Industrial Hemp: Food and Nutraceutical Applications

Front Cover
Industrial Hemp: Food and Nutraceutical Applications
Copyright
Contents
Contributors
Chapter 1 Perspectives of industrial hemp cultivation
1.1 Introduction
1.2 History of hemp for food and medicine
1.2.1 Cannabis in Asia
1.2.2 Accounts of Cannabis in Europe
1.2.3 Cannabis makes its way to the Americas
1.2.4 Cannabis in modern times
1.3 The role of hemp for sustainable agriculture
1.3.1 The concept of sustainability
1.3.2 Environmental sustainability
1.3.3 Societal and human sustainability
1.3.4 Economic
1.4 Current status of hemp cultivation and processing
1.4.1 Grain
1.4.2 Cannabinoids
1.4.3 Improving safety of cannabinoid products
1.4.4 The cannabinoid market and oversupply
1.4.5 Controversy of new cannabinoid products
1.5 Challenges and opportunities
1.5.1 Challenges
1.5.2 Opportunities
1.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 2 Industrial hemp breeding and genetics
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Some features of C. sativa L. as a plant
2.2.1 Plant description
2.2.2 Taxonomy
2.2.3 Genetics
2.3 Breeding objectives
2.3.1 Fibers
2.3.2 Seed
2.3.3 Inflorescences for cannabinoid extraction
2.4 Hemp breeding methods
2.4.1 Mass selection
2.4.2 Cross-breeding
2.4.3 Hybrid breeding by crossing varieties or synthetic lines
2.4.4 Mutation breeding
2.4.5 C. sativa L. genome research and breeding using molecular markers
2.4.6 Difficulties in breeding of C. sativa L.
2.5 Hemp breeding in Europe
2.5.1 Milestones of hemp breeding in Europe
2.5.2 Breeding of some European varieties of hemp
2.5.2.1 Dioecious varieties
2.5.2.2 Monoecious varieties
2.6 Conclusions and future perspectives
References
Chapter 3 Legal and regulatory oversight of hemp cultivation and hemp foods
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Hemp regulation in the United States
3.2.1 History of the law
3.2.2 Current law
3.2.2.1 Cultivation
3.2.2.2 Regulation of hemp as a food
3.3 Hemp regulation in the European Union
3.3.1 History of hemp in the European Union
3.3.2 Cultivation
3.3.3 Food
3.4 Hemp regulation in Canada
3.4.1 Background
3.4.2 Cultivation
3.4.3 Food
3.5 Conclusion and future perspectives
References
Chapter 4 Nutritional and chemical composition of industrial hemp seeds
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Major and minor hemp nutrients
4.2.1 Hempseed proteins
4.2.1.1 Crude protein
4.2.1.2 Amino acid profile
4.2.2 Hempseed fat
4.2.2.1 Fatty acid
4.2.2.2 The unsaponifiable matter
4.2.3 Hempseed carbohydrate and dietary fiber
4.2.3.1 Carbohydrate
4.2.3.2 Dietary fiber
4.2.4 Hempseed minerals
4.3 Hemp secondary metabolites
4.3.1 Phenolic compounds
4.3.2 Bioactive peptides
4.3.3 Cannabinoids
4.4 Anti-nutritive compounds
4.5 Challenges and opportunities
4.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 5 Industrial hempseed oil and lipids: Processing and properties
5.1 Introduction to hempseed oil
5.2 Conventional and novel hemp oil seed extraction
5.2.1 General characteristics of industrial hempseeds
5.2.2 Physical and technological characteristics of hempseeds
5.2.3 Conventional hemp oil seed extraction—Cold pressing
5.2.3.1 Pre-cleaning and storage of seed
5.2.3.2 Seed cleaning
5.2.3.3 Dehulling
5.2.3.4 Cold pressing
5.2.3.5 Oil clarification
5.2.3.6 Press cake—Nutritive value
5.2.4 Novel hempseed oil extraction methods
5.2.4.1 Supercritical fluid extraction
5.2.4.2 Ultrasound-assisted extraction
5.2.4.3 Microwave-assisted extraction
5.2.4.4 Enzyme-assisted extraction
5.3 Major and minor constituents of hempseed oil
5.3.1 Sensory quality of hempseed oil
5.3.2 Major constituents of hempseed oil—Fatty acids
5.3.3 Minor constituents of hempseed oil
5.3.3.1 Tocopherols
5.3.3.2 Phenolic compounds
5.3.3.3 Phytosterols
5.4 Oxidative stability of hempseed oil
5.4.1 Safety of hempseed oil
5.5 Challenges and opportunities
5.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 6 Industrial hemp proteins: Processing and properties
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Hemp protein concentrates and isolates
6.2.1 Composition and properties of hemp proteins
6.2.1.1 Edestin
6.2.1.2 Albumin
6.2.1.3 Other proteins
6.2.2 Concentrates and isolates
6.2.3 Nutritional properties of hempseed protein
6.3 Hemp protein hydrolysates and bioactive peptides
6.3.1 Antioxidative effect
6.3.2 Antihypertensive effect
6.3.3 Antiproliferative effect
6.3.4 Hypocholesterolemic effect
6.4 Techno-functional properties of hempseed proteins
6.4.1 Solubility
6.4.2 Water-holding capacity
6.4.3 Emulsifying properties
6.4.4 Foaming properties
6.4.5 Effects of processing methods on the techno-functional properties of the hempseed proteins
6.4.5.1 Defatting
6.4.5.2 Dehulling
6.4.5.3 The pH treatments
6.4.5.4 Other methods
6.5 Hempseed protein allergenicity
6.6 Challenges and opportunities in hemp protein utilization
6.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7 The significance of industrial hemp knowledge management
7.1 Introduction
7.2 A historical overview of the knowledge development of industrial hemp
7.2.1 Knowledge of industrial hemp breeding and cultivation in the 20th century
7.2.2 Knowledge of industrial hemp processing in the 20th century
7.3 Modern knowledge of industrial hemp
7.3.1 Knowledge of hemp genome
7.3.2 Knowledge of multiple uses of hemp
7.4 The role of different knowledge creators and knowledge providers in hemp breeding, agriculture, and (food) processin ...
7.4.1 Relevant projects that have addressed the industrial hemp
7.4.2 Extension services
7.4.3 Hemp associations and centers of excellences
7.4.4 Dedicated journals
7.4.5 Industrial hemp dedicated events
7.5 Challenges and opportunities
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 8 Nutraceutical potential of industrial hemp
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Phenolic and polyphenolic compounds from hemp seeds
8.3 Cannabinoids and other hemp components with pharmacological effects
8.4 The role of hemp products in disease prevention
8.5 Conclusions
8.6 Challenges and opportunities
Acknowledgments
Conflict of interest
References
Further reading
Chapter 9 Industrial hemp nutraceutical processing and technology
9.1 Introduction to hemp nutraceutical processing and technology
9.2 Conventional extraction techniques
9.2.1 Maceration
9.2.2 Hydrodistillation
9.2.3 Soxhlet extraction
9.3 Novel extraction techniques
9.3.1 Ultrasound-assisted extraction
9.3.1.1 UAE of hemp bioactives
9.3.2 Microwave-assisted extraction
9.3.2.1 MAE of hemp bioactives
9.3.3 Subcritical water extraction
9.3.3.1 PLE of hemp bioactives
9.3.4 Supercritical fluid extraction
9.3.4.1 SFE of hemp bioactives
9.3.5 Deep eutectic solvents
9.4 Encapsulation
9.4.1 Encapsulation of hemp bioactives
9.4.1.1 Encapsulation of hemp oils
9.4.1.2 Encapsulation of lipophilic hemp-based bioactive compounds
9.4.1.3 Hemp-based carrier material for encapsulation
9.5 Challenges and opportunities
References
Chapter 10 Industrial hemp foods and beverages and product properties
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Hemp seeds for beverages
10.2.1 Hemp seed milk
10.2.2 Fermented hemp seed drinks
10.2.3 Hemp flavored beer
10.2.4 Hemp alcoholic beverages
10.3 Hemp protein
10.3.1 Hemp protein flour
10.3.2 Nutritional quality of hemp proteins
10.3.3 New products from HPM processing: Protein concentrate, isolate, and hydrolysates
10.3.4 HPF food application
10.4 Hemp seeds for food products
10.4.1 Gluten-free bakery products
10.4.2 Conventional bakery products
10.4.3 Hemp-based snack products
10.4.4 Hemp-based meat analogs
10.4.5 Hemp-based biorefinery products
10.5 Challenges and opportunities
10.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11 Industrial hemp-based dietary supplements and cosmetic products
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Hemp-based dietary supplements and marketing
11.2 Hemp active ingredients for dietary supplements
11.2.1 Hempseed oil
11.2.2 Hempseed proteins
11.2.3 Cannabidiol and other cannabinoids
11.3 Hemp-based cosmetic products
11.3.1 Hempseed oil
11.3.2 Hemp roots
11.3.3 Cannabidiol (CBD) and other cannabinoids
11.4 Challenges and opportunities
11.4.1 Genetic classification and psychoactive and nonpsychoactive cannabinoid content
11.4.2 Regulations and regulatory issues
11.4.3 Lacking body of knowledge and its consequences
11.4.4 Potential for abuse
11.4.5 Analytical requirements and challenges
11.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 12 Industrial hemp by-product valorization
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Hemp harvesting wastes
12.3 Hemp processing by-products and waste
12.3.1 Stalk processing by-products and waste
12.3.2 Seed processing by-products and wastes
12.3.3 Inflorescences processing by-products and waste
12.4 Valorization of hemp harvesting waste
12.4.1 Valorization of hemp lignocellulosic biomass
12.4.1.1 Hemp biomass pretreatment
Chemical pretreatment
Physical pretreatment
Steam explosion
Electron beam irradiation
12.4.1.2 Conversion of hemp biomass to biofuels
Conversion of hemp biomass to bioethanol
Conversion of hemp biomass to biomethane
12.4.1.3 Conversion of hemp biomass to succinic acid
12.4.1.4 Production of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate [P(3HB)] from hemp biomass
12.4.2 Valorization of hemp roots
12.5 Valorization of hemp stalk processing by-products and wastes
12.5.1 Hurd valorization
12.5.1.1 Thermal valorization of hurds: Pyrolysis
12.5.1.2 Thermomechanical valorization of hemp hurds
12.5.1.3 Conversion of hurds to biofuels and other valuable biomolecules
12.6 Valorization of seed processing by-products and wastes
12.6.1 Valorization of threshing residues and plant residues
12.6.1.1 Valorization of threshing residues by cannabinoids extraction
Pressurized liquid extraction
Supercritical fluid extraction
Subcritical fluid extraction
Ultrasound-assisted extraction
12.6.1.2 Valorization of threshing residue by essential oil extraction
Hydrodistillation
Steam distillation
Microwave-Assisted Extraction
12.6.2 Valorization of seed hulls
12.6.3 Valorization of hemp seed cake
12.6.3.1 Pre-extraction techniques
Milling/grinding
Fractionation
Extrusion technology
12.6.3.2 Extraction technologies
Ultrasound technology
Microwave technology
Pulsed electric field technology
12.7 Valorization of inflorescence processing waste
12.8 Challenges and opportunities
12.8.1 Hemp genotypes
12.8.2 Technologies for waste valorization
12.9 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 13 Industrial hemp in animal feed applications
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Industrial hemp as a sustainable animal feed raw material
13.3 The technological procedures for conversion of industrial hemp material into animal feed
13.3.1 Milling
13.3.2 The pelleting process
13.4 Utilization of industrial hemp by-products as animal feed
13.4.1 Hemp in pig nutrition
13.4.2 Hemp as poultry feed
13.4.3 Hemp as ruminant feed
13.4.3.1 Cattle
13.4.3.2 Sheep
13.4.3.3 Goats
13.4.4 Hemp as other animals feed (rabbits, fish, pets)
13.5 Challenges and opportunities
13.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 14 Consumer trends and the consumption of industrial hemp-based products
14.1 Introduction
14.2 A history of hemp
14.3 A renewed interest in hemp
14.4 Hemp products
14.5 Communicating hemp: The need for a lasting narrative
14.5.1 Consumer perceptions of hemp: Considerations from the United States
14.6 Considerations for consumer behavior research
References
Index
Back Cover