Impact of Engineered Nanomaterials in Genomics and Epigenomics

Impact of Engineered Nanomaterials in Genomics and Epigenomics
Contents
List of Contributors
Preface
Acknowledgments
1 Impact of Engineered Nanomaterials in Genomics and Epigenomics
Nanotechnology: A Technological Advancement of the Twenty-First Century
Genomics and Epigenomics
Beneficial Impacts of Engineered Nanomaterials on Human Life
Potential Adverse Health Effects of Engineered Nanomaterials
Conclusions
References
2 Molecular Impacts of Advanced Nanomaterials at Genomic and Epigenomic Levels
Introduction
Classification of NMs
Absorption and Distribution of NMs
Inhalation Exposure
Oral Exposure
Dermal Exposure
Circulatory Distribution
Accumulation of NMs in Organs
Major Adverse Effects of NMs
Known Cellular and Nuclear Uptake Mechanisms for Nanoparticles
Epigenetic Mechanisms and the Effect of NMs
DNA Methylation
Histone Modification
Noncoding RNAs
Genetic and Genomic Effects of NMs
Genetic Damage (Genotoxicity)
Genomic Changes on the Messenger RNA Level
Conclusion
References
3 Endocrine Disruptors: Genetic, Epigenetic, and Related Pathways
Introduction
Toxic Effects of EDCs on Wildlife and Humans
EDCs Effects on Wildlife
Effects During Development
Delayed Effects
Transgenerational Effects
Identification of EDC: Methods
Genetic Pathways
Nuclear Receptor-Mediated Assays
Phosphorylation-Mediated Signaling Pathways of Nuclear Receptors and Other Transcription Factors: Link to EDC
ER-Signaling Pathways
Xenoandrogens and Metabolic Syndrome
AR Signaling Pathways
Mechanism of ED
Epigenetic Mechanism
Methylation and Gene Regulation
Role of Noncoding RNAs
Transgenerational Inheritance of Epigenetics Induced by EDCs
Anti-Thyroids
Organotin
Genomic Signaling and Effects
Epigenetic Effects of Organotin
TCDD and Related Compounds
TCDD and Genetic Response
TCDD-Mediated Epigenetic Response
Conclusions
References
4 Nanoplastics in Agroecosystem and Phytotoxicity: An Evaluation of Cytogenotoxicity and Epigenetic Regulation
Introduction
Fate and Behavior of NPs in Agroecosystem and Soil Environment
Uptake and Accumulation of NPs in Plants
NPs and Phytotoxicity
Morphological and Physiological Responses
Biochemical and Metabolic Responses
Can NPs Cause Cytogenotoxicity and Dysregulate Epigenetic Markers in Plants?
NPs Cause Cytogenotoxicity
NPs and Epigenetic Regulation
Conclusion and Perspectives
References
5 Metal Oxide Nanoparticles and Graphene-Based Nanomaterials: Genotoxic, Oxidative, and Epigenetic Effects
Introduction
Physicochemical Properties of NMs and Toxicity
Mechanism of NM Genotoxicity
Epigenetic Effects of Nanomaterials
Studies on Genotoxic and Oxidative Effects of Metal Oxides and Graphene-Based Nanomaterials
Titanium Dioxide NPs
Zinc Oxide NPs
Silver and Silver Oxide NPs
Copper and Copper Oxide NPs
Cobalt Oxide Nanoparticles
Silicon Dioxide NPs
Graphene-Based NMs
Studies on Epigenetic Effects of Metal Oxides and Graphene-Based Nanomaterials
Metal Oxide Nanomaterials
Graphene-Based Nanomaterials
Studies on Workers – Genotoxic and Oxidative Effects of Occupational Exposure to Metal Oxides Nanoparticles, SiO2 NPs, and Graphene-Based Nanomaterials
Conclusions
References
6 Epigenotoxicity of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles
Introduction
Cellular Uptake and Biodistribution
DNA Methylation and TiO2 Nanoparticles
Histone Modifications and TiO2 Nanoparticles
MicroRNAs and TiO2 Nanoparticles
Risk Assessment
Conclusion
Disclaimer
References
7 Toxicogenomics of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes
Introduction
MWCNTs
Lung Injury
Inflammation
Oxidative Stress
Fibrosis
Mesothelioma
Lung Cancer
Genotoxicity
Toxicogenomics of ENMs
Transcriptomics – Technical Aspects
Toxicogenomics of MWCNTs – Animal Studies
Toxicogenomics of MWCNT – Human Studies
Disclaimer
References
8 Nano-Engineering in Traumatic Brain Injury
Introduction
Nanoparticles in the Treatment of TBI
Synthesis of Nanoparticles
Mechanisms of Action of Nanoparticles in TBI
Materials Used for the Synthesis of NPs in TBI Treatment
Limitations of the Use of NPs in TBI Therapy
Conclusion
References
9 Application of Nanoemulsions in Food Industries: Recent Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities
Introduction
Components of Nanoemulsions
Oil Phase
Aqueous Phase
Stabilizers
Approaches for Nanoemulsion Production
High-Energy Approaches
Low-Energy Approaches
Novel Approach for the Production of Nanoemulsion
Applications of Food-Grade Nanoemulsions
Encapsulation of Lipophilic Functional Food
Expansion of the Functional Food Sector for the Application of Edible Coatings with Lipophilic Bioactive Substances
Invasion of Nanotechnology and Emulsion in Food Ingredients and Additives
Purple Rice Bran Oil Nanoemulsion Fortification of Frozen Yogurt
Formation of Various Phytosomes and Using Them for Delivery in Herbal Products Without Resorting to Pharmacological Adjuvants
Food Packaging
Use in Confectionary
Comparison of Nanoemulsion from Conventional Methods
Problems and Probable Solutions of Nanoemulsions
Future Trends and Challenges
Regulations and Safety Aspects
Conclusion
Conflict of Interest
Acknowledgments
References
10 Adverse Epigenetic Effects of Environmental Engineered Nanoparticles as Drug Carriers
Introduction
ENP-Based Drug-Delivery Systems
Lipid-Based ENPs
Polymeric ENPs
Inorganic ENPs
Adverse Epigenetic Effects of ENPs
Overview of Epigenetic Toxicity of ENPs
Epigenetic Toxicity of Metallic ENPs
Epigenetic Toxicity of Nonmetallic ENPs
ENP-Induced Epigenetic Toxicity Likely Mediated by ROS
Conclusion
References
11 Engineered Nanoparticles Adversely Impact Glucose Energy Metabolism
Introduction
Biological Toxicity of Engineered Nanoparticles
Engineered Nanoparticles Alter Glucose Metabolism
Engineered Nanoparticles Alter TCA Cycle
Engineered Nanoparticles Alter Oxidative Phosphorylation
Conclusion
References
12 Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning of Single-Cell Transcriptomics of Engineered Nanoparticles
Introduction
Impact of Nanoparticles on Single-Cell Transcriptomics and Response Heterogeneity
Overview of Engineered Nanoparticles
Dose-Dependent Heterogeneous Transcriptomic Responses to Quantum Dots
TiO2 Nanoparticles of Different Sizes Elicit Heterogeneous Transcriptomic Responses
AI and ML in scRNA-Seq Data Analysis
Overview of AI and ML in Bioinformatics
MRF in Differential Expression Analysis of scRNA-Seq Data
Deep Learning for Inferring Gene Relationships from scRNA-Seq Data
Determining Cell Differentiation and Lineage Based on Single-Cell Entropy
Conclusion
References
13 Toxicogenomics and Toxicological Mechanisms of Engineered Nanomaterials
Introduction
Genomic Responses to ENMs
Transcriptomic Responses to ENMs
Conclusion
References
14 Carbon Nanotubes Alter Metabolomics Pathways Leading to Broad Ecological Toxicity
Introduction
Biomedical Application and Toxicity of Carbon Nanotubes
Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes
Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes
Metabolomics Toxicity of Carbon Nanotubes
A Brief of Metabolomic Techniques Used for CNT Toxicity Profiling
NMR-Based Metabolomic Profiling
LC-MS-Based Metabolomic Profiling
Conclusion
References
15 Assessment of the Biological Impact of Engineered Nanomaterials Using Mass Spectrometry-Based MultiOmics Approaches
Introduction
Applications of MS for the Measurements of Proteins, PTMs, Lipids, and Metabolites
Multiomics Investigation of ENM Exposure to Microorganisms
Multiomics Investigation of ENM Exposure Using In Vitro Cell Culture Models
Analysis of ENM Toxicity in Liver-Based Cell Models
Macrophage-Based Studies of ENM Toxicity
Neuronal Cell Models Reveal Potential Mechanisms of ENM-Induced Neurotoxicity
Multiomics Studies Reveal Organ-Specific Toxicity at the Organismal Level
Mechanisms of ENM-Induced Toxicity in the Lung
Elucidation of Response Pathways Following Ingestion of ENMs
ENM-Induced Metabolic Changes in the Gut: Involvement of Multiple Biological Systems
ENM-Induced Metabolic Changes During Embryo Development
Probing the Relationship Between Particle Size and Toxicity in Whole Animal Systems
Conclusions and Perspectives
Acknowledgments
Compliance with Ethical Standards
References
16 Current Scenario and Future Trends of Plant Nano-Interaction to Mitigate Abiotic Stresses: A Review
Abbreviations
Introduction
Synthesis of Nanoparticles
Silver Nanoparticles
Aluminum Oxide Nanoparticles
Copper Nanoparticles
Iron Nanoparticles
Carbon Nanoparticles
Synthesis of Other Metal Nanoparticles
Morphophysiological Effects of Nanoparticles on Plant
Arabidopsis
Rice
Soybean
Wheat
Other Plants
Molecular Mechanism Altered by Nanoparticles
Oxidative Stresses
Energy Regulation
Nanoparticles Interaction with Plants
Nanoparticles Interaction with Soybean
Nanoparticles Interaction with Wheat
Nanoparticles Interaction with Other Plants
Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
17 Latest Insights on Genomic and Epigenomic Mechanisms of Nanotoxicity
Introduction
Mechanisms of Genotoxicity
Direct Genotoxicity
Indirect Genotoxicity
Genomic Consequences of ENM Exposure
Direct DNA Damage
Oxidative Damage
Inflammatory Changes
Impact on DNA Repair Pathways
A Primer on Epigenetic Processes
DNA Methylation
Histone Modifications
ncRNAs
Epigenomic Consequences of ENM Exposure
Apoptosis
Inflammation and Oxidative Stress
Epigenomic Changes and Cancer
Development and Genomic Imprinting
Importance of Duration and Dose of Exposure
Evidence in Humans
Is There a Need for Epigenetic Testing of ENMs?
Importance of Properties of ENMs
Future Perspectives
References
Index
EULA