Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology: Emerging concepts in Microbial Technology

Preface
Acknowledgment
Contents
Editor and Contributors
1: Basic of Omics and Its Applications
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 What Is Genome?
1.2 Genome to Genomics
1.2.1 DNA Sequencing
1.2.1.1 Sanger Sequencing
1.2.1.2 Next-Generation Sequencing
Pyrosequencing
Sequence by Synthesis
Sequence by Ligation
Ion Semiconductor Sequencing
1.3 Coverage
1.4 Genome Mapping
1.5 Proteomics
1.5.1 Amino Acids
1.5.2 Proteins
1.5.3 Why Proteomics?
1.5.4 How Do We Start Studying Proteomics?
1.5.4.1 Spot Detection
1.5.4.2 Fluorescence-Based Difference in Gel Electrophoresis (DIGE)
1.5.4.3 Identification
1.5.4.4 Mass Spectrometry
1.5.4.5 Separation
1.5.4.6 Activation
1.5.4.7 Mass Determination and Characterization
1.6 Transcriptomics
1.6.1 Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs)
1.6.1.1 Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (SAGE)
1.6.1.2 Cap Analysis of Gene Expression (CAGE)
1.6.2 Microarray
1.6.3 RNA-Seq
1.7 Metabolomics
1.7.1 But What Are Metabolites?
1.7.2 Metabolome and Metabolic Reactions
1.7.3 But What Are the Analytical Techniques That We Need to Study Metabolomics?
1.7.4 Detection Methods
1.8 Lipidomics
1.8.1 Experimental Techniques
1.8.2 Lipid Extraction
1.8.3 Lipid Separation
1.8.4 Lipid Detection
1.8.5 Lipid Profiling
Reference
2: An Introduction to Omics in Relevance to Industrial Microbiology
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Different Omics Techniques
2.2.1 Metagenomics
2.2.2 Cytomics
2.2.3 Metatranscriptomics
2.2.4 Metaproteomics
2.2.5 Metabolomics
2.2.6 Fluxomics
2.3 Advancement in Omics in Profiling and Characterization of Industrially Relevant Microbial Consortia
2.4 Sequential Workflow of Omics
2.5 Integrative Analysis of Omics Data
2.6 Omics Data Analysis Using Programming Language
2.7 Applications of Omics in Industrial Microbiology
2.7.1 Application in Food Processing
2.7.2 Application in Dairy Industry
2.7.3 Application in Beverage Industry
2.7.4 Application in Pharmaceutical Industry
2.7.5 Application in Agricultural Biotechnology
2.8 Future Prospects and Limitations
2.9 Conclusion
References
3: Databases and Tools for Microbial Genome and Human Microbiome Studies
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Prokaryotic Microbe
3.1.2 Eukaryotic Microbe
3.1.3 Acellular Microbe
3.2 Microbial Genome
3.3 History of Microbial Genome Sequencing
3.4 Introduction to Databases
3.5 Microbial Genome and Human Microbiome Databases
3.5.1 Global Genome Databases
3.5.2 Microbial Genome Database
3.5.3 Bacterial, Archaeal, and Viral Genomic Database
3.5.4 Species-Specific Genomic Database
3.5.5 Human Microbiome Databases
3.6 Bioinformatic Tools for Genomic Analysis
3.7 Conclusion
References
4: CRISPR/Cas9 System: An Advanced Approach for the Improvement of Industrially Important Microorganisms
4.1 An Introduction to Industrial Microbiology
4.2 CRISPR/Cas System: An Introductory Overview
4.3 Classification of the CRISPR/Cas Systems
4.4 CRISPR/Cas9 System
4.5 Role of CRISPR/Cas9 in Improvement of Industrially Important Microorganisms
4.6 CRISPR/Cas9 Applications in Bacteria
4.7 CRISPR/Cas9 Applications in Yeasts
4.8 CRISPR/Cas9 Applications in Fungi
4.9 Applications of CRISPR/Cas9 in Microbes
4.10 Genome Editing
4.11 Transcriptional Control
4.12 CRISPR/Cas9 Optimization: Improvement of Editing Efficiency
4.12.1 Reduction of Off-Target Effects
4.12.1.1 Reduction of Off-Target Effects: sgRNA Design Approach
4.12.1.2 Reduction of Off-Target Effects: Modification in the Cas9 Protein
4.12.2 Reduction of Cas9 Toxicity Effects
4.12.2.1 Reduction of Cas9 Toxicity: Regulation of the Cas9 Protein Expression
4.12.2.2 Reduction of Cas9 Toxicity: Exploitation of Endogenous CRCa System
4.12.3 Optimization of crRNA
4.12.3.1 SOMACA
4.12.3.2 Optimization of crRNA Length
4.12.4 Optimization of sgRNA
4.12.4.1 Optimization of the sgRNA Promoter
4.12.4.2 Optimization of the sgRNA Structure
4.12.5 Increase in Recombination Rates
4.13 Applications of CRISPR/Cas Systems in Gene Therapy
4.14 Delivery Methods
4.15 Conclusion
References
5: Biomedical Application of Industrial Microbiology
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Basic Microbiology
5.1.2 Applied Microbiology
5.2 Products and Processes for Industrial Microbiology
5.3 Microbiology in Antibiotic Production
5.3.1 Fleming and the Discovery of the Antibiotic Penicillin
5.3.2 Commercial Production of Antibiotics
5.4 Recombinant DNA Technology (RDT)
5.5 Biopharmaceuticals
5.5.1 Enzymes
5.5.2 Vitamins and Amino Acids
5.5.3 Organic Acids
5.5.4 Biopolymers
5.6 Prebiotics and Probiotics
5.7 Vaccines and Immunizations
5.7.1 Types of Vaccines
5.7.1.1 Whole-Organism Vaccines
5.7.1.2 Subunit Macromolecules as Vaccines
5.7.1.3 DNA Vaccines
5.7.1.4 Recombinant Vector Vaccines
5.8 Clinical Use of Microbiology in the Detection and Therapy of Disease
5.8.1 Carcinogenicity Testing
5.8.2 Phage Therapy
5.8.3 Medical Devices
5.8.3.1 Biosensors
5.8.4 Yeast Two-Hybrid System (Y2H System)
5.9 Summary
References
6: The Role of Whole-Genome Methods in the Industrial Production of Value-Added Compounds
6.1 Introduction
6.2 The Rise of Omics: Its Role in Industrial Biotechnology
6.3 Genomics
6.3.1 Genomics for Industrial Application and Production
6.3.2 Development of Microbial Strains
6.3.3 Fermentation and Post-fermentation Handling
6.3.4 Viability of Strains and Their Compliance with Regulations
6.3.5 Safeguarding Inventions and Analyzing Products
6.4 Transcriptomics
6.4.1 Role of Transcriptomics in Industrial Microbiology
6.4.2 Studying Ethanol Tolerance in Microorganisms
6.4.3 To Assess Toxicity Sensitivity and Osmotic Stress Tolerance
6.4.4 Food Fermentation
6.5 Proteomics
6.5.1 Role of Proteomics in Industrial Microbiology
6.5.2 Lipid Biosynthesis in Microbes
6.5.3 Antifungal Production
6.5.4 Synthesis of Amino Acids
6.5.5 Production of Recombinant Proteins
6.5.6 Bio-mining
6.5.7 Studying Immobilized Cells in Biofilms
6.6 Metabolomics
6.6.1 Metabolomics and Its Role in Industrial Microbiology
6.6.2 Organic Acids
6.6.3 Enzyme Products
6.6.4 Biofuels
6.6.5 Antibiotics
6.7 Metagenomics
6.7.1 Industrial Importance
6.7.2 Industrial Enzymes
6.7.3 Antibiotics and Bioactive Compounds Obtained
6.7.4 Bioremediation Facilitated by Biosurfactant
6.7.5 Other Enzymes from Metagenome Source
6.8 Challenges in Omics for Industry
6.9 Sequencing Methods
6.9.1 First-Generation Sequencing
6.9.2 Chemical Degradation
6.9.3 Chain-Termination Method
6.9.4 Second-Generation Sequencing Methods
6.9.4.1 Roche 454
6.9.4.2 Illumina
6.10 Third Generation of Sequencing Methods
6.10.1 True Single-Molecule Sequencing (tSMS)
6.10.2 Single-Molecule Real-Time Sequencing (SMRT)
6.10.3 Nanopore Sequencing
6.11 Annotation
6.12 Summary and Future Outlook
References
7: New Developments in the Production and Recovery of Amino Acids, Vitamins, and Metabolites from Microbial Sources
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 l-Methionine
7.1.1.1 Biosynthetic Pathway for Methionine Production
7.1.1.2 Methionine-Producing Microorganisms
7.1.1.3 Substrates for Methionine Production
7.1.1.4 Methionine Production Strategies
Enzymatic Conversion and Chemical Synthesis
Fermentation
Screening for Strains and Enhancement
7.1.2 l-Glutamate
7.1.2.1 Biosynthetic Pathway of l-Glutamate
7.1.2.2 Glutamate-Producing Microorganisms
7.1.2.3 Substrate for Glutamate Production
7.1.2.4 Glutamate Production Strategies
Fermentation
Gene Modifications
Metabolic Flux Perusal of Glutamate Overproduction
7.1.3 l-Lysine
7.1.3.1 Biosynthetic Pathways of l-Lysine
7.1.3.2 l-Lysine-Producing Microorganism
7.1.3.3 Substrate for Lysine Production
7.1.3.4 Lysine Production Strategies
Fermentation
Genetic Engineering
7.1.4 Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
7.1.4.1 Biosynthetic Pathway of RF
7.1.4.2 RF-Producing Microorganism
7.1.4.3 Substrate for RF Production
7.1.4.4 Production Strategies for RF
Chemical Synthesis
Biotechnological Production
Genetic Modifications
7.1.5 Vitamin B12
7.1.5.1 Biosynthetic Pathway for Vitamin B12 Production
7.1.5.2 Microorganisms Producing Vitamin B12
7.1.5.3 Substrate for Producing Vitamin B12
7.1.5.4 Production Strategies for Vitamin B12
Microbial Production of Vitamin B12
E. coli Cell Enzyme Transformation
7.1.6 Coenzyme Q10
7.1.6.1 Biosynthetic Pathway of Coenzyme Q10
7.1.6.2 Coenzyme Q10-Producing Microorganisms
7.1.6.3 Substrates for Coenzyme Q10 Production
7.1.6.4 Production Strategies for Coenzyme Q10
Chemical Synthesis Methods
Biotechnological Production Methods for Coenzyme Q10
Genetic Modification
7.1.7 HA
7.1.7.1 Biosynthetic Pathway of HA
7.1.7.2 Microorganisms Producing HA
7.1.7.3 Substrates for Production of HA
7.1.7.4 Production Strategies for HA
Extraction
Fermentation
Genetic Modification
7.1.8 Lactic Acid
7.1.8.1 Biosynthetic Pathway of LA
7.1.8.2 Microorganisms for the Production of LA
7.1.8.3 Substrates for Production of LA
7.1.8.4 Production Strategies for LA
Co-culture Techniques
Genetic Engineering
Design of an Immobilized Bioreactor for LA Production
7.1.9 IA
7.1.9.1 Biosynthetic Pathway of IA
7.1.9.2 Microorganisms for IA Production
7.1.9.3 Substrates for IA Production
7.1.9.4 Production Strategies for IA
Fermentation Techniques
Immobilization Technique
Genetic Engineering
7.1.10 Conclusions
References
8: Exploring Plant-Microbe Interaction Through the Lens of Genome Editing
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Plant-Microbe Interactions: A Glimpse into Evolution and Survival
8.3 Nature´s Grace: The Beneficial Aspects of PM Interactions
8.4 Pathogenic Interactions and the Eco-Friendly Alternatives: Surviving the Apocalypse
8.5 The Advent of Omics: A Defining Point in PM Studies
8.6 Genome Editing: Hi-Tech Scalpels
8.6.1 Adaptation or Spacer Acquisition
8.6.2 crRNA Processing
8.6.3 Interference
8.7 Future Perspective: A Vast Expanse of Uncharted Science with Limitless Possibilities
References
Untitled
9: Biomedical Application of Advanced Microbial Approaches: Nutraceuticals, Biomedicine, and Vaccine Development
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Commercially Available Nutraceuticals, Biomedicines, and Vaccines
9.2.1 Nutraceuticals
9.2.1.1 Inulin
9.2.1.2 Galacto-Oligosaccharides (GOS)
9.2.1.3 2-Fucosyllactose (2-FL)
9.2.1.4 Brewer´s Yeast Glucan (BYG)
9.2.1.5 Xanthan
9.2.2 Biomedicine
9.2.2.1 Anticancer
9.2.2.2 Infectious Diarrhoea
9.2.2.3 Allergy
9.2.2.4 Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
9.2.2.5 Urinary Tract Infections
9.2.3 Vaccine Development
9.2.3.1 Tuberculosis
9.2.3.2 Diphtheria Vaccine
9.2.3.3 Tetanus
9.2.3.4 Pertussis
9.2.3.5 Haemophilus influenzae Type b
9.2.3.6 Meningococcal Disease
9.3 Microbial Diversity: Nutraceuticals
9.4 Therapeutic Applications of Nutraceuticals
9.4.1 Role of Nutraceuticals Against Myocarditis and Lung Diseases
9.4.2 Benefits of Nutraceuticals for Health
9.4.3 Algal Polysaccharides in Nutraceutical Applications
9.4.4 Use of Nutraceuticals in Dairy Products
9.5 Biomedicine: Approaches
9.5.1 Applications of Biomedicine
9.5.2 Environmental Medicine on a Cosmic Scale in Space Biomedicine
9.6 Vaccine Development: Approaches and Applications
9.7 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
10: Microbial Technology for Neurological Disorders
10.1 Introduction
10.2 The Healthy Human Gut Microbiome
10.2.1 Enterotypes of Gut Microbial Community
10.2.2 Gut Microbiota-Host Interaction
10.2.3 Gut Microbiota Interactions with Central Nervous System: Role in Cognition
10.2.4 Gut Dysbiosis: Inflammation and Stress Modulation
10.3 Gut Microbiota in Immunity, Disease, and Therapy
10.3.1 Gut Microbiota, Blood-Brain Barrier, and Neurological Disorders
10.3.2 Autism Spectrum Disorders
10.3.3 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
10.3.4 Alzheimer´s Disease
10.3.5 Multiple Sclerosis
10.3.6 Cerebrovascular Diseases
10.3.7 Chronic Stress and Depression
10.4 Microbial Technology in Neurological Disorders
10.4.1 Antibiotics, Gut Microbiota, and Neuroinflammation
10.4.2 Probiotics in Therapy of Neurological Disorders
10.4.3 Prebiotics in Therapy of Neurological Disorders
10.4.4 Synbiotics in Therapy of Neurological Disorders
10.4.5 Postbiotics in Therapy of Neurological Disorders
10.5 Precision Microbiome Engineering and Challenges for Microbial Technology
10.6 Conclusion
References
11: Frontiers in Fungal Endophytes Associated with Medicinal Orchids
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Classification of Fungal Endophytes
11.3 Relationship of Fungal Endophytes and Orchids
11.4 Factors Influencing Diversity and Dynamics of Fungal Endophytes
11.5 Fungal Endophytes and Their Role in Medicinal Orchids
11.5.1 Promoting Growth and Fitness of Host Plant
11.5.2 Stress Tolerance of Host Plant
11.5.3 Production of Bioactive Metabolites
11.5.4 Host Protection and Biocontrol of Disease
11.6 Molecular Interaction Between Endophytic Fungi with the Host Orchid
11.7 Omic Approaches to Understand Orchid-Endophyte Interactions
11.8 Biosynthetic Gene Clusters of Secondary Metabolites
11.9 Bioactive Compounds from Orchid-Associated Fungal Endophytes
11.10 Fermentation Methods for Secondary Metabolite Production
11.11 Strategies for Improved Production of Secondary Metabolites
11.11.1 Strain Improvement
11.11.2 Bioprocess Optimization
11.11.3 Improvement of Strains with Axenic Instability
11.12 Conclusion and Future Aspects
References
12: Nutraceuticals: Advancement in Microbial Production and Biomedical Prospects
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Nutraceuticals
12.2.1 Classification
12.2.1.1 Traditional or Natural Nutraceutical
Chemical Ingredients
Nutrients
Herbals
Phytochemicals
Nutraceutical Enzymes
Probiotic Microorganisms
12.2.1.2 Nonnatural or Nontraditional Nutraceuticals
Enriched/Fortified Nutraceuticals
Recombinant Nutraceuticals
12.2.2 Biomedical Application
12.2.2.1 Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs)
12.2.2.2 Cancer
12.2.2.3 Diabetes
12.2.2.4 Obesity
12.3 Microbes in Nutraceutical Production
12.3.1 Sources of Nutraceuticals
12.3.1.1 Microalgae as a Source of Nutraceuticals
12.3.1.2 Bacteria as a Source of Nutraceuticals
12.3.1.3 Fungi as a Source of Nutraceuticals
12.3.2 Advanced Approaches for Nutraceutical Production (Fig. 12.1)
12.4 Conclusion and Future Prospect
References
13: Hyaluronic Acid Microbial Synthesis and Its Explicit Uses in the Development of Nutraceuticals, Biomedicine, and Vaccine D...
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Microbial Production
13.3 Vaccine Development
13.4 Biomedicine
13.5 Nutraceuticals
13.6 Conclusion
References
14: Molecular Docking in Drug Designing and Metabolism
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Computer-Aided Drug Design (CADD)
14.2.1 Structure-Based Drug Designing (SBDD)
14.2.2 Ligand-Based Drug Designing (LBDD)
14.3 Identification of Drug Targets
14.3.1 Macromolecular Databases
14.3.2 Metabolic Pathway Databases
14.3.3 Computational Interaction Networks and Identification of Alternate Drug Targets
14.3.4 Functional Annotation Study
14.4 Structure and Activity of the Drug Target
14.5 Databases of Small Molecules
14.6 Pre-docking Screening of Ligands
14.6.1 In Silico Screening of Ligands for Physicochemical and Pharmacokinetic Properties
14.6.2 Calculation of ADMET Properties
14.7 Molecular Docking and Virtual High-Throughput Screening
14.8 Binding Energy Analysis
14.9 MD Simulation
14.10 Scopes and Limits of CADD
References
15: Recent Advances in PGPRs and Their Application in Imparting Biotic and Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Different Types of Biotic Stress and Their Impact on Plants
15.3 Different Types of Abiotic Stress and Their Impact on Plants
15.3.1 PGPR
15.4 Role of PGPR in Overcoming Abiotic Stress
15.5 Role of PGPR in Overcoming Biotic Stress
15.6 Molecular Mechanism of PGPRs in Control of Biotic and Abiotic Stress
15.7 Prospects of PGPR Application in Crop Improvement
15.8 Conclusion
References
16: Microbial Hyaluronidase: Its Production, Purification and Applications
16.1 Introduction
16.1.1 History
16.1.2 Natural Biological Role
16.1.3 Mechanism of Action
16.2 Nomenclature and Classification of Hyaluronidases
16.3 Diversity of Hyaluronidases
16.3.1 Human Hyaluronidases
16.3.2 Bovine Testicular Hyaluronidases
16.3.3 Venom Hyaluronidases
16.3.4 Leech Hyaluronidases
16.3.5 Microbial Hyaluronidases
16.4 The Sources of Enzyme Hyases
16.5 Hyase Production
16.6 Hyase Purification Approaches
16.6.1 Salt and Solvent Precipitation
16.6.2 Chromatographic Separations
16.7 Bio-physicochemical Characterization of Hyases
16.7.1 Substrate Specificity of Hyases
16.7.2 Molecular Weight
16.7.3 Optimum pH and Temperature
16.8 Applications of Hyaluronidases
16.8.1 Hyaluronidase Used in Cancer Therapeutics
16.8.2 Hyaluronidases as Adjuvant
16.8.3 Hyaluronidases in Ophthalmology
16.9 Commercial Hyases in the Market
16.10 Conclusion
References
17: Strain Improvement Strategies of Industrially Important Microorganisms
17.1 Introduction to Strain Improvement
17.2 Classical Methods of Strain Improvement
17.2.1 Mutation
17.2.2 Genetic Recombination (Recombinant DNA Technology)
17.3 Epigenetic or Posttranslational Modifications (PTMs)
17.3.1 Chromatin Remodeling
17.3.2 Ribosome Engineering
17.3.3 Engineering N-Glycosylation Sites
17.4 Genetic Engineering Strategies
17.5 CRISPR/Cas9 in Industrial Biology
17.6 Strategies for Improvement of Efficient CRISPR-/Cas-Based Genome Editing
17.6.1 Improvement in Repair Process
17.6.2 Promoter Optimization for Expression of Cas9 and SgRNA
17.6.3 Optimization of Codon for Cas9
17.7 Application of CRISPR/Cas in Synthetic Biology
17.8 Conclusions
References
18: Microbial Diversity for Agricultural Productivity
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Categories of Biofertilizers
18.2.1 Nitrogen-Fixing Biofertilizers (NFB)
18.2.2 Phosphate-Solubilizing Biofertilizer
18.2.3 Potassium-Mobilizing Biofertilizer
18.2.4 Sulfur-Oxidizing Biofertilizer
18.2.5 Zn Solubilizer
18.3 Symbiotic Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria
18.3.1 Rhizobium
18.3.2 Free-Living Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria
18.3.2.1 Azotobacter
18.3.2.2 Azospirillum
18.3.2.3 Cyanobacteria
18.4 Phosphorus-Solubilizing Microorganisms
18.4.1 Bacillus
18.4.2 Pseudomonas
18.5 Potassium-Solubilizing Microbes
18.6 Mycorrhiza
18.6.1 Ectomycorrhiza
18.6.2 Endomycorrhiza
18.7 Action Mechanism of Biofertilizer
18.7.1 Nitrogen Fixation
18.7.2 Phosphorus Solubilization and Mobilization
18.7.3 Potassium Solubilization
18.7.4 Intake of Micronutrients
18.7.5 Production of Plant Hormones
18.7.6 Disease Control
18.8 Application of Microbial Fertilizers Toward Sustainable Agriculture
18.8.1 Role of Microbes as Biosensors in Agricultural Activities
18.9 Conclusion: Limitations and Future Prospects
References
19: Role of Microbes in Bioremediation
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Types of Bioremediation
19.2.1 In-Situ Bioremediation
19.2.1.1 Natural Attenuation
19.2.1.2 Enhanced Methods
Bioventing
Biosparging
Bioaugmentation
Biostimulation
19.2.2 Ex-Situ Bioremediation
19.2.2.1 Biopile
19.2.2.2 Windrows
19.2.2.3 Bioreactor
19.3 Types of Microbes Associated with Bioremediation
19.3.1 Bacteria
19.3.2 Rhizobacteria
19.3.3 Fungi
19.3.4 Yeast
19.3.5 Algae
19.3.6 Protozoa
19.4 Factors Associated to Microbial Bioremediation
19.4.1 Biotic Factors
19.4.2 Abiotic Factors
19.4.2.1 Temperature
19.4.2.2 pH
19.4.2.3 Availability of Nutrients
19.4.2.4 Concentration of Oxygen
19.4.2.5 Toxic Compounds
19.4.2.6 Moisture Content
19.4.2.7 The Soil
19.5 Applications of Microbial Bioremediation
19.5.1 Bioremediation of Pesticides
19.5.2 Bioremediation of Heavy Metals
19.5.3 Bioremediation of Hydrocarbons
19.5.4 Bioremediation of Mined Wasteland and Landfill Leachates
19.5.5 Bioremediation of Dyes
19.5.6 Bioremediation of Radioactive Wastes
19.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Bioremediation
19.6.1 Advantages
19.6.2 Disadvantages
19.7 Microbial Bioremediation and Sustainable Environment Management
References
20: Reuterin: A Broad Spectrum Antimicrobial Agent and Its Applications
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Synthesis and Composition of Reuterin
20.3 Production
20.4 Mode of Action
20.5 Stability
20.6 Toxicity
20.7 Applications
20.8 Conclusion
20.9 Future Perspectives
References
21: Seaweed Farming: An Environmental and Societal Perspective
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Upstream Processing of Seaweed
21.2.1 Seaweed Farming Principle and Cultivation Techniques
21.2.2 Harvesting Strategy
21.2.3 Extraction Techniques
21.2.4 Purification Strategy
21.3 Application of Seaweed
21.3.1 Industrial Application of Seaweeds
21.3.2 Role of Seaweed in Environmental Remediation
21.3.2.1 Pollution Management
21.3.2.2 Mitigate Adverse Effects of Climate Change
21.3.3 Societal Perspectives
21.3.3.1 Health Benefits
21.3.3.2 Potential Health Risk
21.3.3.3 Seaweed-Associated Bioeconomy
21.4 Past and Ongoing Programs to Promote Seaweed Cultivation
21.5 Strategies to Overcome Technical Challenges
21.6 Conclusion
References
22: Development of New Molecules Through Molecular Docking
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Computer-Aided Drug Design
22.3 Ligand-Based Drug Design (LBDD)
22.4 Structure-Based Drug Design (SBDD)
22.5 Steps of SBDD and Lead Compound Identification
22.6 Preparation of the Ligand Library
22.7 Binding Site Identification
22.8 Docking and Scoring Function
22.9 Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR)
22.10 Significance of in-Silico Drug Designing/Development
22.11 Molecular Dynamics (MD) Simulation
22.12 Conclusion
References
23: Strategies for Improved Production of Microalgae-Derived Carotenoids and Pigments
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Biosynthesis of Carotenoids and Pigments in Microalgae
23.3 Microalgae-Derived Carotenoids and Pigments Production (MDCPs)
23.3.1 Current Development in MDCP Production to Market Potential
23.3.1.1 Photoautotrophic Cultivation
23.3.1.2 Heterotrophic Cultivation
23.3.1.3 Mixotrophic Cultivation
23.3.2 Strategies for Enhanced Production of MDCPs
23.3.2.1 Physicochemical Regulation
23.3.2.2 Genetic Engineering
23.3.3 Technological Issues in the Production of MDCPs
23.4 Recent Approaches in Downstream Processing of MDCPs
23.4.1 Harvesting Strategy
23.4.2 Extraction Techniques
23.4.3 Purification Techniques
23.5 Industrial and Commercial Applications of MDCPs
23.5.1 Food Industry
23.5.2 Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Industry
23.5.3 Poultry Industry
23.5.4 Dairy Industry
23.6 Conclusion
References
24: Strategies for Strain Improvement of Economically Important Microorganisms
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Why Is Strain Improvement Important?
24.3 Strategies for Strain Improvement
24.4 Mutagenesis
24.5 Mutagenic Agents and their Mutagenic Effcet
24.6 General Procedure of Mutation Based Strain Improvement
24.6.1 Induction of Mutation
24.6.2 Screening and Selection of Desired Mutant
24.7 Recombinant DNA Technology (RDT) Based Strain Improvement
24.8 Tools for rDNA Technology
24.8.1 Gene of Interest
24.8.2 Restriction Endonuclease Enzyme
24.8.3 DNA Ligases
24.8.4 Vectors
24.8.4.1 Cloning Vector Based on Plasmid DNA
24.8.4.2 Cloning Vector for Yeast
24.8.5 Selectable Marker and Screening Marker
24.8.5.1 Selectable Marker
24.8.5.2 Screening Marker
24.9 Fundamental Steps for rDNA Technology
24.9.1 Isolation of Genetic Material
24.9.2 Restriction Digestion
24.9.3 Amplification of DNA
24.9.4 Ligation of DNA
24.9.5 Transformation of rDNA into Host
24.9.6 Selection of Transformed Cell
24.10 CRISPR/Cas System as a Recent Advancement in Recombinant DNA Technology
24.11 Mechanisms of Action of CRISPR/CAS Systems
24.12 Types of CRISPR/CAS System
24.12.1 Type I CRISPR/CAS System
24.12.2 Type II CRISPR/CAS System
24.12.3 Type III CRISPR/CAS System
24.13 Application of CRISPR/CAS Technology in Strain Improvement
24.13.1 Addition of Desirable Traits
24.13.2 Removal of Unwanted or Undesirable Traits
24.13.3 Improving Resistance to Bacteriophage
24.13.4 Regulation of Gene Expression
24.13.5 Multiplex Genome Editing
24.14 Conclusion
References
25: Techno-Economic Analysis and Life Cycle Assessment of Bio-Based Waste Materials for Biogas Production: An Indian Perspecti...
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Current Indian Perspective of Biowaste Generation
25.3 Bio-Based Waste Conversion Technologies
25.3.1 Physical Conversion of Bio-Based Waste
25.3.2 Thermochemical Conversion of Bio-Based Waste
25.3.3 Biological Conversion of Bio-Based Waste
25.4 Biogas Production and Utilization of Potential Substrates with Factors Affecting
25.5 Techno-Economic Analysis with Bio-Based Waste Materials
25.6 Life Cycle Assessment of Substrates for Biogas Production with Environmental Implications
25.6.1 Life Cycle Assessment Description of Studies on Biogas Production from Anaerobic Digestion
25.7 Indian Policies and Implications with Bio-Based Waste Materials
25.8 Future Developments and Indirect Impacts with the Use of Bio-Based Waste Materials in the Production of Biogas
25.9 Conclusion
References