Industrial Wastewater Treatment: Emerging Technologies for Sustainability

Contents
About the Editors
Recent Developments in Membrane Filtration for Wastewater Treatment
1 Introduction
2 Membrane Technology
3 Types of Membranes
4 Membranes Processes
4.1 Pressure Difference-Based Membrane Processes
4.2 Concentration Gradient Based Membrane Processes
4.3 Electric Potential Gradient-Based Membrane Processes
4.4 Hybrid Membrane Processes
5 Membrane Module
5.1 Tubular Modules
5.2 Hollow Fiber Modules
5.3 Flat Sheet Module
5.4 Spiral Wound Modules
6 Operation of Membrane
6.1 Membrane Performance
6.2 Membrane Selectivity
6.3 Mechanism of Separation Through the Membrane
6.4 Concentration Polarization (CP)
6.5 Membrane Fouling
7 Membrane Cleaning: Control of Fouling
7.1 Physical Cleaning
7.2 Chemical Cleaning
7.3 Biological /biochemical Cleaning
7.4 Physico-Chemical Cleaning Methods
References
Spent Filter Backwash Water Treatment by Coagulation Followed by Ultrafiltration
1 Introduction
2 Spent Filter Backwash Water Treatment Methods
2.1 Determination of Optimum Coagulant Dose Using Jar Test
2.2 Spent Filter Backwash Water Treatment by Chemical Disinfection
2.3 Spent Filter Backwash Water Treatment by Coagulation
2.4 Water Treatment Using Ultrafiltration Membranes
3 Recent Developments and Research
3.1 Limiting Microbial Quality
3.2 Minimizing Metals and Heavy Metal
4 Future Research Perspective
5 Conclusion
References
Ultrafiltration Integrated Photocatalytic Treatment Systems for Water and Wastewater
1 Introduction
2 UF Membrane Process
2.1 An Overview
2.2 Membrane Materials
3 Photocatalyst
4 UF Membranes Integrated PCO (UF-PCO) Systems
5 Operating Variables of Integrated UF-PCO Systems and Their Effect on Degradation
5.1 Effect of Photocatalyst Loading on Pollutant Degradation
5.2 Effect of Properties and Structure of Photocatalyst on Pollutant Degradation
5.3 Effect of Light Wavelength on Pollutant Degradation
5.4 Effect of Light Intensity on Pollutant Degradation
5.5 Effect of Initial Pollutant Concentration on Pollutant Degradation
5.6 Effect of Feedwater pH on Pollutant Degradation
5.7 Effect of Temperature
5.8 Effect of Inorganic Ions
5.9 Effect of Aeration
6 Recovery and Reuse of Photocatalyst Particles in UF-PCO Systems
7 Membrane Fouling and Its Control Measures in UF-PCO Systems
7.1 Membrane Cleaning
7.2 Aeration
7.3 UV Light Irradiation
7.4 Surface Modification of Membrane
7.5 Pre-Treatment of Feed Water
7.6 Non-Conventional Methods of Fouling Control
8 Removal of Emerging Contaminants (ECs) in UF-PCO Systems
8.1 Characteristics of ECs and Their Impacts
8.2 Membrane Properties and Their Effects
9 Economic Aspects of Integrated UF-PCO Systems
10 Conclusions and Future Scope
References
Application of Electrospun Polymeric Nanofibrous Membranes for Water Treatment
1 Introduction
2 Details of Elctrospinng Process and Its Parameters for Nanofibrous Membranes Synthesis
2.1 Electrospinning Process
2.2 Operating Conditions Required in the Electrospinning Process
3 Applications of ENMs in Different Pressure Driven Membrane Systems for Water Treatment
3.1 Applications of ENMs in Microfiltration System
3.2 Applications of ENMs in Ultrafiltration System
3.3 Applications of ENMs in Nanofiltration System
4 Applications of ENMs for Wastewater Treatment
4.1 Applications of ENMs for Heavy Metal Removal from Contaminated Water
4.2 Applications of ENMs for Oil Spill Removal from Contaminated Water
5 Applications of Elctrospun Nanofibrous Membranes for Desalination
6 Application of ENMs for Dye Removal
7 Conclusion
References
Biosorbents in Industrial Wastewater Treatment
1 Introduction
2 Biosorption
2.1 Biosorption History
2.2 Biosorption in Industrial Wastewater Treatment
3 Types of Biosorbents for Industrial Wastewater Treatment
3.1 Use of Plants as Biosorbents
3.2 Use of Microbes as Biosorbents
3.3 Use of Agricultural Wastes as Biosorbents
3.4 Use of Other Biomaterials as Biosorbents
4 Mechanism of Biosorption
4.1 Biosorption of Metals
4.2 Biosorption of Organic Compounds
5 Desorption and Regeneration of Biosorbents
6 Cost Estimation of Biosorbents for Wastewater Treatment
7 Challenges for Industrial Implementation
8 Prospects
References
Nanoparticles in Industrial Wastewater Treatment: An Overview
1 Introduction
2 Traditional Methods for the Wastewater Treatment Process
2.1 Water Treatment
3 Emergence of Nanotechnology in Wastewater Purification
4 Application of Nanomaterials in Industrial Wastewater Technologies
4.1 Nanoadsorbents for Removal of Water Pollutants
4.2 Nanomembranes for the Filtration Process
4.3 Nanophotocatalysts for the Detection and Removal of Pollutants
5 Conclusion and Future Outlook
References
Green Magnetic Nanoparticles in Industrial Wastewater Treatment: An Overview
1 Introduction
2 Metallic Nanoparticles Synthesis Approaches
2.1 Conventional Methods
2.2 Green Synthesis Methods
3 Physico-Chemical Parameters Influencing in Metallic Nanoparticles Green Synthesis
4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
Nanocellulose in Industrial Wastewater Treatment: An Overview
1 Introduction
2 Categorization of Nanocellulose
2.1 Cellulose Nanofiber (CNFs)
2.2 Cellulose Nanocrystal (CNC)
3 Sources of Cellulose
3.1 Algae
3.2 Bacteria
3.3 Plants
3.4 Tunicates
4 Methods of Preparation of Nanocellulose
4.1 Mechanical Disintegration
4.2 Chemical Method
4.3 Biological Method
5 Nanocellulose Materials Used for Water Treatment
5.1 Nanocellulose-Based Adsorbents
5.2 Oil–Water Separation
5.3 Nanocellulose-Based Photocatalyst
5.4 Nanocellulose-Based Catalyst Carriers
5.5 Nanocellulose-Based Flocculants
5.6 Nanocellulose-Based Membranes
6 Limitations and Future Prospects
7 Conclusion
References
Synthesis and Applications of Polymer–Nano Clay Composites in Wastewater Treatment: A Review
1 Introduction
2 Synthesis
2.1 Solution Blending Method
2.2 Melt Blending Method
2.3 In-Situ Polymerization Method
3 Characterization Techniques of Biopolymer-Clay Nanocomposites
4 Applications of Polymer/Clay Nanocomposites in Wastewater Treatment
4.1 Poly Vinyl Imidazole (PVI)/Bentonite Nano Clay Composites
4.2 PANI/bentonite Nano Clay
4.3 Thiourea-Formaldehyde/Bentonite Nano Clay
4.4 Biopolymer/Clay Composite
4.5 Nanocomposites Based on Polyurethane Clay
5 Mechanisms of Wastewater Treatment Using Clay–Polymer Nanocomposites
5.1 Membranes
5.2 Flocculation/Coagulation
5.3 Columns/Barriers
6 Water Treatment Options by Clay–Polymer Nanocomposites
6.1 Chemisorption
6.2 Physisorption
7 Conclusions and Prospects
References
Polymeric Composites for Industrial Water Treatment: An Overview
1 Introduction
2 Polymeric Composites Production Techniques
2.1 Casting
2.2 Gel Beads
2.3 Layer-By-Layer
2.4 Sol–gel
3 Natural and Synthetic Polymeric Composites for Water Treatment
3.1 Biological Pollutants
3.2 Dyes
3.3 Micropollutants Removal
4 Applications and Comparison with Traditional Techniques
5 Challenges, Perspectives and Environmental Sustainability
References
Optimisation and Modeling Approaches for the Textile Industry Water Treatment Plants
1 Introduction
2 Textile Industry Wastewater: Source, Characteristics and Environmental Impacts
3 Treatment Methods and Strategies
4 Process Modeling
4.1 Mass Transfer Modeling and Kinetic Modeling
4.2 Development of Process Model
4.3 Basics of RSM Modeling and ANN Modeling
4.4 Objectives and Uses of RSM
4.5 Analysis and Transformation of Models
5 Response Surface Design and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
6 Types of Model Equations and Graphs in Response Surface Design
6.1 Applications of RSM in Wastewater Treatment Domain
7 Optimisation of the Process
8 Concept of Optimisation
9 Methods for Optimisation
10 Recent Development and Future Scope
11 Conclusions
References
UV-Chlorination and Treatment of Oily Wastewater in Batch Ozone Reactor
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Wastewater Source
2.2 Experimental Setup
2.3 Experimental Procedure
2.4 Modeling Procedure
3 Results and Discussions
3.1 BBD Modeling
3.2 Effect of Process Variables on COD Removal
3.3 Optimization of Process Parameters for COD Removal
3.4 Comparative Study of Oily Wastewater Treatment
4 Conclusion
References
Sol–gel Synthesis of Kaolin/TiO2 Nanocomposites for Photocatalytic Degradation of Tannery Wastewater
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Materials
2.2 Kaolin Preparation
2.3 TiO2 Nanoparticle Preparation
2.4 TiO2/Kaolin Preparation
2.5 Point of Zero Charge
2.6 Photocatalytic Study
2.7 Characterization Techniques
3 Discussion
3.1 Characterization
3.2 Reusability Study
4 Conclusions
References
Microbial Biofilm Reactor for Sustained Waste Water Treatment and Reuse
1 Introductory Background
2 Municipal/Agricultural Runoff Treatment Using Selectively Developed Consortium
3 Aquaculture Wastewater Treatment Using Single Unit Bacterial Biofilm System
4 Milk Processing Plant Wastewater Treatment Using Selectively Developed Consortium
5 Selection of Microbial Growth Medium for Conversion
6 Petrochemical Wastewater Treatment Using Selectively Developed Consortium
7 Enriched Consortium Based Treatment of Agricultural Runoff and Tannery/mining Effluent
8 Conclusion
References
Life Cycle Assessment of Emerging Technologies in Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Desalination
1 Introduction
2 Sustainability in Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Desalination
3 Contaminants of Industrial Wastewater and Seawater
3.1 Heavy Metals
3.2 Dyes
3.3 Biological Contaminants and Microbes
3.4 Undesirable Chemicals
3.5 Oily Content
3.6 Salinity
4 Aspects of Life Cycle Assessment in Wastewater Treatment and Desalination
4.1 Goal and Scope
4.2 Functional Unit (FU)
4.3 LCA Approach and Methodology
5 Environmental Impacts
5.1 Impact Assessment
5.2 Global Warming Potential (GWP)
5.3 Acidification Potential (AP)
5.4 Eutrophication Potential (EP)
5.5 Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP)
5.6 Ecotoxicity Potential (ETP)
6 Impacts on Resources
6.1 Water Depletion
6.2 Energy Sources Depletion
6.3 Land Use
7 Impacts on Human Health
8 Future Prospects and Challenges
References
Photoelectrochemical Water Treatment of Sewage
1 Introduction
2 Fundamental of Photoelectrochemical Treatment
3 Photocatalytic Composites
3.1 Methods for Preparation of Photocatalyst
3.2 Application of Metal Oxide Photocatalyst for Treatment Perspective
3.3 Factors Affecting Photocatalysis Treatment
4 Photoelectrochemical Technique for Sewage Treatment
4.1 Photocatalytic Reactor for Treatment and Hydrogen Production
5 Conclusion
6 Future Aspects
References
Solar Energy in Water Treatment Processes—An Overview
1 Introduction
1.1 Water Scarcity and Treatment
1.2 Conventional Water Treatment Techniques for Desalination and Disinfection
1.3 Application of Renewable Energy in Water Treatment
1.4 Scope of Chapter
2 Desalination
2.1 Direct Desalination Systems
2.2 Indirect Desalination Systems—Thermal Process
2.3 Indirect Desalination Systems—Membrane Process
2.4 Challenges and Perspectives
3 Solar Disinfection
3.1 Need and Development of Solar Disinfection
3.2 Implications of the Solar Disinfection (SODIS) Method
3.3 Visible Light Assisted Disinfection
3.4 Challenges and Perspectives
4 Conclusion
References
Quantification of Potential Savings in Drinking Water Treatment Plants: Benchmarking Energy Efficiency
1 Introduction
2 Drinking Water Treatment and Its Energy Demand
2.1 Water Abstraction
2.2 Water Treatment
2.3 Water Distribution
3 Key Performance Indicator and Energy Benchmarking of Drinking Water Treatment Plant
4 Factors Influencing Energy Demand of the Water Treatment Facilities and Its Optimization
4.1 Water Abstraction and Distribution
4.2 Water Source and Quality
4.3 Energy Audit
4.4 Maintenance and Equipment Upgrade
4.5 Treatment and System Upgrade
4.6 Renewable Energy Generation
4.7 Water Conservation and Others
5 Barriers in Energy Optimization of the Drinking Water Treatment Facilities
6 Conclusion
References