Industrial Power Systems: Evolutionary Aspects

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Preface
Authors
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Evolution of Electrical Power System
1.2 Thermal Power Plant
1.3 Hydropower Plant
1.4 Nuclear Power Plant
1.5 Gas Turbine
1.6 Wind Energy
1.7 Solar Energy
1.8 Distributed Power Generation
1.9 Energy Storage
1.10 Tariff
1.11 Learning Outcome
Chapter 2 Transmission and Distribution Systems
2.1 Line Diagram
2.1.1 Single-Line Diagram
2.1.2 Impedance Diagram
2.1.3 Reactance Diagram
2.2 Per Unit Representation
2.3 Calculation of Fault Level
2.4 Choice of Voltage
2.5 Choice of Frequency
2.6 Choice of Conductor
2.7 Transmission and Distribution Topologies
2.8 Electrical Grid
2.9 Learning Outcome
Chapter 3 Overhead Transmission Line Constants
3.1 Line Resistance
3.2 Line Inductance
3.2.1 Internal Inductance
3.2.2 External Inductance
3.2.3 Inductance of a Single-Phase Two-Wire Line
3.2.4 Inductance of One Conductor in a Group
3.2.5 Inductance of a Composite Conductor
3.2.6 Inductance of a Three-Phase Line with Asymmetrical Spacing .
3.2.7 Inductance of a Three-Phase Transposed Line
3.2.8 Inductance of Bundled Conductors
3.2.9 Inductance of Double Circuit Three-Phase Line
3.3 Shunt Parameter of Transmission Lines
3.3.1 Capacitance of a Straight Conductor
3.3.2 Capacitance of a Three-Phase Line with Asymmetrical Spacing
3.3.3 Capacitance of a Three-Phase Double Circuit Line with Asymmetrical Spacing
3.3.4 Capacitance of a Single-Phase Line Taking Earth into Consideration
3.3.5 Effect of Earth on the Calculation of Capacitance
3.3.6 Skin Effect and Proximity Effect
3.4 Learning Outcome
Chapter 4 Corona and Sag
4.1 Corona
4.2 Sag
4.2.1 Sag When the Supports Are at Equal Levels and Span Is Small
4.2.2 Sag When the Supports Are at Unequal Levels and Span Is Small
4.2.3 Sag When the Supports Are at Unequal Levels and Span Is Large
4.2.4 Effect of Ice Coating
4.2.5 Effect of Wind
4.2.6 Effect of Sag in Transmission Line
4.2.7 Stringing Chart
4.2.8 Sag Template
4.2.9 Vibrations of Conductor
4.3 Learning Outcome
Chapter 5 Cable
5.1 Insulation Resistance of Cable
5.2 Capacitance of a Single-Core Cable
5.3 Dielectric Stress of a Single Core Cable
5.4 Most Economical Conductor Size in a Cable
5.5 Grading of Cables
5.6 Power Factor of a Single-Core Cable
5.7 Capacitance of a Three Core Cable
5.8 Learning Outcome
Chapter 6 Characteristics and Performance of Transmission Line
6.1 Transmission Lines
6.2 General Relations for the Analysis of a Transmission Line
6.2.1 Short Transmission Line Approximation
6.2.2 Medium Transmission Line Approximation
6.2.3 Long Transmission Line
6.3 Power Flow through a Transmission Line
6.4 Travelling Wave Equation of a Transmission Line
6.5 Characterization of a Long Lossless Line
6.6 Voltage and Current Characteristics of an Single Machine Infinite Bus System
6.7 Kelvin’s Law
6.8 Learning Outcome
Chapter 7 Insulators for Overhead Lines
7.1 Basics of Insulators for Overhead Lines
7.2 Materials of Insulator
7.3 Types of Insulators
7.4 Voltage Distribution on Insulator String
7.5 String Efficiency
7.5.1 Methods of Improving String Efficiency
7.6 Learning Outcome
Chapter 8 Overvoltages and Insulation Requirements
8.1 Types of System Transients and Some Basic Features
8.2 Transients on a Transmission Line
8.3 Switching Surge
8.4 Lightning Surge
8.5 Lightning Arresters
8.6 Insulation Coordination in Power System
8.7 Bewley Lattice Diagram
8.8 Learning Outcome
Chapter 9 Electrical Fault Analysis
9.1 Fault
9.2 Symmetrical Components
9.3 Sequence Impedance and Sequence Networks of Power System
9.3.1 Sequence Impedance and Sequence Networks of Synchronous Machine
9.3.2 Sequence Impedance and Sequence Networks of Transformer
9.3.3 Sequence Circuits for Symmetrical Transmission Line
9.4 Unsymmetrical Faults
9.4.1 Line to Ground Fault
9.4.2 Line to Line Fault
9.4.3 Double Line to Ground Fault
9.5 Earthing
9.5.1 Types of Earthing
9.6 Reactors
9.7 Learning Outcome
Chapter 10 Load Flow Analysis
10.1 Load Flow
10.2 Classification of Buses
10.3 Bus Admittance Matrix
10.4 Real and Reactive Power Injected in a Bus
10.5 Load Flow by Gauss-Seidel Method
10.6 Load Flow by Newton-Raphson Method
10.7 Fast Decoupled Load Flow
10.8 DC Load Flow
10.9 Learning Outcome
Chapter 11 Stability Analysis
11.1 Requirement of Power System Stability
11.2 Swing Equation
11.3 Steady State Stability or Small Signal Stability
11.4 Transient Stability or Large Signal Stability
11.5 Equal Area Criterion
11.6 Multimachine Stability
11.7 Learning Outcome
Chapter 12 Fuses and Circuit Breakers
12.1 Fuses
12.1.1 Types of Fuses
12.2 Switchgear
12.2.1 Circuit Breaker
12.2.2 Different Types of Circuit Breaker
12.2.3 Rating of Circuit Breaker
12.2.4 Formation of Arc
12.2.5 Arc Interruption or Arc Quenching or Arc Extinction in Circuit Breaker
12.2.6 Air Blast Circuit Breaker
12.2.7 Oil Circuit Breaker
12.2.8 Vacuum Circuit Breaker
12.2.9 SF6 Circuit Breaker
12.3 Learning Outcome
Chapter 13 Power System Protection
13.1 Protection
13.2 Relay
13.2.1 Types of Electromagnetic Relay
13.2.2 Static Relay
13.2.3 Digital Relay
13.3 Distance Relay
13.4 Differential Relay
13.5 Over Current Protection
13.6 Pilot Protection
13.7 Transformer Protection
13.8 Feeder Protection
13.9 Alternator Protection
13.10 Motor Protection
13.11 Power Swing Blocking
13.12 Auto-Reclosing
13.13 Learning Outcome
Chapter 14 DC Transmission
14.1 Evolution of DC Transmission System
14.2 Principle of HVDC Transmission System
14.3 Components of HVDC Transmission System
14.4 Types of HVDC Transmission System
14.5 Learning Outcome
Chapter 15 Electrical Power Distribution Substation
15.1 Requirement of Distribution Substation
15.2 Types of Substations
15.3 Substation Components
15.4 Substation Earthing
15.5 Types of Bus Systems of Substation
15.6 DC Distributors
15.7 Learning Outcome
Chapter 16 Power System Structure
16.1 Objective of Power System Structuring
16.2 Concept of Regulation and Deregulation
16.3 Power Systems in Restructured Environment
16.4 PoolCo Model
16.4.1 Electricity Market
16.5 Concept of Distributed and Dispersed Generation
16.6 Environmental Aspect of Electric Generation
16.7 Learning Outcome
Chapter 17 Economic Operation of Energy Generating Systems
17.1 Introduction to Economic Operation of Energy Generations Systems
17.2 Economic Operation of Thermal System, Its Basic Operation and Structuring
17.3 Unit Commitment
17.4 Reserves in Power Generation
17.5 Contingency Analysis
17.6 Learning Outcome
Chapter 18 Automatic Generation and Control
18.1 Introduction to Automatic Generation Control
18.2 Load Frequency Control (Single Area Case)
18.3 Load Frequency Control of Two Area Systems
18.4 Learning Outcome
Chapter 19 Compensation in Power System
19.1 Concept of Reactive Power
19.2 Effects of Reactive Power Flow through Transmission Line
19.2.1 Importance of Reactive Power
19.3 Compensation
19.4 Power Factor
19.5 Learning Outcome
Questions & Answers
References
Index