Cover
Title Page
Copyright page
Contents Page
Preface
Irving Finkel and St John Simpson
J.E. Reade: a bibliography of works (1963-2020)
PART ONE
Mesopotamia
The Mesopotamia curator: Julian being helpful
Daesh granaries and Palaeolithic Nineveh
Massimo Vidale, Stefania Berlioz, Rwaed Al-Lyla and Ammar Abbo Al-Araj
Figure 1. Satellite image of the Nineveh walled compound, showing the location of 10 of the 11 underground storage facilities or granaries excavated by Daesh between August 2015 and November 2016, destroying tens of thousands of cubic m of archaeological
Figure 2. Nineveh north area. A view of the rectangular trench singled out as B in Figure 1, in the course of being filled by trash, looking north-west. The Palaeolithic industry is scattered in the floor and around the edges of this and other two enormou
Figure 3. Nineveh north area. Near the local granaries a family lives on top of a thick bank of conglomerate outcropping from the plain (photograph: M. Vidale)
Figure 4. Inventory of the small collection of lithics found in November 2018 near the granaries of Figures 1–2
Figure 6. Drawings of possible Lower Palaeolithic artifacts collected in the study area: see Figure 5 (M. Vidale)
Figure 5. Possible Lower Palaeolithic artifacts collected in the study area (M. Vidale). 5, 1: Pebble core or ‘chopper’ in grey chert, with darker bands. Reduced with three blows on a single side; the resulting edge shows evident traces left by strong imp
Figure 7. Middle Palaeolithic artifacts (window-chipped pebble and cores) collected in the study area (M. Vidale). 7,1: Window-chipped elongated pebble in a reddish jasper. Two blows, in the upper extremity, meet with a dihedral angle, c. 6 x 3.5 x 3 cm.
Figure 8. Middle Palaeolithic artefacts collected in the study area (M. Vidale). 8, 1: Flake core obtained from a flat pebble split in two, in fine grey chert. The flat platform thus obtained was repeatedly hit, without success, eventually detaching a sin
Figure 9. Drawing of a window-chipped pebble and cores ascribed to Middle Palaeolithic times (M. Vidale). Other drawings of lithic items. 9, 1 =Figure 7,1; 9,2 = Figure 8,1; 9,3 = Figure 7,2; 9, 4 = Figure 7, 3 and 4
Figure 10. Drawing of Middle Palaeolithic tools collected in the study area (M. Vidale). See Figure 8. 10, 1 = Figure 8,6; 10,2 = Figure 8,4; 10,3 = Figure 8, 5; Figure 10, 4 = Figure 8, 2; Figure 10, 5 = Figure 8, 8; Figure 10, 6 = Figure 8, 7; Figure 10
Figure 11. S. Berlioz, in front of the section of the granary trench, points out the layers where the Palaeolithic industry was detected (photograph: M. Vidale)
Figure 14. Two groups of potsherds noted near the Daesh granaries, in the round area emphasised in Figure 1. For comments see text
Figure 12. Detail showing a cortical flake still in situ in the section (it is the same large flake visible in Figure 13, on the right) (M. Vidale)
Figure 13. Chert flakes and flake fragments recovered from the section, in the layers indicated in Figure 10 (M. Vidale)
Ur, Lagash and the Gutians:
a study of late 3rd millennium BC Mesopotamian archaeology, texts and politics
Figure 1. The Ur Royal Cemetery: the 15 Lagash II period graves discussed are highlighted (after Woolley 1934: pl. 274)
Juris Zarins
Figure 2. The late Akkadian empire (after Sallaberger and Schrakamp 2015: 112, map 11)
Figure 3. The Greater Ancient Near East (after Pittman 1984: 6–7)
Figure 4. Western Central Asia (after Pittman 1984: 34)
Figure 5. Upper Mesopotamia and northern Syria, c. 2150 BC showing the region and towns affected by Gutian attacks
(after Kuzucuoglu and Marro eds 2007: appendix 2, map 2)
Figure 6. Incised, White-Filled Gray Ware from Tell Taya (after Reade 1973: pl. LXVII/c, d)
Figure 7. Plain Gray, Red, and Incised Gray Trumpet Foot Wares: 7.1, Adab (Wilson 2011: pl. 12/d, grave 3); 7.2, Eshnunna (Delougaz 1952: pl. 123/c, drawn from the published photograph); 7.3, Kish (Mackay 1925: pl. XIV/9, Burial 32); 7.4, Kish (Mackay 192
Figure 8. Gray Plain and Incised Trumpet Foot Wares: 8/1, Lagash (Parrot 1948: 293, fig. 61, combined with vessel profile from Nippur, McCown et al. 1967: pl. 92/12); 8.2, Kish (Mackay 1925: pl. XIV/8); 8.3, Kish (Mackay 1929: pl. LII/9 [photo pl. XLV/5])
Figure 9. Trumpet Foot Wares: 9.1, Ur (Woolley 1934: type 241); 9.2, Eshnunna (Delougaz 1952: 112, pl. 141); 9.3, UMH, A. 7115 (labelled as gypsum by Westenholz 2014: 280, with inscription); 9.4, Ur (Woolley 1934: type 240)
Figure 10. Bifacial Flint Projectile Points from Tepe Gawra, Levels VI-VII [Speiser 1935: 84-85 and pls. XXXVIII; LXXXI/2] (University Museum, University of Pennsylvania). Brak type: 10/1, 2. Leaf-Shaped: 10/3-4, 7-12. Nineveh type: 10/5-6. 10/1: [33-4-70
Figure 12. Bifacial Flint Projectile Points from Tell Mozan (Urkesh). (courtesy Rick Hauser). Brak type. 12/1: A. 10.5 [F23, K1]. 12/2: A.10q83.1 [F56, K5]
Figure 11. Bifacial Flint Projectile Points from Tell Brak (Mallowan 1947: 180–82, pl. 37; vicinity of Naram-Sin palace). [British Museum collections]. Brak type: 11/1–2, 6–11. Nineveh type: 11/5. Lidar type: 11/3–4. 11/1: [125819], 11/2: [125817/12-11-98
Figure 13. Bifacial Projectile Points from Adab (Oriental Institute, University of Chicago). (after Wilson 2011: pl. 98]. Brak type. 13/1: [A. 470], 13/2: [A. 303], 13/3: [A. 471]
Figure 14. Bifacial Flint Projectile Points from Tepe Billa. Brak type: 14/1-9. (Speiser 1935: 12–13; 1932/33). (University Museum, University of Pennsylvania). Level V. Brak type: 14/1-9. 14/1: [31-51-92c], 14/2: [32-20-524], 14/3: [31-52-572c], 14/4: [3
Figure 15. Bifacial Flint Projectile Points from Tell Asmar (Eshnunna). (Oriental Institute, University of Chicago). For the findspots, see Delougaz et al. 1967:218-261. Houses IVa/NP. Brak type 15/1-9. 15/1: [A. 8748]. 15/2: [A. 8750]. 156/3: [A. 8749].
Figure 16. Bifacial Flint Projectile Points from Ur (University Museum, University of Pennsylvania) (Woolley 1925: pl. XL; 1934: 304 (I), 227 (II); 1956: pls 12a, 13). Brak type 16/1-7. 16/1: [32-40-90], 16/2: 31-43-291/U.16739a], 16/3: B17604], 16/4: [33
Figure 17. Diverse Bifacial Flint Projectile Points from Altyn-Depe (from Skakun 2003: 148, fig. 2)
New light on an old game
Figure 3. Diagram to show the classic Egyptian board for Fifty-Eight Holes with modern reference numbers added. ‘Starting holes’ as shown here are only seldom included
I.L. Finkel
Figures 1-2. The type board for the Game of Fifth-Eight Holes, found at Thebes, with its unique set of pieces, The Metropolitan Museum, New York (after Carnarvon and Carter 1912: 220)
Figure 4. Diagram of crossover board 1
Figure 5. Crossover board 2, front and back (British Museum, 2003,1201.1).17
Figure 6. Route details in crossover board 2
Figure 7. Experimental ‘piece’ sizes deployed on crossover board 2
Figure 8. Route details in crossover board 3
Figure 9. Crossover board 4, front and back (National Museum of Afghanistan, 09.59.234)
Figure 10. Route details in crossover board 4
Figure 11. Crossover board 5 (British Museum, 1991,0720.1)
Figure 13. A game of Fifty-Eight Squares in progress under the name of iɜsb in the tomb of Baqet III at Beni Hassan (after Crist et al. 2016: 85)
Figure 12. Route details in Crossover Board 5
Figure 14. An Egyptian composite bow of the period of the Tushratta Amarna letters alongside with ‘half’ a contemporary board for Fifty Eight Holes from Megiddo
Figure 15. The board from Agashduzu (courtesy Walter Crist)
Figure 16. Drawing of the board from Agashduzu (the lower portion is not preserved)
Figure 17. The board from Gobustan (courtesy Walter Crist)
A Seleucid cult of Sumerian royal ancestors in Girsu
Figure 2. Superimposed plans of the so-called ‘palace of Adad-nādin-aḥḥē’ excavated by Ernest de Sarzec (in black) and Henri de Genouillac (red)
Figure 1. Fired clay brick stamped with the name of Adad-nādin-aḥḥē in Aramaic and Greek (D. Tagen, Tello/Girsu Archaeological Project, Iraq Scheme, The British Museum)
Sébastien Rey
Figure 3. 19th century photograph of the remains of Adad-nādin-aḥḥē’s building complex with Ernest de Sarzec in the background (Sarzec and Heuzey 1884-1912: pl. 49)
Figure 4. Old photograph taken during Ernest de Sarzec’s excavations showing in the foreground the so-called Gudea’s Gate (EFHI) rebuilt in the Seleucid period (Sarzec and Heuzey 1884-1912: pl. 50)
Figure 5. Detail of Hellenistic engaged semi-circular fired brick columns created by the re-use of Gudean column base fragments (Sarzec and Heuzey 1884-1912: pl. 49)
Figure 6. Detail of the so-called Adad-nādin-aḥḥē buttressed wall (Sarzec and Heuzey 1884-1912: pl. 53bis)
Figure 8. Superimposed plans of excavated remains by Ernest de Sarzec, Henri de Genouillac, and The British Museum in the so-called ‘mound of the palace’ (D. Auzina and E. Girotto, Tello/Girsu Archaeological Project, Iraq Scheme, The British Museum)
Figure 7. Detail of the Seleucid fired brick wall on top of Lagaš II temenos wall of the Eninnu temple (D. Tagen, Tello/Girsu Archaeological Project, Iraq Scheme, The British Museum)
Figure 9. Fired brick wall belonging to the Seleucid memorial shrine of Adad-nādin-aḥḥē with the remains of the Lagaš II inner sanctum of the Ningirsu temple in the background (D. Tagen, Tello/Girsu Archaeological Project, Iraq Scheme, The British Museum)
Figure 10. Detail of the plan of the renewed excavations in Tell A showing superimposed archaeological layers from the Early Dynastic period to Seleucid/Parthian times (D. Auzina and E. Girotto, Tello/Girsu Archaeological Project, Iraq Scheme, The British
Figure 11. Architectural remains of the Seleucid period in Tell A (D. Auzina and E. Girotto, Tello/Girsu Archaeological Project, Iraq Scheme, The British Museum)
Figure 12. Staircase with fired brick steps built against the mudbrick three-stepped platform (D. Tagen, Tello/Girsu Archaeological Project, Iraq Scheme, The British Museum)
Figure 13. In situ stamped brick of Adad-nādin-aḥḥē (D. Tagen, Tello/Girsu Archaeological Project, Iraq Scheme, The British Museum)
Figure 14. Seleucid foundation box containing four stamped Gudean bricks stacked on top of each other with the inscription facing up (D. Tagen, Tello/Girsu Archaeological Project, Iraq Scheme, The British Museum).
Figure 15. Seleucid diagnostic pottery from Tell A (A. Di Michele, Tello/Girsu Archaeological Project, Iraq Scheme, The British Museum)
Figure 16. Hellenistic ceremonial vessel with relief of human head (D. Tagen, Tello/Girsu Archaeological Project, Iraq Scheme, The British Museum)
Figure 19. Hellenistic ceremonial krater (D. Tagen, Tello/Girsu Archaeological Project, Iraq Scheme, The British Museum)
Figure 17. Votive jar with inscription in Aramaic (D. Tagen, Tello/Girsu Archaeological Project, Iraq Scheme, The British Museum)
Figure 20. Decorated krater from Tell A (F. Vardy, Tello/Girsu Archaeological Project, Iraq Scheme, The British Museum)
Figure 18. Aramaic inscription on potsherd from Tell A (F. Vardy, Tello/Girsu Archaeological Project, Iraq Scheme, The British Museum)
Figure 21. Seleucid and Parthian copper alloy coins from Tell A (F. Vardy, Tello/Girsu Archaeological Project, Iraq Scheme, The British Museum)
Figure 22. Copper alloy coin of Antiochus III with war elephant (D. Tagen, Tello/Girsu Archaeological Project, Iraq Scheme, The British Museum).
Figure 23. Hellenistic fired clay figurines from Tell A (F. Vardy, Tello/Girsu Archaeological Project, Iraq Scheme, The British Museum)
Figure 24. Head of a Seleucid fired clay female figurine (D. Tagen, Tello/Girsu Archaeological Project, Iraq Scheme, The British Museum)
Figure 26. Fired clay ‘horse and rider’ figurines from Tell A (F. Vardy, Tello/Girsu Archaeological Project, Iraq Scheme, The British Museum)
Figure 25. Fragmentary fired clay figurine of the Hellenistic period (D. Tagen, Tello/Girsu Archaeological Project, Iraq Scheme, The British Museum)
Figure 27. Fired clay Hellenistic rider with conical cap and long diadem (D. Tagen, Tello/Girsu Archaeological Project, Iraq Scheme, The British Museum)
Figure 28. Fragment of Seleucid elephant in clay (F. Vardy, Tello/Girsu Archaeological Project, Iraq Scheme, The British Museum)
Figure 29. Statue of Gudea, the ‘architect with a plan’ (Sarzec and Heuzey 1884-1912: pl. 18)
Figure 30. Antiochus I’s Cylinder of Borsippa (Trustees of the British Museum, 2019)
The sins of Nippur
Figure 1. John Punnett Peters (presumably 1888)
Aage Westenholz
Figure 2. A page from Peters’ Object Catalogue of the Second Expedition, 5th February 1890 (UPMAA_Nippur_10.06): the incantation bowl (no. 130), from Mound I, is now CBS 2923, published PBS III, no. 4
Figure 3. John Henry Haynes, 1876
Figure 4. Hilprecht at work in his University Museum office, around 1910
Figure 5. A page from Hilprecht’s Archäologische Funde, First Expedition, March 1, 1889 (UPMAA_Nippur_10.07): the jar at the top (no. 13), from Mound I, is now CBS 2908a
A royal chariot for Sargon II
Figure 1. Two bearers of the movable throne, gypseous alabaster, H 298 cm. Khorsabad, Courtyard I, Façade L, slab 27. Paris, Musée du Louvre, AO 19882 (=Nap 2882; LP 3506). © RMN-Grand Palais (musée du Louvre) / Mathieu Rabeau
Figure 2. Figure of a god, bronze; H 12 cm, L 2.6 cm. Khorsabad (?), acquired 1913. Paris, Musée du Louvre, AO 6517. © RMN-Grand Palais (musée du Louvre) / Mathieu Rabeau
Ariane Thomas
Figure 3. The king of Assyria on his movable throne, sketch on paper after a lost mural painting, H 158 cm, L 545 cm. Tell Ahmar, royal palace, Hall XXIV, north wall, panel i. Paris, Musée du Louvre, AO 25067 D. © Musée du Louvre, dist. RM N-Grand Palais
Figure 4. Assyrian gallery in the Louvre, photograph taken about 1935. Paris, Musée du Louvre, archives (the relief (Figure 1) can be seen at the far end of the room)
Figure 5. Sketch of Façade L in the state in which it was found and in a hypothetical reconstructed state (Botta and Flandin 1849: vol. I, pl. 9)
Figure 6. Sketch of the relief (Botta and Flandin 1849: vol. I, pl. 17)
Figure 7. The relief exhibited in the present-day Cour Khorsabad in the Louvre. © 2019 A. Thomas/Louvre
Figure 8. Advertisement, souvenir from the Paris Universal Exhibition of 1889
Figure 9. Views of the Paris Universal Exhibition of 1889, photographs of objects exhibited in section I, ‘Anthropology, ethnography, archaeology’. Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Société de Géographie department, SG W-15
Figure 10. Photograph of the reconstruction in similar materials of Sargon’s movable throne (Heuzey 1912: pl. XII)
The gods of Arbail
John MacGinnis
Figure 1. Topographic map of the Citadel of Erbil, showing the areas of higher elevations in the southwest and northeast (courtesy High Commission Erbil Citadel Revitalization: HCECR / UNESCO Comprehensive Survey of the Physical Condition of the Citadel)
Figure 2. The city of Arbail as depicted in a relief from the time of Ashurbanipal
Figure 3. Stele from Til Barsip depicting the goddess Ištar of Arbail
Figure 4. George Smith’s publication of the tākultu text K 252
Figure 5. Bronze disc from Zincirli depicting Ištar of Arbail (von Luschan 1893: 43, fig. 12)
Figure 8. The gods Kulittu and Ninattu as depicted at Yazilikaya (after Bittel 1975: pl. 57)
Figure 7. Cylinder seal showing Anzû in combat with Ninurta (BM 119426: courtesy Trustees of the British Museum)
Figure 6. Relief showing a city with a building on top, identified as a temple of Ištar by its column bases in the form of lions (BM 124938, courtesy Trustees of the British Museum)
Figure 9. Drawing by Layard of a relief of Tiglath-pileser III showing the removal of gods from a captured city (Layard Original Drawing = Layard 1849: pl. 65)
Figure 10. Bronze statuette of a god from the (otherwise unknown) Zagros polity of Iltirgazi which was looted and returned in antiquity (courtesy National Museum, Tehran)
The development of Neo-Assyrian narrative art: toward Assurbanipal’s Ulai river reliefs
Mogens Trolle Larsen
The harpist’s left hand: A detail from the ‘Banquet Scene’ of Assurbanipal in the North Palace at Nineveh
Figure 1. The ‘Banquet Scene’ of Assurbanipal, Nineveh, North Palace, Room S1, slab C, gypsum relief, W 139.7 cm (The British Museum, 1856.0909.5)
Irene J. Winter
Figure 2. Detail from the ‘Banquet Scene’, slab C (photograph by the author)
Figure 3. A drawing of a seal from the Royal Cemetery, Ur, mid-3rd millennium BC [Woolley 1934: 94, U. 12374] (after Seidl 2012)
Figure 4. Detail of horses and equestrian fittings from an Assurbanipal lion hunt relief (Barnett 1976)
Figure 3b. Detail of the shell plaque from the front of the Great Lyre from PG789, Ur (University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology B17694B)
The population of Nineveh
Figure 1. The best-preserved segment of the Neo-Assyrian occupational level above the ruined ‘New Palace’ at Assur; the circles around house numbers indicate houses with archives (adapted from Preusser 1954: pl. 9)
Simo Parpola
Table 1. Neo-Assyrian private houses included in the sample area
Table 2. Houses with archives
Table 3. House sizes
Table 4. Families listed in the Harran census
Table 5. Population estimates by British Intelligence for four Iraqi cities in 1917
Annihilating Assyria
St John Simpson
Figure 1. Scene of impalement on Band X (J) of the gate of Shalmaneser III from Balawat (British Museum, Rm. 1036 / 124656)
Figure 2. Human remains encountered during excavations of the Adad gate of Nineveh by the University of Mosul (after Sulaiman 1971)
Figure 3a-b. Defacement and amputation to Ashurbanipal and his queen on the ‘Banquet Scene’ relief of Ashurbanipal: note that the right arm of the king on this relief was amputated but replaced by 19th century restoration (British Museum, 1856,0909.53 / 1
Figure 4. Defacement and amputation of Sennacherib on the Lachish siege reliefs from Room XXXVI (OO) of the South-West Palace (British Museum, 1856,0909.14 / 124911)
Figure 5. ‘Broken Obelisk’ of Assur-bel-kala (British Museum, 1856,0909.59 / 118898)
Figure 6. Decapitated and mutilated statue of Ishtar (British Museum, 1856,0909.60 / 124963)
Figure 8. Stele of Ashurnasirpal II as reconstructed in one of Layard’s Original Drawings
Figure 9. Defaced stele of Shamshi-Adad V, H 1.95 m (British Museum, 1856,0909.63 / 118892)
Figure 10a-b. Upper portion of a double-side stele with defacement of the king’s face, H 25.5 cm (British Museum, 90985)
Figure 11. Kurkh stele, H 2.20 m (British Museum, 1863,0619.2 / 118884)
Figure 12. Deliberately broken fragment of stele of Adad-Nirari III: top, H 82.5 cm (British Museum, 1881,0721.1 / 131124), bottom: after Christie’s 2000: 134–35, lot 491
Figure 13. The ‘Black Obelisk’ placed upright (Layard Original Drawings VI, 444)
Figure 14. Detail of the ‘Black Obelisk’ showing defacement to the face of the king (British Museum (Mansell photograph 404)
Figure 15. Eunuch statue found at Nimrud (Layard Original Drawings I, 20)
Figure 16. Restoration of the heavily smashed ‘Rassam obelisk’, H 1.48 m (British Museum, 1856,0909.206 / 118800)
Figure 17. Lower half of a gold overlay which has been cut in two, H 2, W 1, Th 0.1 cm, wgt 1.85 g (British Museum, 1848,1104.304)
Figure 19. Detail showing the facial mutilation (British Museum, 1849,0502.15 / 124531)
Figure 18. Fragment of a glazed pot with impact point breaking the figure of the king in two (British Museum, 122083)
Figure 20. Detail showing the severed fingers (British Museum, 1849,0502.15 / 124531)
Figure 22. Detail showing the severed fingers of a genie (British Museum, 1849,0502.15 / 124531)
Figure 21. Detail showing the burning of the heart of the genie (British Museum, 1849,0502.15 / 124531)
Figure 23. Detail showing the destruction of the Ashur symbol (British Museum, 1849,0502.15 / 124531)
Figure 24. General view of the relief from behind the throne in Room B (British Museum, 1849,0502.15 / 124531)
Figure 25. Defacement and damage to the second relief from Room B in the North-West Palace (after Englund 2003: 49)
Figure 26. Relief of Ashurnasirpal II from Room G, North-West Palace, Nimrud. Gypsum, 243 x 217 cm (The State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, DV-3938; photograph © The State Hermitage Museum; photograph by Vladimir Terebenin)
Figure 27. Relief of Ashurnasirpal II probably from the ‘Central Building’, Nimrud. Gypsum, H 166.8, W 198.5, Th 16.2 cm (Bowdoin College Museum of Art, Brunswick, Maine, 1860.3: gift of Dr Henri Byron Haskell, Medical School Class of 1855, critical suppo
Figure 28. Elamite revenge on Assyrian soldiers (British Museum, 1851,0902.8c / 124801c)
Figure 29. Ashurbanipal and his chariot-driver are blinded (detail of Mansell photograph 520)
Figure 30. Destruction of Ashurbanipal’s lion hunt scenes (Layard Original Drawings V, 3)
Figure 31. The blind leading the blind (British Museum, 1856,0909.51 / 124886)
Figure 32. Defacement of the king, amputation of his left arm and breaking of his right hand (British Museum, 1856,0909.48 / 124875 detail)
Figure 33. Defacement undoes the king’s control over the lion (British Museum, 1856,0909.51 / 124886)
Figure 34. Defacement of a fossiliferous clay plaque from Tell Nebi Yunus (British Museum, 1879.0708.306 / 93011)
Figure 35. The extent of damage can be seen from this unsigned pencil drawing, possibly by Charles Hodder, of the enthroned Sennacherib at Lachish: the relief was reconstructed from 84 separate numbered fragments and the joins concealed by conservation (S
Figure 36. Only tiny scraps of gold remain from the excavations at Nimrud (British Museum, 1994,1105.1184)
Figure 37. Statue of an attendant god from the Temple of Nabu with inscription of Adad-Nirari III, H 183 cm (British Museum, 1856,0909.64 / 118888)
PART TWO
Foreign connections
J.E. Reade at Meroe
Bleached carnelian beads of the Indus Tradition, 3rd millennium BC: origins and variations
Figure 1. Bleached carnelian beads from Harappa, Pakistan, Harappa Phase, 2600–1900 BC
Figure 2. Bleached carnelian bead showing weathered lines, Balakot, Pakistan, Harappa Phase, 2600–1900 BC
J. Mark Kenoyer
Figure 3. Whitened glazed steatite beads, Harappa, Pakistan, Ravi Phase, >3800–2800 BC
Figure 4. Pecked carnelian beads and bead blank, Harappa, Pakistan, Ravi Phase, >3800–2800 BC
Figure 5. Pecked and stone drilled carnelian beads, some with whitened surfaces, Harappa, Pakistan, Harappa Phase, 2600–1900 BC
Figure 6. Stone beads with natural patterning and eye motifs, Mohenjo Daro, Pakistan, Harappa Phase, 2600–1900 BC
Figure 7. Faience and steatite beads with eye designs, a. faience, b. painted and fired steatite
Figure 9. Bleached carnelian beads, a. lenticular short barrel with single eye motif and wide white line, b. lenticular short barrel with fine white line, Harappa, Pakistan, Harappa Phase, 2600–1900 BC
Figure 10. Bleached carnelian bead with red dots in both the red orange and the white area, Harappa, Pakistan, Harappa Phase, 2600–1900 BC
Figure 8. Bleached carnelian beads, a. lenticular short barrel with single eye motif, b. lenticular long barrel with multiple chevron motif, Harappa, Pakistan, Harappa Phase, 2600–1900 BC
Figure 11. Bleached carnelian bead that has turned white with black lines, Allahdino, Pakistan, Harappa Phase, 2600–1900 BC
Figure 12. Experimental production of a common Harappan style bleached carnelian bead
Figure 13. SEM image of white and red orange portions of a bleached bead, surface collection, Harappa, Pakistan
Figure 14. SEM image of bleached carnelian bead, presumably from the Indus (private collection)
Figure 15. SEM-EDS of whitened area bead in Figure 14, showing traces of flux
Figure 16. SEM image of bleached carnelian bead, presumably from the Indus (private collection)
Iconographic evidence of Mesopotamian influence on Harappan ideology and its survival in the royal rites of the Veda and Hinduism
Iconographic evidence of Mesopotamian influence on Harappan ideology
Asko Parpola
The Joint Hadd Project and the Early Bronze Age in south-east Arabia
Maurizio Cattani
Figure 1. HD-6. Satellite image with location of the settlement
Table 1. 14C dating from early investigations at HD-6 (after Ambers and Bowman 1999 with updated 2-sigma calibration)
Figure 2. Plan of the settlement at HD-6
Figure 3. View of Building 1
Figure 4. View of Building 6
Figure 5. Oven next to Building 1
Figure 6. HD-6: shell-working and necklaces of red stone, chlorite, steatite and enstatite beads e
Figure 7. HD-6: evidence for metal-working
Figure 8. Map with distribution and density analysis of towers
The location of Mešta in archaeological context
Figure 1. Satellite picture of the river valleys of Solduz with Qalatgah and Hasanlu (left), Mahabad (center), Taraqeh, Miandoab with Taštepe (right) (Google Earth)
Stefan Kroll
Figure 2. Satellite picture showing the distance between Hasanlu and Taštepe (Google Earth)
Figure 3. Taštepe: sketch plan by W. Kleiss (Kleiss 1970: fig. 9)
Figure 4. Taštepe: satellite view (Google Earth)
Figure 5. Aslan Qaleh: sketch plan by W. Kleiss (Kleiss 1973: fig. 25)
Figure 6. Aslan Qaleh (Tappeh Sarami): satellite view (Google Earth)
Assyrians in Transjordan
Figure 1. Tell es-Sa’idiyeh from the north
Jonathan N. Tubb
Figure 2. Tell es-Sa’idiyeh: composite plan of the British Museum’s excavations of Stratum V on the western side of the Upper Tell combined with those of the Pennsylvania expedition
Figure 3. Tell es-Sa’idiyeh: typical storage bin of Stratum IV
Figure 4. Tell es-Sa’idiyeh: installation within the single substantial public building of Stratum IV on the highest point of the Upper Tell (the so-called ‘acropolis’)
Of Kushite kings and sacred landscapes in the Middle Nile valley
Figure 2. Main entrance to the Amun temple, facing east along the processional way towards the sanctuary (drone photograph: Mohamed Tohami © Berber-Abidiya Archaeological Project)
Julie R. Anderson
Figure 1. Map of Sudan, location of Dangeil
Figure 3. Dangeil temple and site plan
Figure 4. Amun temple sanctuary, facing east
Figure 6. Distribution of statue fragments scattered around the south-east room of the temple, facing west
Figure 5. Amun temple sanctuary with reliefs of fertility figures visible, facing northwest
Figure 7. Torso of the Taharqo statue in situ, with hieroglyphic inscription visible
Figure 8. Taharqo statues at Nebi Yunus in situ to the right of the doorway (photograph: courtesy Mohammad Ali Mustafa)
Figure 9. Taharqo statues in situ at Nebi Yunus.
(photograph: courtesy Mohammad Ali Mustafa)
Figure 10. Torso of the Dangeil Taharqo statue
Figure 11. Torso of the Dangeil Taharqo statue, left side
Figure 12. Cartouche of Taharqo on kilt waistband
Figure 13. Taharqo treading on the Nine Bows
Figure 14. Head of Aspelta with plaster and paint adhering
Figure 16. Statue group discovered in the cache at Kerma-Dokki Gel, now in the Kerma Museum, Sudan (photograph: J. Anderson)
Figure 15. Close-up of Meroitic graffito on thigh of Taharqo statue
Figure 18. Scale-shaped ram’s fleece with plaster and blue pigment adhering
Figure 17. Peristyle court facing west towards the temple entrance
Figure 19. Painted sandstone cornice fragment from the central kiosk
Figure 20. Reconstruction of decorative programme of the kiosk (Kiosk after F. Hinkel’s reconstruction of Naqa kiosk 151 in Wildung and Schoske 1999: 58)
Figure 21. Wall painting in situ in the peristyle hall on the northern half of the entrance pylon
Figure 22. Round domed building in Kom G at the end of excavation Spring 2019, facing south-east
Figure 23. Kom G building from above (orthophoto: R. Hadjuga © Berber-Abidiya Archaeological Project)
Figure 22. Round domed building in Kom G at the end of excavation Spring 2019, facing south-east
Figure 25. Circular building WBN 50 at Wad ban Naqa taken in 2019, facing the access ramp
PART THREE
Discovery and reception
‘Un coup terrible de la fortune:’ A. Clément and the Qurna disaster of 1855
D.T. Potts
The William Kennett Loftus legacy to the north: Near Eastern materials in Newcastle upon Tyne
Stefania Ermidoro
Figure 1. NEWHM:1996.H279.6, Natural History Society Archives (photo by the author). Note the reference to the ‘Babylonian bricks’ and the ‘alabaster’ (i.e. the Assyrian relief) in the last section of the specimens list
Figure 2. NEWHM:1996.H279.18, Natural History Society Archives (photo by the author)
Figure 3. Fragment of Neo-Assyrian relief donated by Loftus to the Natural History Society in Newcastle © Great North Museum: Hancock (2002.H4129)
Figure 4. Letter written by S. Birch, 28th January 1869. Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle upon Tyne Archives (photograph by the author)
Figure 5. Letter written by G. Smith, 18th February 1869. Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle upon Tyne Archives (photograph by the author)
Figure 6. Newspaper cuttings reporting on the sale of the Assyrian reliefs belonging to the Literary and Philosophical Society. Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle upon Tyne Archives (photograph by the author)
Figure 7. Newspaper cuttings reporting on the removal of the Assyrian reliefs from the staircase of the Literary and Philosophical Society. Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle upon Tyne Archives (photograph by the author)
‘Two unpublished drawings of excavations at Nimrud’ revisited
Figure 1.1 Detail of the cover illustration to Clive 1852c showing a drawing of the Tiglath-pileser III relief as well as the inscription below reporting how, where, when and from whom Clive bought the item and where he then set it in England
Figure 1.2 The ‘Hewell Slab’ now in the Detroit Institute of Arts (121.9 x 238.8 cm, DIA 50.32; photo available on line at the DIA website)
Figure 2. Marble bust of Robert Clive (1824-59) by William Theed now at Oakly Park, Shropshire
Tim Clayden
Figure 3. Clive’s pencil and watercolour drawing of the quarantine compound at Trebizon in April/ May 1850
Figure 4. Clive’s sketch and watercolour of the old city of Mosul (1850)
Figure 5. Clive’s sketch and watercolour of the old defences of Mosul
Figure 6. Clive’s original sketch and watercolour of the Šarrat nipḫi shrine at Nimrud (cf. Clive 1852a-c: Plate 1 and Figure 7 below)
Figure 7. The published (1852a-c: plate 1) version of Clive’s sketch of the Šarrat nipḫi shrine at Nimrud (cf. Figure 6 above)
Figure 8. Clive’s original pencil and watercolour of the two slabs at the entrance to the Ninurta temple showing the god Ninurta (right) pursuing the demon Anzu (left)
Figure 9. The published version of the two slabs at the entrance of the temple of Ninurta (Clive 1852a-c: pl. 9)
Figure 10. Clive’s original sketch and watercolour of the flanking the entrance to the Ninurta Temple at Nimrud (cf. Clive 1852a–c: pl. 11, see Figure 10 below)
Figure 11. The published version of Clive’s pencil and watercolour sketch of the flanking lions at the north entrance to the Temple of Ninurta, Nimrud (Clive 1852a–c: pl. 11, cf. Figure 10 above)
Figure 12. Above, Clive’s drawing of a human-headed lamassu figure at the east side of the door between door F and courtyard Y at the north west palace of Ashurbanipal; below, a photograph of the figure (photograph courtesy of Julian Reade)
Figure 13. A pencil drawing by Clive showing a winged demon with bucket and cone sprinkling a ‘tree of life’. It is unclear whether this was a drawing done on site or copied from a published version
Figure 14. Clive’s original pencil and watercolour of the ‘interior of a room in the chief’s house in the Kurdish village of Espindar’ showing the face of the westerner (bottom left) blank (cf. Clive 1852a-c: pl. 20)
Figure 15. Detail of Figure 14 showing the blank features of the westerner
Figure 16. A detail of the published version of the sketch inside the chief’s house at Espindar showing features and detail for the westerner who may be identified with Clive himself or his travelling companion, Herbert (Clive 1852c: pl. 20)
A bit of a bull and a bit of a puzzle
John Russell
Figure 1. Nineveh, South-West Palace, throne room suite, composite plan by the author
Figure 2. Righter fragments 1 and 2, combined dimensions approximately 23 x 18 cm
Figure 3. Nineveh, South-West Palace, throne room façade bulls 10 and 12 and protective figure 11, engraved from a drawing by F.C. Cooper (after Layard 1853: 137)
Figure 4. Nineveh, South-West Palace, throne room façade bulls 10 and 12 and protective figure 11, engraved from a drawing by F.C. Cooper (after Layard 1853: 135)
Figure 5. Righter fragment 3, approx. 16.5 x 12 cm
George Scharf and Assyrian sculpture
Figure 1. Painted lithograph canvas showing the interior of an Assyrian palace (image courtesy of Gojko Barjamovic, photograph by Carl Kaufman)
Henrietta McCall and Michael Seymour
Figure 2. George Scharf lecture at the Governesses’ college, Harley Street, 5th June 1852; drawing on paper by George Scharf the Elder, 1852 (British Museum, 1862,0614.189)
Figure 3. The ‘Black Obelisk’ of Shalmaneser III, c. 825 BC, Nimrud (British Museum, 118885)
Figure 4. Ivory panel with seated figures, 9th–8th century BC, Nimrud, North-West Palace (British Museum, 118120)
Figure 5. Relief showing Ashurnasirpal II, c. 865–860 BC, gypsum, Nimrud, North-West Palace, Room S (British Museum, 124563)
Figure 6. Relief showing winged eagle-headed figure, c. 865–860 BC, gypsum, Nimrud, North-West Palace, Room G (British Museum, 124576)
Figure 7. Relief showing Ashurnasirpal II hunting lions, c. 865–860 BC, gypsum, Nimrud, North-West Palace, Room B (British Museum, 124534)
Figure 8. Relief showing an Assyrian camp, c. 865–860 BC, gypsum, Nimrud, North-West Palace, Room B (British Museum, 124548)
Figure 9. Detail of relief showing Assyrian soldiers carrying statues of deities, c. 728 BC, gypsum, Nimrud, South-West Palace, re-used, originally Central Palace (British Museum, 118931)
Figure 10. Detail of relief showing a siege engine with battering ram, c. 865–860 BC, gypsum, Nimrud, North-West Palace, Room B (British Museum, 124536)
Figure 11. Relief showing chariots in front of a city with women on the city walls, c. 865–860 BC, gypsum, Nimrud, North-West Palace, Room B (British Museum, 124547)
Figure 12. Relief showing Ashurnasirpal II and his chariot being rowed across a river, c. 865–860 BC, gypsum, Nimrud, North-West Palace, Room B (British Museum, 124545)
Figure 13. George Scharf speaking on the Antiquities at Nineveh; drawing on paper by George Scharf the Elder, 1852 (British Museum, 1862,0614.178)
Figure 14. Layard giving a lecture on his discoveries at Nineveh; drawing on paper by George Scharf the Elder, 1854 (British Museum, 1862,0614.176)
Figure 15. George Scharf speaking about Nineveh; drawing on paper by George Scharf the Elder, probably late 1850s (British Museum, 1862,0614.177)
Figure 16. A lecture on ancient Greek sculpture; drawing on paper by George Scharf the Elder, 1856 (British Museum, 1862,0614.187)
Figure 17. Early display of the Assyrian sculptures at the British Museum; drawing on paper by George Scharf the Elder, 1850 (British Museum, 1862,0614.612)
Figure 18. Assyrian sculptures displayed in the front hall of the British Museum; drawing on paper by George Scharf the Elder, 1850 (British Museum, 1862,0614.623)
Figure 20. Oil painting of an Assyrian relief from the North-West Palace at Nimrud by George Scharf the Younger, 1853 (British Museum, 2007,6027.1)
Figure 19. Moving the Assyrian reliefs through the museum; drawing on paper by George Scharf the Elder, 1850 (British Museum, 1862,0614.624)
Figure 21. Drawing on white paper, probably late 1850s (British Museum, 1966,0212.9.1)
Figure 22. Drawing on white paper, probably late 1850s (British Museum, 1966,0212.9.2)
Figure 23. Detail of relief showing captured women and children, c. 668–612 BC, gypsum, Kuyunjik, South-West Palace, Room XXVIII (British Museum, BM 124954)
Figure 24. Drawing on white paper, probably late 1850s (British Museum, 1966,0212.9.3)
Figure 25. Austen Henry Layard, mid-19th century: drawing of a relief of Tiglath-pileser III from the Central Palace at Nimrud (British Museum, Original Drawings, Or. Dr. III, Central XII)
Figure 26. Drawing on sepia paper, probably late 1850s (British Museum, 1966,0212.9.3)
Figure 27. Detail of a relief showing Sennacherib at the siege of Lachish, c. 700–692 BC, gypsum, Kuyunjik, South-West Palace, Room XXXVI (British Museum, 124911)
Figure 28. Drawing on sepia paper, probably late 1850s (British Museum, 1966,0212.9.6)
Figure 29. Drawing on sepia paper, probably late 1850s (British Museum, 1966,0212.9.5)
Figure 30. Drawing on white paper, probably late 1850s (British Museum, 1966,0212.9.7)
Figure 31. Drawing on white paper, probably late 1850s (British Museum, 1966,0212.9.8)
Figure 32. Drawing on sepia paper, probably late 1850s (British Museum, 1966,0212.9.9)
Figure 33. Drawing on white paper, probably late 1850s (British Museum, 1966,0212.9.10)
Figure 34. Drawing on sepia paper, probably late 1850s (British Museum, 1966,0212.9.11)
Figure 35. Relief showing Ashurnasirpal II with attendant, c. 865–860 BC, gypsum, Nimrud, North-West Palace, Room G (British Museum, 124564)
Figure 36. Drawing on sepia paper, probably late 1850s (British Museum, 1966,0212.9.12)
Figure 37. Detail of the ‘Black Obelisk’ of Shalmaneser III, showing Jehu of Israel before Shalmaneser III (British Museum, 118885)
Casting the ruins: creating Assyria through plaster and paint1
Casting the ruins: creating Assyria through plaster and paint
Figure 1. Plaster cast of an Assyrian relief from the South-West Palace, Nineveh, showing an Elamite soldier galloping to the left (British Museum 124790, © Trustees of the British Museum)
Figure 2. Plaster cast of an Assyrian relief from the South-West Palace, Nineveh, showing mounted Assyrian galloping to the left, discharging an arrow (British Museum 124791, © Trustees of the British Museum)
Paul Collins
Figure 3. ‘Hall in Assyrian Palace Restored’ (Layard 1849: plate 2)
Figure 4. Albumen silver print from glass negative showing the façade of the Nineveh Court, Crystal Palace, about 1859, photograph attributed to Philip Delamotte (2005,100.801 (15a-d), © Metropolitan Museum of Art, Gilman Collection, Museum Purchase, 20
Figure 5. Section through the Halls of the Ancients (Smith 1897: 2)
Figure 6. ‘West end of Assyrian Throne Room. Vista in the Palace of Sennacherib’ (Smith 1900: Part I, 39)
Figure 7. ‘Gallery of Assyrian Throne Room. Casts of Layard’s slabs in the British Museum’ (Smith 1900: Part I, 40)
Figure 8. ‘The Palace of Sennacherib, exterior; restoration by Layard [sic]’ (Smith 1900: Part II, 162)
Figure 9. ‘East end of Assyrian Throne Room. Sennacherib on the Throne of Xerxes’ (Smith 1900: Part I, 42)
Figure 10. ‘The Throne of Xerxes’ (Smith 1900: Part I, 43)
Figure 11. ‘Class from Washington High School at study in the Assyrian Throne Room of the Halls of the Ancients. Photo for the United States educational exhibit at the Paris Exposition of 1900’ (Smith 1900: Part III, 101)
Figure 12. ‘Halls of the Ancients May Bring $10 Per Foot’ The Washington times. (Washington [D.C.]), 26th May 1907. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Library of Congress, viewed 13th December 2018, https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/
Index
Back cover
