In this third iteration of the classic work The Impacts of Racism on White Americans (1981, 1996), a new generation of scholars make the case that racism often negatively affects Whites themselves, especially during the Trump era. In 1981, Impacts introduced an alternative understanding of racism, arguing that it went beyond white-black and/or inter-race relations. Instead, the book proposed that the problem of race in the U.S. is fundamentally one of white identity and culture and that racism has substantial negative effects on White Americans. This volume advances these propositions through three key areas: (1) Trump-era cultural and institutional racism, bolstered by the use of historical notions of racial hierarchy; (2) institutional and interpersonal racism, which in turn drive individual racist behaviors; and finally, (3) racism’s interactional sequences and how they impact anti-racism efforts. As each chapter author explores an iteration of these racisms, they also explore how racist attitudes produce disadvantage among White Americans.
Author(s): Duke W. Austin, Benjamin P. Bowser
Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan
Year: 2021
Language: English
Pages: 302
City: Cham
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
Notes on Contributors
List of Figures
List of Tables
1 Introduction: Impacts of Racism on White Americans in the Age of Trump
The Definition of Racism and Race
White Identity and Whiteness
The Age of Trump
The Impact of Racism on White Americans
Organization of the Book
Part I: The Costs of Racism to White Americans
Part II: The Benefits of Anti-Racism
Discussion Questions
References
Part I The Costs of Racism to White Americans
2 Economy: Racism’s Continuing Economic Cost to Whites—A Second Look
From the 1940s to the 1980s
1980s to 2020
The Year 2021
Solutions
Discussion Questions
References
3 Housing: From Segregation to Isolation—White Americans in the Age of Trump
The Mounting Costs of White Isolation
Racial Integration, Education, and the 2020 Election
Conclusion: The Ultimate Costs of White Isolation
Discussion Questions
References
4 Health: Dying of Whiteness
Middle America
Reflections
Discussion Questions
Reference
5 Government: Calling on Racism to Run Federal and State Governments
The White Power-Elite
The Impact of Racism on Non-elite Whites
Conclusion
Discussion Questions
References
6 Foreign Policy: A Double-Edged Sword—A History of Racism in U.S. Foreign Policy
Earliest Policies
Asia and the Pacific
Japan and World War II
The Cold War and Third World Independence
End of the Cold War and the Neocolonial Period
Trump
Conclusion
Discussion Questions
References
7 Gender: White Women in the Age of Trump
Racism and White Privilege
Intersections
Controlling Images
Image 1: The Welfare Queen
Image 2: The Fragile White Woman
Images 3: The Dangerous Black Man
Image 4: The New Mammy
Effects of Controlling Images on White Women
The Women Who Voted for Trump
White Women in Public Spaces
White Women in Poverty
White Women and Drug Abuse
Elderly White Women
The Women’s March
Summary for How Racism Harms White Women
Racism Creates Fear, Anxiety, and Anger
Racism Makes White Women Vulnerable to the Influence of Strategic Racism
Racism Supports Patriarchy
Racism Divides Groups of Women from Each Other
Racism Produces Bad Social Policy
Discussion Questions
References
8 Psychological Science: Taking White Racial Emotions Seriously—Revisiting the Costs of Racism to White Americans
Psychosocial Costs of Racism to Whites: A Focus on Racial Affect
Measuring Costs of Racism to Whites
Affective Costs of Racism: What Do We Know?
Racial Affect: The Five Types of White Americans
Insensitive and Afraid Type
Oblivious (Unempathic and Unaware) Type
Empathic but Unaccountable Type
Fearful Guilt Type
Antiracist Type
Racial Affect Types: Can Whites Change?
Conclusion
References
9 Media: Fox News, Racism, and White America in the Age of Trump
Media Operational Model
News and Racism in the Age of Trump
Fox News and the Racial Filter
MSNBC
Implications
Conclusion
Discussion Questions
References
10 Sports: Racism and Sports—Fear of a Black Planet
Positions in White Supremacy
A Big Event
What Started the Protest
Football Joins In
The Backlash
The Overseers
Racist Responders
The Master’s Act
The Impact of Racism on Whites at Missouri
Conclusion
Discussion Questions
References
11 Education: From “All Children Can Learn” to “You People”
How the Structural and Personal Meet
Unsupported Teachers
Factors That Cause This Shift for Unsupported Teachers
“Rigorous” and Racist Curricula at Unsupportive Schools
Awkward Interactions with Students
You’re with Us or Against Us
The Supported Teachers and Factors That Affect Their Shift
An “Edited” Curriculum
Semi-Awkward Interactions with Students and Peer Effects
Conclusion
Racism in White Teachers During the Trump Presidency (2016–2020)
Discussion Questions
References
Part II The Benefits of Anti-Racism
12 Social Movements: White Responses to Racist and Anti-Racist Movements
A Brief Historical Recap
Racism and Antiracism in and After the Civil Rights Era
Racism and Immigration
Racism, Political Alignments, and Conservative Political Movements
Overt White Racist Groups
Black Movements 1980–2000
2000 to 2020
The Obama Years
Black Lives Matter
The Trump Years
Conclusions
Discussion Questions
References
13 Affirmative Action: Not the Harsh Impact on Whites That Some Assume
What Is Affirmative Action?
Attitudes Toward Affirmative Action
Affirmative Action in Employment
Contractors and Affirmative Action
Hiring and Promotion Quotas
Does Affirmative Action Work?
Affirmative Action in Higher Education
The Future of Affirmative Action
Discussion Questions
References
14 Summary: Racism’s Impact on White Americans in the Age of Trump
Part I: Culture and Institutions
Chapter 2: Economy
Chapter 3: Housing and Community
Chapter 4: Health
Chapter 5: Government
Chapter 6: Foreign Affairs
Chapter 7: Women
Part II: Individual and Case Studies
Chapter 8: Social Psychology
Chapter 9: Media
Chapter 10: Sports
Chapter 11: Education
Part III: Anti-Racism and Conclusion
Chapter 12: Social Movements
Chapter 13: Affirmative Action
Implications
Discussion Questions
References
15 Conclusion and Reflections: Impacts of Racism in the Age of Trump
Urgent Times
What Can Be Done? Negate Cultural Racism
Negate Institutional Racism
Negating Individual Racism
A Look Ahead
Heading to Dark Places
Choices
Discussion Questions
References
Index
