Therapeutic applications
Protectins
Therapeutic applications
References
Chapter 13 Physical activity in obesity and inflammation prevention and management
Introduction
Obesity-related inflammation
Physical activity and obesity-related inflammation
Evidence from observational studies
Evidence from interventional studies
Weight loss and maintenance
Conclusion
References
Chapter 14 Diet and inflammation in obesity: Prevention and management
The obesity epidemic
Pathophysiology of obesity
Leptin and inflammation
Obesity and markers of inflammation—Are they adequate?
Diet and obesity
Sugar and obesity
Sugar and inflammation
High fat
Essential fatty acids
Saturated and unsaturated fat
Trans fats
What is an antiinflammatory diet
Antiinflammatory diet and weight loss
Antiinflammatory benefits of popular diets
The long-term outlook
References
Chapter 15 Management of obesity and related inflammatory disorders
Introduction
Behavioral weight management strategies and inflammation
Impact of diet
The impact of exercise
The role of the microbiome in treatment of obesity and inflammation
Probiotics
Prebiotics
Synbiotics
Role of weight loss medications
Bariatric interventions endoscopic/surgical and inflammation
Impact of endoscopic interventions
Impact of bariatric surgery
Roux-en-y gastric bypass (RYGB)
Sleeve gastrectomy
Less common surgical procedures
A standardized evaluation of inflammation in patients with obesity
A stepwise approach for managing inflammation and weight in the obese patients
References
Chapter 16 New therapeutic strategies in the management of obesity-modulated inflammation
Staging obesity-related inflammation
Glucose-insulin homeostasis biomarkers
Insulin and proinsulin
C-peptides
Adipose tissue biomarkers
Adiponectin
Resistin
Inflammatory biomarkers
C-reactive protein
Cytokines
Omic-based biomarkers
The microbiome and obesity
Alternative treatments for obesity
Treating the individual
Epigenetic factors in the development of obesity
Artificial intelligence and management of obesity
Botanicals in the treatment of obesity and obesity-related inflammation
Curcumin
Berberine
Sleep and obesity
References
Index
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