Infections, Infertility, and Assisted Reproduction

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Assisted Reproduction Treatment (ART) is susceptible to the hazard of potential infection from many different sources: patients, samples, staff, and the environment. This practical book presents a basic overview of microbiology in the context of ART, and also constitutes an up-to-date guide to infections in reproductive medicine. The relevant facets of the complex and vast field of microbiology are condensed and focused, highlighting information that is crucial for safe practice in both clinical and laboratory aspects of ART.

Author(s): Kay Elder, Doris J. Baker, Julie A. Ribes
Edition: 1
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Year: 2005

Language: English
Pages: 413
Tags: Медицинские дисциплины;Инфекционные заболевания;

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Dedication......Page 7
Contents......Page 9
Foreword......Page 13
Preface......Page 15
REFERENCES......Page 17
Acknowledgements......Page 19
Part I Overview of microbiology......Page 21
History of microbiology......Page 23
Artificial insemination......Page 27
In vitro fertilization......Page 28
Assisted reproductive technology (ART) and microbiology......Page 30
Overview of microbiology......Page 31
REFERENCES......Page 34
FURTHER READING......Page 35
Appendix: glossary of terms......Page 36
Cell wall......Page 41
Appendages......Page 42
Endospores......Page 43
Bacterial reproduction......Page 44
Transcription and translation......Page 45
Energy production......Page 46
Identification of bacteria......Page 47
Microscopic examination......Page 48
Cultivation......Page 50
Post-culture evaluation......Page 53
Grow onMacConkey agar, oxidase-positive......Page 58
Gram-negative bacilli and coccobacilli that grow onMacConkey agar, oxidase-negative......Page 59
Gram-negative bacilli and coccobacilli that do not grow onMacConkey agar, oxidase variable......Page 60
Gram-negative bacilli that are optimally recovered on special media......Page 61
Staphylococcus aureus......Page 62
Streptococcus agalactiae......Page 63
Bacillus......Page 64
Listeria monocytogenes......Page 65
Lactobacillus spp. and Gardnerella vaginalis......Page 66
Anaerobic bacteria......Page 67
Gram-positive anaerobic bacilli......Page 68
Gram-negative anaerobic bacilli......Page 69
Mycobacteria......Page 70
Non-culturable obligate intracellular pathogens......Page 71
2 second part of chapter 2......Page 74
Normal flora in humans......Page 75
FURTHER READING......Page 82
FURTHER READING FOR ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS APPENDIX 2.3......Page 110
Introduction......Page 111
Classes of fungi......Page 112
Type of colonies......Page 113
Reproduction and characteristic spores (conidia)......Page 114
Infections......Page 115
Atypical fungus......Page 116
Yeasts......Page 117
Zygomycetes......Page 119
Culture......Page 120
FURTHER READING......Page 121
ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS......Page 125
Virus structure......Page 126
Growth characteristics......Page 127
Double-stranded DNA......Page 128
Double-stranded DNA with RNA intermediate......Page 130
Antigen detection systems......Page 131
Viruses directly relevant to ART......Page 132
The Herpes family......Page 133
Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV)......Page 134
Papillomavirus......Page 135
D (delta) virus (HDV)......Page 136
History of retroviruses......Page 137
Human oncornaviruses......Page 138
FURTHER READING......Page 139
ANTIVIRAL AGENTS......Page 142
Prion structure......Page 143
Transmission......Page 145
Pathology......Page 147
Diagnosis......Page 148
REFERENCES......Page 149
FURTHER READING......Page 150
Terminology......Page 152
Intestinal pathogenic amoeba and commensals in the oral/GI tract......Page 155
Tissue amoeba......Page 156
Dientamoeba fragilis......Page 157
Leishmania spp.......Page 158
Trypanosoma spp.......Page 159
Apicomplexa (sporozoa)......Page 160
Plasmodium......Page 161
Coccidia......Page 162
Sarcocystis......Page 163
Cryptosporidia......Page 164
Cyclospora......Page 165
Nemathelminthes (phylum) Nematoda (class)......Page 166
Trichuris......Page 167
Ascaris......Page 168
Strongyloides stercoralis......Page 169
Trichinella spiralis......Page 170
Cutaneous larval migrans......Page 171
Other zoonotic infections......Page 172
Clinical manifestation......Page 173
Onchocerca volvulus......Page 174
Hymenolepis nana......Page 175
Taenia saginata and Taenia solium......Page 176
Diphyllobothrium latum......Page 177
Dipylidium caninum (zoonotic cestode infection)......Page 178
Echinococcus multilocularis (zoonotic cestode infection)......Page 179
Intestinal and lung flukes......Page 180
Metagonimus yokogawi and Heterophyes heterophyes......Page 181
Paragonimus westermani......Page 182
Schistosoma species – the blood flukes......Page 183
Pubic lice......Page 184
Crustacea......Page 185
FURTHER READING......Page 186
ANTIPARASITIC AGENTS......Page 194
Part II Infections in reproductive medicine......Page 196
Herpes simplex viruses (HSV-1 and HSV-2)......Page 198
Life cycle......Page 200
Clinical presentation......Page 201
Laboratory diagnosis......Page 202
Treatment......Page 204
Vaccine availability......Page 205
Treponema pallidum......Page 206
Clinical presentation......Page 207
Laboratory diagnosis......Page 208
Treatment......Page 210
Clinical diagnosis......Page 211
Treatment......Page 212
Clinical presentation......Page 213
Calymmatobacterium granulomatis......Page 214
Treatment......Page 215
HERPES SIMPLEX......Page 216
CHANCROID......Page 218
DONOVANOSIS......Page 219
8 Vaginitis syndromes......Page 220
Transmission......Page 221
Laboratory diagnosis......Page 222
Transmission......Page 224
Laboratory diagnosis......Page 225
Treatment......Page 227
Clinical presentation......Page 228
Laboratory diagnosis......Page 229
Streptococcus agalactiae......Page 230
Laboratory diagnosis......Page 231
Treatment......Page 232
YEAST VAGINITIS......Page 233
VAGINAL COLONIZATION WITH GROUP B STREPTOCOCCUS (GBS)......Page 234
Life cycle......Page 236
Clinical presentation......Page 237
Laboratory diagnosis......Page 238
Vaccine availability......Page 239
HPV......Page 240
Female urethritis/cervicitis......Page 241
Neisseria gonorrhea......Page 242
Protein II......Page 243
Clinical presentation......Page 244
Specimen collection and transport......Page 245
Culture......Page 246
Treatment......Page 248
Chlamydial disease......Page 249
Reticulate body (RB)......Page 250
Clinical presentation......Page 251
Culture......Page 252
Molecular diagnostics......Page 253
Treatment......Page 254
Mycoplasma and ureaplasma spp.......Page 255
Clinical presentation......Page 256
Culture......Page 257
Serology......Page 258
GONORRHOEAL DISEASE......Page 259
CHLAMYDIAL DISEASE......Page 260
GENITAL MOLLICUTES......Page 262
Treatment......Page 264
Prostatitis......Page 265
Salpingitis......Page 266
Endometritis......Page 267
Pelvic anaerobic actinomycetes......Page 268
Clinical presentation......Page 269
Laboratory diagnosis......Page 270
Epidemiology......Page 271
Life cycle......Page 272
Clinical presentation......Page 274
Mantoux test......Page 275
Histology......Page 276
Culture......Page 277
Infertility and GUTB......Page 279
ACTINOMYCOSIS......Page 280
GENITAL TUBERCULOSIS......Page 281
GENITAL TUBERCULOSIS......Page 282
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)......Page 283
Life cycle......Page 284
Transmission......Page 285
Immunocompetent host......Page 286
Direct detection......Page 287
Serum antibody assays (serology)......Page 288
Ganciclovir......Page 289
Vaccine availability......Page 290
Transmission......Page 291
Clinical presentation......Page 292
Laboratory diagnosis......Page 293
Treatment......Page 294
Vaccine availability......Page 295
Transmission......Page 296
Laboratory diagnosis......Page 297
Hepatitis D virus (HDV)......Page 299
Clinical presentation......Page 300
Laboratory diagnosis......Page 301
HIV and AIDS......Page 302
Stuctural genes......Page 303
Gene expression......Page 304
Clinical presentation......Page 305
Laboratory diagnosis......Page 307
Treatment......Page 309
Human T-lymphotrophic viruses (HTLV)......Page 311
Clinical presentation......Page 312
Laboratory diagnosis......Page 313
GENERAL......Page 314
CYTOMEGALOVIRUS......Page 315
HEPATITIS B VIRUS......Page 316
HEPATITIS D VIRUS......Page 317
HIV AND AIDS......Page 318
HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPHIC VIRUSES......Page 319
Appendix to Part II. Specimen culture by body site......Page 320
Part III Infection and the assisted reproductive laboratory......Page 324
Sources of infection......Page 326
Heat......Page 337
Alcohols......Page 339
Halogens......Page 340
Disinfection and decontamination......Page 341
Air quality, classification of cleanrooms and biological safety cabinets......Page 342
BSC classes......Page 343
Horizontal laminar flow ‘clean bench’......Page 345
Fungal contamination in the laboratory......Page 346
Laboratory cleaning schedules......Page 348
REFERENCES......Page 351
FURTHER READING......Page 352
Blood-borne viruses......Page 353
Biosafety levels......Page 354
Biosafety for ART: level 2......Page 355
Containment Level 2+ (Level 2 with Level 3 precautions): additional precautions for handling HBV/HCV and HIV-positive samples in the ART laboratory......Page 356
Treatment of HCV seropositive couples......Page 357
Treatment of HIV seropositive couples......Page 358
Semen washing procedures for HBV/HCV/HIV serodiscordant couples......Page 360
Accidental exposure......Page 361
HIV prophylaxis......Page 362
Air transport of biohazardous materials......Page 363
Secondary container......Page 364
Outer packaging......Page 365
Useful addresses for air transport of hazardous materials......Page 370
REFERENCES......Page 371
FURTHER READING......Page 372
The use of donor gametes......Page 374
Recruitment of donors......Page 376
Infectious disease......Page 377
Use of gametes for donation......Page 378
Cryopreservation and transmission of infection......Page 379
Tissue banking: ovarian and testicular tissue......Page 382
REFERENCES......Page 383
FURTHER READING......Page 384
Index......Page 386