Incidental Findings in Neuroimaging and Their Management: A Guide for Radiologists, Neurosurgeons, and Neurologists

Incidental Findings in Neuroimaging and Their Management
Title Page
Copyright
Contents
Preface
Contributors
Section I Normal Variants
1. Persistent Primitive Trigeminal Artery
1.1 Case Presentation
1.1.1 History and Physical Examination
1.2 Differential Diagnosis
1.3 Diagnostic Pearls and Pitfalls
1.4 Essential Information about Persistent Primitive Trigeminal Arteries
2. Arachnoid Granulations
2.1 Case Presentation
2.1.1 History and Physical Examination
2.1.2 Imaging Findings and Impression
2.2 Differential Diagnosis
2.3 Diagnostic Pearls and Pitfalls
2.4 Essential Information about Arachnoid Granulations
2.5 Companion Case
2.5.1 History and Physical Examination
3. Asymmetry of the Lateral Ventricles
3.1 Case Presentation
3.1.1 History and Physical Examination
3.1.2 Imaging Findings and Impression
3.2 Differential Diagnosis
3.3 Diagnostic Pearls
3.4 Essential Information about Asymmetric Lateral Ventricles
3.5 Companion Case
3.5.1 History and Physical Examination
3.5.2 Imaging Findings and Impression
4. Basal Ganglia/Dentate Nuclei Mineralization
4.1 Case Presentation
4.1.1 History and Physical Examination
4.1.2 Imaging Findings and Impression
4.2 Differential Diagnosis
4.3 Diagnostic Pearls
4.4 Essential Information about Basal Ganglia Mineralization
4.5 Companion Case
4.5.1 History and Physical Examination
4.5.2 Imaging Findings and Impression
5. Cavum Septum Pellucidum
5.1 Case Presentation
5.1.1 History and Physical Examination
5.1.2 Imaging Findings and Impression
5.2 Differential Diagnosis
5.3 Diagnostic Pearls
5.4 Essential Information about Cavum Septum Pellucidum
5.5 Companion Cases
5.5.1 Companion Case 1
5.5.2 Companion Case 2
6. Choroid Fissure Cyst
6.1 Case Presentation
6.1.1 History and Physical Examination
6.1.2 Imaging Findings and Impression
6.2 Differential Diagnosis
6.3 Diagnostic Pearls
6.4 Essential Information about Choroid Fissure Cyst
7. Empty Sella Configuration
7.1 Case Presentation
7.1.1 History and Physical Examination
7.1.2 Imaging Findings and Impression
7.2 Differential Diagnosis
7.3 Diagnostic Pearls
7.4 Essential Information about Empty Sella
8. High-Riding Jugular Bulb
8.1 Case Presentation
8.1.1 History and Physical Examination
8.1.2 Imaging Findings and Impression
8.2 Differential Diagnosis
8.3 Diagnostic Pearls
8.4 Pitfalls
8.5 Essential Information about High-Riding Jugular Bulb
8.6 Companion Case
8.6.1 History and Physical Examination
8.6.2 Imaging Findings and Impression
9. Hyperostosis Frontalis Interna
9.1 Case Presentation
9.1.1 History and Physical Examination
9.1.2 Imaging Findings and Impression
9.2 Differential Diagnosis
9.3 Diagnostic Pearls
9.4 Essential Information about Hyperostosis Frontalis Interna
9.5 Companion Case
9.5.1 History and Physical Examination
9.5.2 Imaging Findings and Impression
10. Prominent Perivascular Space
10.1 Case Presentation
10.1.1 History and Physical Examination
10.1.2 Imaging Findings and Impression
10.2 Differential Diagnosis
10.3 Diagnostic Pearls
10.4 Pitfalls
10.5 Essential Information about Prominent Perivascular Space
10.6 Companion Case
10.6.1 Imaging Findings and Impression
11. Simple Pineal Cyst
11.1 Case Presentation
11.1.1 History and Physical Examination
11.1.2 Imaging Findings and Impression
11.2 Differential Diagnosis
11.3 Diagnostic Pearls
11.4 Essential Information about Simple Pineal Cyst
11.5 Companion Case
11.5.1 History and Physical Examination
11.5.2 Imaging Findings and Impression
Section II Intracranial Incidental Findings
12. Diffuse White Matter Hyperintensities
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Case Presentation
12.2.1 History
12.3 Imaging Analysis
12.3.1 Imaging Findings and impression
12.3.2 Additional Imaging Recommended
12.4 Clinical Evaluation
12.4.1 Neurologist History and Physical Examination
12.4.2 Recommended Additional Testing
12.4.3 2015 MAGNIMS Standardized Brain and Spine MRI Protocol
12.4.4 Results of Additional Testing
12.4.5 Clinical Impression
12.4.6 Management Decision in This Case
12.5 Differential Diagnosis of White Matter Lesions
12.6 Diagnostic Imaging Pearls
12.7 Clinical and Diagnostic Imaging Pitfalls
12.8 Companion Cases
12.8.1 Companion Case 1
12.8.2 Companion Case 2
12.8.3 Companion Case 3
12.9 Clinical and Diagnostic Imaging Pearls: "MS-Like lesions" versus Hypoxic-Ischemic Lesions
12.10 Essential Information about Leukoaraiosis ("Age-Related" White Matter Changes and Small-Vessel Ischemic Disease)
12.11 Clinical Questions and Answers with a Neurologist about Radiologically Isolated Syndrome
12.12 Key Point Summary
13. Brain Capillary Telangiectasias
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Case Presentation
13.3 Imaging Analysis
13.3.1 Imaging Findings
13.4 Clinical Evaluation and Management
13.5 Differential Diagnosis
13.6 Diagnostic Imaging Pearls
13.7 Essential Facts about BCTs
13.8 Companion Cases
13.8.1 Companion Case 1: Breast Cancer Metastases
13.8.2 Companion Case 2: Recent (Subacute) Pontine Infarct
13.8.3 Companion Case 3: Active Pontine Demyelination
13.8.4 Companion Case 4: CLIPPERS (Chronic Lymphocytic Inflammation with Pontine Perivascular Enhancement Responsive to Steroids)
13.8.5 Companion Case 5: Capillary Telangiectasia
13.9 Questions and Answers
13.10 Key Point Summary
14. Developmental Venous Anomaly
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Case Presentation
14.3 Imaging Analysis
14.3.1 Imaging Findings
14.3.2 Impression
14.4 Clinical Evaluation
14.5 Differential Diagnosis
14.5.1 Diagnostic Imaging and Clinical Pearls
14.6 Essential Imaging Facts about DVAs
14.7 Companion Cases
14.7.1 Companion Case 1
14.7.2 Companion Case 2
14.8 Questions and Answers
14.9 Key Point Summary
15. Cerebral Cavernous Malformations
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Case Presentation
15.3 Imaging Analysis
15.3.1 Imaging Findings
15.3.2 Additional Imaging
15.3.3 Imaging Findings
15.3.4 Impression
15.4 Differential Diagnosis
15.5 Diagnostic Imaging Pearls
15.6 Clinical Evaluation and Management
15.6.1 Neurosurgical Evaluation
15.6.2 Essential Diagnostic Imaging Information Regarding Cavernous Malformations
15.7 Companion Cases
15.7.1 Companion Cases 1 and 2: Diffuse Axonal Injury
15.7.2 Companion Case 3: Amyloid Angiopathy
15.7.3 Companion Case 4: Hemorrhagic Metastatic Disease
15.7.4 Companion Case: Classic "Popcorn" Appearance of CCM
15.8 Neurosurgery Questions and Answers
15.9 Key Point Summary
16. Colloid Cyst
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Case presentation
16.2.1 Clinical History
16.3 Imaging Analysis
16.3.1 Imaging Findings
16.3.2 Additional Imaging Performed
16.4 Clinical Evaluation
16.4.1 Neurosurgery Evaluation
16.4.2 Clinical Management
16.5 Differential Diagnosis for Masses in the Region of the Foramen of Monro
16.6 Pearls and Pitfalls
16.7 Essential Facts about Colloid Cysts
16.7.1 Key Components of the Radiologist's Report
16.7.2 Imaging Features of Colloid Cysts
16.7.3 Third Ventricular "Risk" Zones
16.8 Companion Cases
16.8.1 Companion Cases Demonstrating Variable Appearances of Third Ventricular Colloid Cysts
16.8.2 Companion Cases of Entities Which May Mimic Third Ventricular Colloid Cysts
16.9 Neurosurgery Questions and Answers
17. Arachnoid Cysts
17.1 Case Presentation
17.1.1 History and Physical Examination
17.2 Imaging Analysis
17.2.1 Imaging Findings and Impression
17.2.2 Imaging Guidelines
17.3 Clinical Evaluation and Management
17.4 Differential Diagnosis
17.5 Diagnostic Pearls
17.6 Essential information about arachnoid cysts
17.6.1 Etiology
17.6.2 Galassi Classification
17.7 Companion Case
17.7.1 History
17.7.2 Imaging Findings and Impression
17.7.3 Neurosurgical Consultation
17.8 Neurosurgery Questions and Answers
18. Mega Cisterna Magna
18.1 Case Presentation
18.1.1 History
18.2 Imaging Analysis
18.2.1 Imaging Findings and Impression
18.3 Differential Diagnosis
18.4 Diagnostic Pearls
18.5 Essential Information about Mega Cisterna Magna
18.6 Companion Case
18.7 Neurosurgery Questions and Answers
19. Benign Enlargement of Subarachnoid Spaces
19.1 Case Presentation
19.1.1 History
19.2 Imaging Analysis
19.2.1 Imaging Findings and Impression
19.3 Differential Diagnosis
19.4 Diagnostic Pearls
19.5 Essential information about Benign Enlargement of Subarachnoid Spaces
19.6 Companion Case
19.6.1 Benign Enlargement of Subarachnoid Spaces versus Chronic Subdural Hematomas
19.7 Neurosurgery Questions and Answers
20. Pituitary Incidentaloma and Incidental Silent Macroadenoma
20.1 Pituitary Incidentaloma
20.1.1 Introduction
20.1.2 Case Presentation
20.1.3 Imaging Analysis
20.1.4 Clinical Evaluation
20.1.5 Imaging Differential Diagnosis of Intrasellar Lesions
20.1.6 Diagnostic Imaging Pearls
20.1.7 Diagnostic Imaging Pitfalls: Artifacts and "Overcalls"
20.1.8 Additional Information Regarding Pituitary Lesion Imaging
20.1.9 Companion Cases
20.2 Incidental Silent Macroadenoma
20.2.1 Introduction
20.2.2 Case Presentation
20.2.3 Imaging Analysis
20.2.4 Clinical Evaluation
20.2.5 Differential Diagnosis of Sellar/Parasellar Masses
20.2.6 Diagnostic Imaging and Clinical Pearls and Pitfalls
20.2.7 Companion Case
20.2.8 Neurosurgery and Endocrinology Questions and Answers
20.3 Key Point Summary
21. Pituitary Gland: Diffuse Enlargement
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Case Presentation
21.2.1 History
21.3 Imaging Analysis
21.3.1 Imaging Findings and Impression
21.3.2 Additional Imaging Recommended
21.4 Clinical Evaluation
21.4.1 Endocrinologist Evaluation
21.4.2 Recommended Laboratory Testing and Results
21.4.3 Clinical Impression
21.4.4 Recommendations
21.5 Differential Diagnosis of Diffuse Enlargement of the Pituitary Gland
21.6 Clinical and Diagnostic Imaging Pearls
21.7 Companion Cases
21.7.1 Companion Case 1
21.7.2 Companion Case 2
21.7.3 Companion Case 3
21.8 Neurosurgery and Endocrinology Questions and Answers
21.9 Key Point Summary
22. Incidental Glial Neoplasms
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Case Presentation
22.2.1 History and Physical Examination
22.2.2 Imaging Findings and Impression
22.2.3 Additional Imaging
22.3 Clinical Evaluation
22.3.1 Clinical Impression and Management
22.4 Differential Diagnosis
22.5 Clinical and Diagnostic Imaging Pearls and Pitfalls
22.6 Essential Facts about Gliomas
22.7 Clinical Relevance of Genomic Alterations and Correlation with Conventional and Advanced Imaging Techniques
22.7.1 Isocitrate Dehydrogenase Mutations in Gliomas
22.7.2 1p19q Codeletion, IDH Mutated ("Oligodendroglioma Phenotype")
22.7.3 ATRX Mutated, 1p19q Intact, IDH Mutated ("Diffuse Astrocytoma Phenotype")
22.7.4 IDH-Mutated GBM ("Secondary GBM Phenotype")
22.7.5 IDHwt GBM ("Primary GBM Phenotype")
22.7.6 MGMT promoter methylation
22.8 Companion Case
22.8.1 History and Physical Examination
22.8.2 Imaging Analysis
22.8.3 Clinical Evaluation
22.9 Neurosurgery Questions and Answers
22.10 Key Point Summary
23. Incidental Meningioma
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Case Presentation
23.2.1 History and Physical Examination
23.2.2 Imaging Findings
23.2.3 Additional Tests to Consider
23.3 Neurosurgical Consultation
23.4 Differential Diagnosis of Dural Based Masses
23.5 Diagnostic Pearls and Pitfalls
23.6 Companion Case
23.6.1 History
23.6.2 Imaging Description and Impression
23.6.3 Neurosurgery Consultation
23.7 Neurosurgery Questions and Answers
23.8 Key Point Summary
Section III Head and Neck-Associated Incidental Findings
24. Head and Neck-Related Incidental Findings
24.1 Parotid Mass
24.1.1 Case Presentation
24.1.2 Clinical Evaluation
24.1.3 Differential Diagnosis
24.1.4 Clinical and Diagnostic Imaging Pearls and Pitfalls
24.1.5 Essential Facts
24.2 Thyroglossal Duct Cyst
24.2.1 Case Presentation
24.2.2 Clinical Evaluation
24.2.3 Differential Diagnosis
24.2.4 Imaging Pearls and Pitfalls
24.2.5 Essential Facts
24.3 Prominent Nasopharyngeal Soft Tissue
24.3.1 Case Presentation
24.3.2 Clinical Management
24.3.3 Differential Diagnosis
24.3.4 Imaging Pearls and Pitfalls
24.3.5 Essential Facts
24.4 Incidental Enlarged Lymph Node
24.4.1 Case Presentation
24.4.2 Clinical Management
24.4.3 Differential Diagnosis
24.4.4 Imaging Pearls and Pitfalls
24.4.5 Essential Facts
24.5 Key Point Summary
Section IV Spinal Incidental Findings
25. Os Odontoideum
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Case Presentation
25.2.1 History and Physical Examination
25.2.2 Imaging Findings and Impression
25.2.3 Additional Imaging to Be Considered for Further Evaluation
25.3 Clinical Evaluation
25.4 Differential Diagnosis
25.5 Clinical and Diagnostic Imaging Pearls
25.6 Essential Information about the Os Odontoideum
25.6.1 Embryology of C2 and Its Odontoid Process
25.6.2 Os Odontoideum: Classification Schemes
25.6.3 Controversial Etiology
25.7 Companion Cases
25.7.1 Case 1: Type 2 Odontoid Fracture
25.7.2 Case 2: Chronic Odontoid Fracture with Nonunion
25.7.3 Case 3: Os Terminale Persistens
25.7.4 Case 4: Os Odontoideum versus Large Os Terminale
25.7.5 Case 5: Os Odontoideum
25.7.6 Case 6: Massive "Os Odontoideum"
25.7.7 Case 7: Basilar Process Mimicking a Condylus Tertius
25.7.8 Case 8: Dystrophic Ossification in the Region of the Dens
25.8 Neurosurgery Questions and Answers
25.9 Key Point Summary
26. Tarlov's Cyst
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Case Presentation
26.2.1 History and Physical Examination
26.2.2 Imaging Analysis
26.3 Clinical Evaluation
26.4 Differential Diagnosis
26.5 Diagnostic Pearls
26.6 Essential Information about Spinal Meningeal Cysts
26.7 Companion Case
26.7.1 History and Physical Examination
26.7.2 Imaging Analysis
26.7.3 Clinical Evaluation
26.8 Neurosurgery Questions and Answers
27. Approach to the Solitary Vertebral Lesion on Magnetic Resonance Imaging
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Case Presentation
27.2.1 History and Physical Examination
27.2.2 Imaging Analysis
27.3 Recommended Management
27.4 Differential Diagnosis for a Focal Vertebral Lesion on MRI That Is Hyperintense T1-Weighted Images
27.5 Clinical and Diagnostic Imaging Pearls: An Approach to the Solitary Vertebral Lesion Detected Incidentally on MRI
27.6 Essential Facts about Hemangiomas
27.6.1 Demographics
27.6.2 Imaging Appearance
27.7 Companion Cases
27.7.1 Companion Case 1: Typical Hemangioma
27.7.2 Companion Case 2: Aggressive Hemangioma
27.7.3 Companion Case 3: Intraosseous lipoma
27.7.4 Companion Case 4: Atypical Hemangioma
27.7.5 Companion Case 5: Focal Red Marrow
27.7.6 Companion Case 6: Appearance of a Typical Hemangioma on Fat-Suppressed T2W Images
28. Diffusely Abnormal Marrow Signal within the Vertebrae on MRI
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Diffuse Abnormal Marrow: Normal Variant
28.2.1 Case Presentation
28.2.2 Imaging Findings and Impression
28.2.3 Additional Testing Options
28.2.4 Clinical Evaluation
28.2.5 Differential Diagnosis of Diffuse, Heterogeneous Marrow Signal
28.2.6 Essential Information regarding Bone Marrow Signal on MRI
28.2.7 Pearls and Pitfalls in Interpretation of Bone Marrow Signal on MRI
28.2.8 Companion Case: Examples of Adult Normal Bone Marrow on MRI
28.3 Diffuse Bone Marrow Signal Abnormality: Hairy Cell Leukemia
28.3.1 Case Presentation
28.3.2 Imaging Findings and Impression
28.3.3 Clinical Evaluation
28.3.4 Differential Diagnosis of the Most Common Causes of Diffuse Abnormality of the Bone Marrow Signal (Hypointense on T1WIs)
28.3.5 Essential Information regarding Hairy Cell Leukemia
28.4 Multiple Myeloma
28.4.1 Case Presentation
28.4.2 Imaging Findings
28.4.3 Clinical Evaluation
28.4.4 Differential Diagnosis of Multifocal Vertebral Lesions
28.4.5 Pearls and Pitfalls of Imaging Interpretation in Multiple Myeloma
28.4.6 Essential Clinical and Imaging Information Regarding Multiple Myeloma
29. Filum Terminale Lipoma
29.1 Case Presentation
29.1.1 History
29.2 Imaging Analysis
29.3 Differential Diagnosis
29.4 Diagnostic Pearls
29.5 Essential Information about Filum Terminale Lipoma
29.6 Neurosurgery Questions and Answers
30. Ventriculus Terminalis
30.1 Case Presentation
30.2 Imaging Analysis
30.3 Differential Diagnosis
30.4 Diagnostic Pearls
30.5 Essential Information about Ventriculus Terminalis
30.5.1 Etiology
30.5.2 Imaging Pitfalls
30.5.3 Follow-up
30.6 Neurosurgery Questions and Answers
31. Prominent Central Canal
31.1 Case Presentation
31.2 Imaging Analysis
31.3 Differential Diagnosis
31.4 Diagnostic Pearls
31.5 Essential Information about Prominent Central Canal
31.5.1 Etiology
31.5.2 Imaging Pitfalls
31.5.3 Follow-up
31.6 Neurosurgery Questions and Answers
32. Low-Lying Conus
32.1 Case Presentation
32.2 Imaging Analysis
32.3 Differential Diagnosis
32.4 Imaging Pearls
32.5 Essential Information about Low-Lying Conus
32.5.1 Etiology
32.5.2 Imaging Pitfalls
32.5.3 Follow-up
32.6 Neurosurgery Questions and Answers
33. Incidental Solitary Sclerotic Bone Lesion
33.1 Introduction
33.2 Case Presentation
33.3 Imaging Analysis
33.4 Clinical Evaluation and Management
33.5 Imaging Differential Diagnosis
33.6 Distinguishing a Bone Island from a Solitary Sclerotic Metastasis: Diagnostic Imaging Pearls
33.7 Clinical Pearls
33.8 Essential Information about Bone Islands
33.9 Companion Cases
33.9.1 Case 1: Typical Bone Island on CT and MRI
33.9.2 Case 2: Solitary Prostate Cancer Metastasis
33.9.3 Case 3: Benign Notochordal Cell Tumor
33.10 Key Point Summary
Section V Extraspinal Incidental Findings
34. Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
34.1 Case 1
34.1.1 History
34.1.2 Imaging Findings
34.1.3 Impression
34.1.4 Additional Testing Needed and Rationale
34.1.5 Management Decision
34.2 Case 2
34.2.1 History
34.2.2 Imaging Findings
34.2.3 Impression
34.2.4 Additional Evaluation Needed and Rationale
34.2.5 Management Decision
34.3 Differential Diagnosis
34.4 Diagnostic Imaging Pearls and Pitfalls
34.5 Essential Additional Information about Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms
34.6 Key Point Summary
35. Renal Mass
35.1 Case 1
35.1.1 Imaging Impression
35.1.2 Diagnostic Testing Needed
35.1.3 Imaging Interpretation
35.2 Case 2
35.2.1 Imaging Impression
35.2.2 Additional Testing Needed
35.2.3 Imaging Interpretation
35.3 Differential Diagnosis
35.4 Diagnostic Pitfalls and Pearls
35.5 Essential Facts about Renal Masses Detected Incidentally on MRI
36. Renal Cyst
36.1 Case Presentation
36.2 Diagnostic Testing Needed
36.3 Imaging Diagnosis
36.4 Diagnostic Pitfalls and Pearls
36.5 Management of Incidentally Identified Renal Cysts by MR Imaging
37. Thyroid Mass
37.1 Case 1
37.1.1 Imaging Impression
37.1.2 Additional Testing Needed: Thyroid Ultrasound
37.1.3 Imaging Interpretation
37.2 Case 2
37.2.1 Imaging Impression
37.2.2 Additional Testing Needed
37.2.3 Imaging Impression
37.3 Diagnostic Pearls and Pitfalls
37.4 Essential Facts about Thyroid Nodules Detected Incidentally on MRI
38. Adrenal Mass
38.1 Case 1
38.1.1 Imaging Impression
38.1.2 Additional Testing Needed
38.1.3 Imaging Impression
38.2 Case 2
38.2.1 Imaging Impression
38.2.2 Additional Testing Needed
38.2.3 Imaging Impression
38.3 Case 3
38.3.1 Imaging Impression
38.4 Diagnostic Pearls and Pitfalls
38.5 Essential Facts about Adrenal Incidentalomas Detected on MRI
38.6 Key Point Summary
39. Retroperitoneal Lymph Nodes
39.1 Case 1
39.1.1 History
39.1.2 Most Likely Imaging Diagnosis for Case 1
39.2 Case 2
39.2.1 History
39.2.2 Most Likely Imaging Diagnosis for Case 2
39.3 Differential Considerations and Diagnostic Checklist
39.4 Additional Essential Information Regarding Incidentally Detected"Lymphadenopathy"
39.4.1 Definitions and Key Facts
39.4.2 Imaging and Workup
39.5 Key Point Summary
40. Incidental Pelvic Mass
40.1 Case Presentation
40.2 Imaging Findings and Impression
40.2.1 Additional Testing Needed
40.2.2 Pelvic Ultrasound Findings and Impression
40.3 Essential Information regarding Ovarian Serous Cystadenomas
40.4 Essential Information about Incidental Pelvic Masses Detected on Lumbosacral MRI or CT
40.5 Key Point Summary
Section VI Artifacts That May Obscure Pathology and Simulate Disease Entities
41. Computed Tomography Artifacts
41.1 Computed Tomography Angiography
41.1.1 Case Presentation: CTA Artifacts Mimicking Carotid Artery Dissection
41.1.2 Companion Cases
41.1.3 Case Presentation: CTA Artifact Mimicking Partial Basilar Artery Thrombosis
41.2 Beam Hardening Artifact Mimics a Brain Tumor
41.3 Ring Detector Artifact Simulates a Mass in the Basal Ganglia
42. MRI Patient-Related Motion Artifacts
42.1 Cerebrospinal Fluid Flow Artifacts
42.1.1 Case Presentation
42.1.2 Differential Diagnosis
42.1.3 Differential Diagnostic Pearls and Pitfalls
42.1.4 Artifact Problem-Solving: Additional Evaluation Recommended in Difficult Cases
42.1.5 Essential Information:
42.1.6 Companion Case
42.2 Pulsatile Motion Artifact
42.2.1 Case Presentation
42.2.2 Artifact Problem-Solving: Additional Evaluation or Sequence Modifications Recommended in Difficult Cases
42.2.3 Essential Information: Motion Artifact on MRI Creating Pseudo-Lesions
42.2.4 Companion Case
42.3 Slow Flow in Vessels Creating Artifactson MRI
42.3.1 Case Presentation
42.3.2 Differential Diagnostic Pearls
42.3.3 Artifact Problem-Solving: Additional Evaluation to Consider in Difficult Cases
42.3.4 Essential Facts: Artifacts Produced by Flowing Blood on MRI
42.3.5 Companion Cases
42.4 Random Patient Motion
42.4.1 Case Presentation
43. Magnetic Susceptibility-Related Artifacts on MRI
43.1 General Magnetic Susceptibility-Related Artifacts
43.1.1 Case 1 Presentation
43.1.2 Imaging Findings
43.1.3 Essential Facts about Magnetic Susceptibility Artifacts in MR Imaging
43.1.4 Companion Cases
43.2 Vascular Stent Artifacts
43.2.1 History
43.2.2 Imaging Findings
43.2.3 Differential Diagnosis
43.2.4 Imaging Impression
43.2.5 Essential Information regarding Stent-Related Artifacts
43.2.6 Common Artifactual Phenomenon Simulating Abnormalities on 2D TOF MRA
43.2.7 Companion Cases
44. MRI Technical and Sequence-Specific Artifacts
44.1 Pulse Sequence-Specific Artifacts: FLAIR
44.1.1 Case 1 Presentation
44.1.2 Imaging Findings
44.1.3 Differential Diagnosis of Subarachnoid FLAIR Hyperintensity
44.1.4 Pearls and Pitfalls of FLAIR Imaging
44.1.5 Essential Facts about FLAIR Imaging
44.1.6 Companion Cases
44.1.7 Case 2 Presentation
44.1.8 Imaging Findings
44.1.9 Differential Diagnosis
44.1.10 Essential Information regarding the T1W-FLAIR Sequence
44.1.11 Companion Case
44.2 Hardware/Room-Related MR Artifacts
44.2.1 Case 1 Presentation
44.2.2 Imaging Findings
44.2.3 Companion Case 1
44.2.4 Companion Case 2
44.2.5 Imaging Findings
44.3 Nonspecific Pulse Sequence Technical Artifacts: Wraparound Artifact with and without the Use of Parallel Imaging Techniques
44.3.1 Case 1 Presentation
44.3.2 Imaging Findings
44.3.3 Essential Information regarding Wraparound Artifact
44.3.4 Companion Case
44.3.5 Imaging Findings
44.3.6 Essential Information about Parallel Imaging and Reconstruction Artifacts
44.3.7 Companion Case 1
44.3.8 Companion Case 2
Index