The book analyses how India’s rise to the status of an emerging power has affected New Delhi’s Africa policy, after sketching the historical evolution and normative underpinnings of Indo-African relations, and what challenges it has brought for New Delhi’s engagement with the continent.
India and Africa share a history dating back millennia. Today, India is one of Africa’s biggest trading partner countries, second only to China. The country regularly extends lines of credit worth billions to African nations, and its pharmaceutical producers dominate many African markets; almost one-fifth of India’s oil imports and more than one-quarter of its natural gas imports come from the continent. However, relations between India and Africa are far from being limited to economic cooperation.
The book scrutinises three foreign policy fields: (1) India’s foreign economic policy towards Africa with an in-depth analysis of Indo-African trade, investment and lines of credit; (2) New Delhi’s development cooperation policy vis-à-vis Africa, its principles, instruments and volume; (3) India’s politico-diplomatic foreign and security policy vis-à-vis Africa, including New Delhi's high-level diplomacy, security and diaspora policy as well as multilateral Africa policy.
Author(s): Philipp Gieg
Series: Africa's Global Engagement: Perspectives from Emerging Countries
Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 434
City: London
Acknowledgements
Contents
About the Author
Abbreviations
List of Figures
List of Tables
1 Introduction
1.1 Object of Study, Research Interest and Research Questions
1.2 State of Research
1.3 Outline of the Study
References
2 Research Design
2.1 Metatheoretical Approach and Methodology
2.2 Theoretical Approach
2.2.1 Foreign Policy Analysis and Theories of International Relations
2.2.2 FPA-Specific Concepts
2.2.3 The Case for a Poly-Theoretic Approach and a Poly-Factorial Analysis
2.3 Matrix of Analysis
2.3.1 Three Foreign Policy Fields
2.3.2 Poly-Factorial Analysis of Influences
2.3.3 Central Foreign Policy Dimensions
2.3.4 Combining the Building Blocks
References
3 Historical and Normative Underpinnings of Contemporary India–Africa Relations
3.1 Early History: The Indian Ocean and the “Monsoon Culture”
3.2 Shared Colonial History
3.3 Decolonisation, Gandhi and Nehru
3.3.1 Before Indian Independence
3.3.2 During and After Indian Independence
3.4 After Nehru: The 1960s to 1980s in India–Africa Relations
References
4 Foreign Economic Policy Towards Africa
4.1 India’s Foreign Economic Policy Since 1991
4.1.1 The Watershed of 1991
4.1.2 Foreign Economic Policy 1991–2014
4.1.2.1 Exim Policy 1992–1997
4.1.2.2 GATT/WTO
4.1.2.3 Foreign Trade Policies 1997–2004
4.1.2.4 Lines of Credit as a Tool of Trade Facilitation
4.1.2.5 Foreign Trade Policies Under Prime Minister Manmohan Singh 2004–2014
4.1.3 Modi-fying India’s Foreign Economic Policy?
4.1.4 The Impact of Liberalisation on GDP, Trade, FDI and Energy Consumption
4.1.4.1 GDP Growth
4.1.4.2 Trade
4.1.4.3 Foreign Direct Investment
4.1.4.4 Energy Consumption
4.2 Trade and Investment Policy Towards Africa
4.2.1 Background: Africa’s Growing Economic Appeal
4.2.2 Focus Africa: Mainstreaming Africa in India’s Foreign Economic Policy
4.2.3 TEAM-9 Initiative: Mainstreaming West Africa
4.2.4 Implementing the Equity-Oil Strategy in Africa
4.2.5 India–Africa Forum Summits 2008 and 2011
4.2.6 Duty-Free Tariff Preference Scheme
4.2.7 Modi-fying India’s Economic Policy Towards Africa?
4.3 The Polity of India’s Foreign Economic Policy Towards Africa
4.3.1 Prime Minister and Prime Minister’s Office
4.3.2 Union Ministries
4.3.3 Cooperation, Coordination and Conflict Inside Government
4.3.4 Indian Missions in Africa
4.3.5 SOEs and Exim Bank
4.3.6 The Private Sector
4.4 Key Indicators of India’s Economic Relations with Africa
4.4.1 Trade Between India and Africa
4.4.1.1 Trade Volume
4.4.1.2 Composition of Trade Flows on the Continental Level
4.4.1.3 Geographical Country-by-Country Distribution
4.4.1.4 Combining Country-by-Country and Trade-Flow Analysis
4.4.2 Indian Lines of Credit to Africa
4.4.2.1 Keeping Promises?
4.4.2.2 Regional Distribution in Africa
4.4.2.3 Sectors
4.4.3 India–Africa Investment Relations
4.4.3.1 The Curious Case of Mauritius
4.4.3.2 Estimating African FDI Flows to India
4.4.3.3 Estimating Indian FDI Flows to Africa
4.4.3.4 Comparing India’s FDI Stock in Africa with Other External Investors
4.4.3.5 Regional Distribution of Indian FDI in Africa
4.4.3.6 Sectoral Distribution of Indian FDI in Africa
4.4.4 The Impact of India’s Foreign Economic Policy Towards Africa
4.4.4.1 Facilitating Exports and Investment in Africa: Successes and Shortcomings
4.4.4.2 LOCs: Success and Untapped Potential
4.4.4.3 India’s Primary-Commodity Imports from Africa: Crucial, but Lower Than Predicted
4.5 Summarising India’s Foreign Economic Policy Towards Africa
4.5.1 Main Influences
4.5.2 Actor Dimension
4.5.3 Instrumental Dimension
4.5.4 Institutional Dimension
4.5.5 Geographical Dimension
4.5.6 Outcome Dimension
4.5.7 Normative Dimension
4.5.8 Feedback Dimension
References
5 Development Cooperation Policy vis-à-vis Africa
5.1 Legacy and Principles of India’s Development Cooperation Policy
5.2 Instruments
5.2.1 Capacity Building
5.2.2 Grants
5.2.3 Contributions to International Organisations
5.2.4 Lines of Credit, Trade and Investment as Instruments of Development Cooperation Policy?
5.2.4.1 The ‘Aid’ Aspect of Lines of Credit and South–South Cooperation
5.2.4.2 Overall Trade Pattern and Indian Imports from LDCs
5.2.4.3 Trade and Investment in the Health Sector
5.2.4.4 Trade and Investment in the Agricultural Sector
5.2.5 India’s Development Cooperation as ODA
5.3 The Polity of India’s Development Cooperation Policy vis-à-vis Africa
5.3.1 Agenda-Setting, Framing and Formulating
5.3.2 Decision-Making
5.3.3 Cooperation, Coordination and Conflict Inside Government: Establishing the Development Partnership Administration
5.3.4 Implementation and Other Actors
5.4 Summarising India’s Development Cooperation Policy vis-à-vis Africa
5.4.1 Main Influences
5.4.2 Actor Dimension
5.4.3 Instrumental Dimension
5.4.4 Institutional Dimension
5.4.5 Geographical Dimension
5.4.6 Outcome Dimension
5.4.7 Normative Dimension
5.4.8 Feedback Dimension
References
6 Politico-Diplomatic Foreign and Security Policy vis-à-vis Africa
6.1 High-Level Diplomacy and Diplomatic Capacity
6.1.1 Indian Prime Ministers in Africa Since 1991
6.1.2 High-Level Travel Diplomacy Towards Africa During the Modi Administration
6.1.3 India’s Diplomatic Capacity
6.1.4 African Visits to and Diplomatic Presence in India
6.2 Security Policy vis-à-vis Africa
6.2.1 Africa and the Indian Ocean Region in India’s Maritime Security Strategy
6.2.2 India’s Security Ties with African Countries
6.2.3 Peacekeeping
6.2.3.1 India and UN Peacekeeping Operations
6.2.3.2 India’s Engagement in UN Peacekeeping Operations on African Soil
6.2.3.3 The Rationale Behind India’s Engagement
6.2.3.4 Challenges
6.3 Diaspora Policy vis-à-vis Africa
6.3.1 The Indian Diaspora in Africa
6.3.2 India’s Diaspora Policy Between Dissociation and Association
6.4 Engaging Africa in and via Multilateral Fora
6.4.1 India, Africa and International Trade Policy
6.4.2 India, Africa and International Climate Policy
6.4.3 New Clubs: BRICS, IBSA and India’s Africa Policy
6.4.4 India’s Regional Diplomacy Towards Africa: The African Union and the India–Africa Forum Summits
6.4.4.1 The African Union and Its Role in the IAFS Process
6.4.4.2 The Significance of the Forum Summits for India’s Africa Policy
6.5 The Polity of India’s Politico-Diplomatic Foreign and Security Policy vis-à-vis Africa
6.5.1 Prime Minister and Prime Minister’s Office
6.5.2 Union Ministries: Cooperation, Coordination and Conflict
6.5.3 Implementation and Other Actors
6.6 Summarising India’s Politico-Diplomatic Foreign and Security Policy vis-à-vis Africa
6.6.1 Main Influences
6.6.2 Actor Dimension
6.6.3 Instrumental Dimension
6.6.4 Institutional Dimension
6.6.5 Geographical Dimension
6.6.6 Outcome Dimension
6.6.7 Normative Dimension
6.6.8 Feedback Dimension
References
7 The Matrix of India’s Africa Policy
7.1 Main Influences on India’s Africa Policy
7.2 Actor Dimension
7.3 Instrumental Dimension
7.4 Institutional Dimension
7.5 Geographical Dimension
7.6 Outcome Dimension
7.7 Normative Dimension
7.8 Feedback Dimension
References
8 Conclusion
References
Appendices
Appendix A: Foreign Economic Policy Towards Africa
Appendix B: Development Cooperation Policy Vis-à-Vis Africa
Appendix C: Politico-Diplomatic Foreign and Security Policy vis-à-vis Africa
References
Index
