Industrial Applications of Nanocrystals

Front Cover
INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF NANOCRYSTALS
INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF NANOCRYSTALS
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Contributors
About the editors
Preface
Acknowledgments
I -Nanomanufacturing: large-scalesynthesis of nanocrystals
1 - Photonic crystal fibers for various sensing applications
1. Introduction to photonic crystal fiber
1.1 Types of photonic crystal fibers
1.2 Guiding mechanism
1.3 Optical properties of photonic crystal fiber
1.3.1 Endlessly single mode operation
1.3.2 Effective refractive index
1.3.3 Dispersion
1.3.4 Birefringence
1.3.5 Large mode area
1.3.6 High nonlinearity
1.4 Applications
1.5 High birefringence photonic crystal fibers for pressure sensor
1.5.1 Proposed photonic crystal fiber structure
1.5.2 Fiber parameters
1.6 Phase change material–assisted photonic crystal fiber–based biosensor
References
2 - An overview of nanomaterial-enhanced miniaturized/microfluidic devices for electrochemical sensing
1. Introduction
2. Synthesis of nanomaterials
2.1 Advances in strategically engineered nanomaterials
3. Nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensing
3.1 Nanomaterial-dependent immunosensors
3.2 Nanomaterial-dependent electrochemical sensors: biomedical applications
3.3 Nanomaterial-dependent electrochemical sensors: heavy metal detection
4. Microfluidic/miniaturized device fabrication
4.1 Soft lithography
4.2 Photolithography
4.3 Three-dimensional printing
4.4 Laminates
4.5 Molding
5. Nanomaterial-enhanced microfluidic/miniaturized devices for electrochemical sensing
6. Conclusions and outlook
Acknowledgments
References
3 - Approaches for synthesis of nanocrytals: an overview
1. Introduction
2. Top-down approaches
2.1 Wet bead milling
2.2 High-pressure homogenization
2.2.1 Piston-gap homogenization
2.2.2 Jet-stream homogenization (microfluidization)
3. Bottom-up approaches
3.1 Precipitation
3.1.1 Antisolvent precipitation
3.1.2 Precipitation in supercritical fluid
3.2 Solvent evaporation
4. Combination approaches
5. Discussion
List of abbreviations
References
4 - Green synthesized nano-functionalized material
1. Introduction
1.1 Nano-synthesized material
1.2 Green synthesis of nanomaterial
2. Basic mechanism of green synthesis
3. Various methods for green synthesis
3.1 Biobased (plants) methods
3.1.1 Green synthesis from enzymes
3.1.2 Green synthesis from vitamins
3.1.3 Microwave-assisted synthesis
3.1.4 Plants and phytochemicals
3.2 Microorganism
3.2.1 Bacteria and actinomycetes
3.2.2 Yeasts and fungi
3.2.3 Algae
3.3 Waste
3.4 Solvent system-based green synthesis
4. Factors affecting green synthesis
4.1 Solution mixture pH
4.2 Growth temperature
4.3 Electrochemical potential of a metal ion
4.4 Concentration
4.5 Reaction time
5. Application of green synthesized nano-functionalized material
5.1 Biomedical field
5.2 Electronic devices
5.2.1 Sensors
5.2.2 Energy storage
5.2.3 Energy production
5.3 Environmental remediation
5.3.1 Antimicrobial activity
5.3.2 Wastewater treatment
5.3.3 Hydrogen production
6. Conclusions and future outlook
References
5 - Biological and chemical impact of nanocellulose: current understanding
1. History of nanocellulose
2. Nanocellulose: descriptions, use, and applications
2.1 Properties of nanocellulose
2.2 Morphology
2.3 Bacterial nanocellulose
2.4 Applications of nanocellulose
3. Summary
References
II -Pharmaceutical industry
6 - Recent trends in nanocrystals for pharmaceutical applications
1. Introduction
2. Production technology
3. Characteristics of drug nanocrystals
3.1 Enhanced dissolution rate
3.2 Higher saturation solubility
3.3 Increased adhesiveness
3.4 Prolonged stability
3.5 Enhanced diffusion in mucus layer and improved permeability
4. Stabilization
4.1 Poloxamers
4.2 Polyvinyl pyrrolidone
4.3 Polyvinyl alcohol
4.4 Sulfuric acid monododecyl
4.5 Brij-78
4.5.1 Applications of drug nanocrystals
5. Fate in environment
6. Future prospects
References
7 - Drug nanocrystals: emerging trends in pharmaceutical industries
1. Introduction
2. Different techniques for preparation of drug nanocrystals
2.1 Precipitation technique
2.2 High-pressure homogenization technique
2.3 Nanopure technology
2.4 Pearl milling technique
3. Characterization and analysis of drug nanocrystal suspensions
3.1 Size and size distribution
3.2 Shape and morphology
3.3 Zeta potential
3.4 Crystalline state
3.5 Saturation solubility and dissolution velocity
3.6 Surface properties
3.7 Spectroscopic techniques to charaterize drug nanocrystal
3.7.1 X-ray diffraction (XRD)
3.7.2 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)
3.7.3 Micro-Raman
3.7.4 Thermal analysis
3.7.5 Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and solid-state NMR
3.7.6 Atomic force microscopy
3.8 Physical and chemical properties of nanocrystals
3.8.1 Saturation solubilty and dissolution velocity of drug nanocrystals
3.8.2 Increased adhesiveness
3.8.3 Good long-term stability
3.8.4 Chemical stability
3.8.5 Improved biological performance
3.9 Nanosuspension administration by different routes
3.9.1 Oral administrative route for nanosuspension
3.9.2 Parenteral administration route
3.9.3 Ocular administration route
3.9.4 Pulmonary administration route
3.10 Targeted delivery by surface modification
3.11 Scale-up and commercialization
4. Conclusions and future perspectives
References
III -Biomedical industry
8 - Colloidal as nanocrystals for biomedical applications
1. Introduction
1.1 Synthesis of colloidal nanocrystals
2. Biomedical applications of colloidal nanocrystals
3. Conclusion
References
IV -Environmental industry
9 - Environmental applications of MnO2 nanocrystals and their derivatives: from lab to real-time utilization
1. Introduction
2. Environmental applications
2.1 Sensors
2.2 Water pollution management
2.2.1 Adsorption
2.2.2 Degradation
2.3 Soil remediation
2.4 Nitrogen fixation
2.5 Biomass management
2.6 Air remediation
3. Toxicologic effects
4. Conclusion and perspective
Acknowledgments
References
V -Drug delivery
10 - Drug nanocrystals as drug delivery systems
1. Introduction
1.1 Drug nanocrystals in oral drug delivery systems
1.2 Drug nanocrystals for parenteral delivery
1.3 Drug nanocrystals for pulmonary delivery
1.4 Drug nanocrystals for ocular delivery
1.5 Targeted drug delivery via nanocrystals
1.6 Drug nanocrystals for transdermal drug delivery
2. Challenges
3. Conclusion
References
11 - Drug nanocrystals as nanocarrier-based drug delivery systems
1. Introduction
2. Role of nanoparticles in drug delivery
3. Nanocrystals as drug nanocarriers
4. Physical and chemical properties of nanocrystals
4.1 Increase in dissolution velocity by surface area enlargement/enhanced dissolution
4.2 Increase in saturation solubility
4.3 Enhanced mucoadhesion
4.4 Improved permeability
4.5 Good long-term stability
5. Method of preparation of drug nanosuspension
5.1 Top-down methods
5.1.1 Media milling
5.1.2 Dry co-grinding
5.1.3 High-pressure homogenization techniques
5.2 Bottom-up technique
5.2.1 Nanoprecipitation
5.2.2 Supercritical fluid technology
5.2.3 Emulsions and microemulsions as templates
6. Applications of nanocrystals in drug delivery
6.1 Oral drug delivery
6.2 Ocular drug delivery
6.3 Dermal drug delivery
6.4 Pulmonary drug delivery
6.5 Parenteral drug delivery
6.6 Brain drug delivery
6.7 Targeted drug delivery
7. Conclusion
References
12 - Gold nanocarriers in tumor diagnosis, imaging, drug delivery, and therapy
1. Introduction
2. Physicochemical and optical properties of gold nanocarriers
3. Synthesis and characterization of gold nanocarriers
4. Types of gold nanocarriers and their role in tumor diagnosis and imaging
5. Role of gold nanocarriers in drug delivery and targeted therapy
6. Mechanisms and signaling pathways involved in gold carrier-mediated drug delivery
7. Challenges in clinical translation of gold nanocarriers as efficient molecules in imaging and drug delivery
8. Conclusion and future perspectives
References
VI -Catalysis
13 - Zinc oxide-decorated graphene oxide nanocomposites for industrial volatile organic compound chemical sensor ap ...
1. Introduction
2. Air quality standards in India
3. Importance of problem
4. Synthesis and measurements
4.1 Synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles
4.2 Synthesis of graphene oxide
4.3 Synthesis of ZnO-decorated graphene oxide nanocomposite
4.4 Measurements
5. Characterization of ZnO nanoparticles, graphene oxide, and ZnO–graphene oxide nanocomposites
5.1 Characterization of ZnO nanoparticles
5.2 Characterization of graphene oxide
5.3 Characterization of 10% ZnO–graphene oxide nanocomposite
6. Volatile organic compound detection with ZnO– graphene oxide nanocomposite-based sensor
6.1 Semiconductor metal oxide/semiconductor metal oxide nanocomposites for sensing electrodes in gas and vapor sensors
6.2 Performance of gas sensors
6.3 Factors responsible for the sensitivity of semiconductor metal oxide/semiconductor metal oxide nanoparticle sensors
6.4 Selectivity-enhancing factors for semiconductor metal oxide gas sensors
6.5 Stability-hampering parameters for semiconductor metal oxide gas sensors
6.6 Gas-sensing mechanisms of semiconductor metal oxides
References
14 - Shape-controlled synthesis of aqueous-based metallic nanocrystals and their catalytic applications
1. Introduction
1.1 Brief account of nanocrystal developments
2. Understanding metal nanocrystal formation in solution
3. Monometallic nanocrystals
3.1 Au nanocrystals
3.2 Pt nanocrystals
3.3 Pd nanocrystals
3.4 Ag nanocrystals
4. Binary nanocrystals
4.1 Au–Ag nanocrystals
4.2 Au–Pd nanocrystals
4.3 Ag–Pt nanocrystals
4.4 Pd–Pt nanocrystals
4.5 Cd–Te nanocrystals
4.6 Au–Cu nanocrystals
5. Advances in morphological characterization of green nanocrystals
5.1 High-resolution transmission electron microscope
5.2 Field emission scanning electron microscopy
5.3 Scanning tunneling electron microscopy
5.4 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
5.5 Selected area electron diffraction
6. Catalytic applications of nanocrystals
7. Challenges and future perspectives
8. Conclusion
References
15 - Sustainable catalysis of nanocrystals: A green technology
1. Introduction
2. Coupling reactions
2.1 Suzuki coupling reactions
2.1.1 Palladium nanocrystal catalysts
2.1.2 Alumina supported palladium nanocrystal catalyst
2.1.3 Magnesium oxide nanocrystal-supported palladium catalyst
2.1.4 Zeolite nanocrystal-supported palladium catalyst
2.1.5 Bimetallic nanocrystals on magnetite cored dendrimer catalyst
2.2 Ullmann coupling reactions
2.2.1 Silica-supported Au-Pt nanocrystals catalyst
2.2.2 Cellulose nanocrystal-supported palladium catalyst
2.3 Cross-coupling reactions
2.3.1 Ni-Zr mixed oxide nanocrystals catalyst
2.4 Other coupling reactions
2.4.1 Pd–Fe3O4 heterodimer nanocrystal catalyst
2.4.1.1 Heck coupling
2.4.1.2 Sonogashira coupling
2.4.1.3 Suzuki coupling reaction
2.5 Conclusions
3. Oxidation reactions
3.1 Selective oxidation of cyclohexane
3.1.1 Silica-supported ceria nanocrystal catalysts
3.1.2 Magnetic material-supported nanocrystal catalyst
3.1.3 Magnetic cobalt ferrite nanocrystal catalyst
3.2 Ceria nanocrystals in oxidation of p-xylene
3.3 Ceria nanocrystals in the oxidative coupling of benzylamine
3.4 Oxidation of alkyl arenes and alcohols
3.4.1 Natural hydroxyapatite (NHAp) nanocrystal-supported catalyst
3.4.2 Magnesium oxide nanocrystal-supported catalyst
3.5 Oxidation of styrene
3.5.1 Ferrite nanocrystal catalysts
3.5.2 Silica-supported cobalt oxide nanocrystal catalyst
3.6 Conclusions
4. Reduction/hydrogenation reaction
4.1 Reduction of nitro compounds
4.1.1 Metal nanocrystal catalysts
4.1.2 Bimetallic nanocrystals in reduction reactions
4.1.3 Silica-supported metal nanocrystals in reduction reactions
4.1.4 Magnetic nanocrystals in reduction reactions
4.1.5 Polymer-supported metal nanocrystals in reduction reactions
4.1.6 Metal oxide nanocrystal support in reduction reaction
4.2 Hydrogenation reactions of unsaturated bonds
4.3 Carbonyl reduction
4.4 Hydrogenation of N-heterocyclic compounds
4.5 Conclusions
5. Nanocrystals in photocatalysis
5.1 Hematite nanocrystals in photocatalysis
5.2 Perovskite nanocrystals in photocatalysis
5.3 Copper oxide nanocrystals in photocatalysis
5.4 Cadmium nanocrystals in photocatalysis
5.5 Tin oxide nanocrystals in photocatalysis
5.6 Magnetic nanocrystals in photocatalysis
5.7 Titanium oxide nanocrystals in photocatalysis
5.8 Conclusions
References
VII -Antibacterial and antifungal coatings
16 - Application of nanocrystals as antimicrobials
1. Introduction
2. Nanomaterials and their mode of action
3. Nano-silver
4. Nano-copper
5. Metal oxide nanoparticles
6. Nanocarbon
7. Other nanomaterials
8. Conclusion
References
17 - The antimicrobial activities of some selected polysaccharide nanocrystals and their hybrids: synthesis and app ...
1. Introduction
2. Biological nanocrystals and their antimicrobial activities
2.1 Cellulose nanocrystals and their hybrids
2.1.1 Antimicrobial activities of cellulose nanocrystals and their hybrids
2.2 Starch nanocrystals and their hybrids
2.3 Chitin nanocrystals and their hybrids
3. Inorganic nanocrystals and their antimicrobial activities
References
18 - Applications of biogenic silver nanocrystals or nanoparticles as bactericide and fungicide
1. Introduction
2. Characterization techniques for silver nanoparticles
3. Biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles
4. Applications of Ag nanoparticles as bactericide
5. Mechanism of bactericidal action of biogenic Ag nanoparticles
6. Applications of Ag nanoparticles as fungicides
7. Other antimicrobial applications of Ag nanoparticles
8. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
19 - Crystalline nanomaterials for antimicrobial applications
1. Introduction
2. Nanocrystals
3. Types of nanocrystals
3.1 Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs)
3.2 Metal oxide nanocrystals
3.2.1 Silver nanocrystals
3.2.2 Gold nanocrystals
3.2.3 Magnesium oxide nanocrystals
3.2.4 Copper oxide nanocrystals
3.2.5 Aluminum oxide nanocrystals
3.2.6 Titanium dioxide nanocrystals
3.2.7 Zinc oxide nanocrystals
4. Applications of nanocrystals
5. Toxicity of nanoparticles
6. Conclusions
References
VIII -Electronics and energy industry
20 - Applications of nanocrystals for antimicrobials
1. Introduction
1.1 Hydrogels
1.1.1 Hydrogel basics: structure and properties
1.2 Classifications
1.2.1 Classifications based on source
1.2.2 Classification based on polymeric composition
1.2.2.1 Homopolymeric
1.2.2.2 Copolymeric
1.2.2.3 Multipolymer interpenetrating polymeric hydrogel
1.3 Applications
1.3.1 Biomedical applications
1.3.2 Pharmaceutical applications
1.4 Nanoparticles
1.5 Literature review
1.6 Gum dammar
2. Materials and methods
2.1 Materials
2.2 Methods
2.2.1 Synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles
2.2.1.1 Surfactant-free microwave synthesis of CuO nanoparticles
2.2.1.2 Surfactant-assisted synthesis of CuO nanoparticles
2.2.2 Preparation of gum dammar acrylamide nanocrystals
2.2.2.1 Swelling studies
2.2.3 Antibacterial activity study
2.3 Instrumental analysis
2.3.1 XRD
2.3.2 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
2.3.3 Transmission electron microscopy
2.3.4 Scanning electron microscopy
2.3.5 Thermogravimetric analysis, differential thermal analysis, and differential thermogravimetric analysis
3. Results and discussion
3.1 Mechanism
3.2 Characterization
3.2.1 Fourier transform infrared
3.2.2 XRD
3.2.3 Transmission electron microscopy
3.2.4 Scanning electron microscopy
3.3 Thermogravimetric analysis, differential thermal analysis, and differential thermogravimetric analysis
3.3.1 Swelling behavior
4. Antibacterial studies
5. Conclusions
References
Further reading
21 - Selected copper-based nanocomposite catalysts for CO2 reduction
1. Introduction
2. Role of different components of composite catalysts
2.1 Role of reduced graphene oxide in composite catalysts
2.2 Role of amino functionalized reduced graphene oxide in composite catalyst
2.3 Role of chitosan in the composite catalyst of Cu2O-reduced graphene oxide
3. Preparation of composite catalyst
3.1 Preparation of chitosan–Cu2O composite catalyst
3.2 Preparation of reduced graphene oxide–Cu2O composite catalyst
4. Characterization of nanocomposites
5. Applications of the composites
5.1 Application of composites in photoreduction of CO2
5.2 Application of Cu(I/II) oxides in electroreduction of CO2
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
22 - Nanocrystals for electrochemical energy storage devices
1. Introduction
2. Perovskite structured nanocrystals
3. Organic nanocrystals
4. Chalcogenide-based nanocrystals
5. Summary
Acknowledgments
References
23 - Nanoscience and its role in the future of solar stills
1. Introduction
1.1 Introduction to nanofluids
2. Distillation process: a general concept
3. Distillation techniques
4. Solar still
5. Some types of solar stills
6. Advantages of nanofluid in solar stills
7. Using of the nanofluid in the solar stills
8. Conclusions
References
Further reading
IX -Conclusion
24 - Green carbon quantum dots: eco-friendly and sustainable synthetic approaches to nanocrystals
1. Introduction
1.1 Carbon quantum dots
1.2 Morphology and structure of carbon quantum dots
1.3 Diverse unique properties of carbon quantum dots
1.3.1 Optical properties
1.3.2 Biocompatibility properties
1.3.3 Biosensors
1.4 Toxicity of carbon quantum dots
2. General synthetic approaches to nanocrystalline carbon quantum dots
2.1 Top-down pathway
2.2 Bottom-up pathway
3. Surface modifications
3.1 Heteroatom doping
3.2 Conjugation with gold nanoparticles
3.3 Chemical interactions
3.4 Integration with solid polymeric matrices
4. Need for green method to synthesize carbon quantum dots
5. Green chemistry principles
5.1 The 12 principles
6. Eco-friendly and sustainable synthetic approaches of green carbon quantum dots
7. Biological and biotechnological applications of carbon quantum dots
7.1 Sensing
7.2 Bioimaging
7.3 Drug and gene delivery systems
7.4 Antimicrobial and antiviral interaction
8. Conclusion and future perspectives
References
Further reading
25 - Metal nanoparticles for catalytic hydrogenation reactions
1. Introduction
1.1 Synthesis of nanoparticles
1.2 Characterization of nanoparticles
2. Catalytic applications of nanocrystals
2.1 Hydrogenation
2.1.1 Nanoparticles for the hydrogenation of CO2 to formic acid
2.1.2 Nanocrystals for asymmetric hydrogenation
3. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
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