Immunotoxicology Of Environmental And Occupational Metals

Book Cover......Page 1
Title......Page 2
Copyright......Page 3
Contents......Page 4
Preface......Page 6
Acknowledgment......Page 8
List of Contributors......Page 9
1.2 History......Page 10
1.3 Occurrence......Page 12
1.4.1 Toxicokinetics and metabolism of arsenic......Page 14
1.4.2 Mechanism of action......Page 15
1.5 General Toxicology......Page 16
1.5.2 Chronic effects......Page 17
1.5.3 Carcinogenicity......Page 19
1.6.1 Inorganic arsenicals......Page 20
1.6.2 Semiconductor materials......Page 23
1.6.3 Biological indicators of arsenic exposure......Page 29
References......Page 30
2.2 Occurrence......Page 36
2.4 General Toxicology......Page 37
2.5 Immunotoxicology......Page 39
2.5.2 Effects on cell-mediated immunity......Page 40
References......Page 44
3.1 Introduction......Page 50
3.3 Carcinogenicity......Page 51
3.6.1 Immune system......Page 52
3.6.2 Effects of cadmium on host resistance......Page 53
3.6.3 Humoral immunity......Page 55
3.6.4 Cell-mediated immunity......Page 58
3.6.5 Non-specific immunity......Page 60
3.6.6 Effects of cadmium on the human immune response......Page 63
3.6.8 Summary......Page 64
References......Page 65
4.1 History......Page 72
4.2 Occurrence......Page 73
4.3 Essentiality......Page 75
4.4 General Toxicology......Page 78
4.5.1 Immunologically mediated contact dermatitis......Page 80
4.5.2 Chromium contact sensitivity in humans......Page 81
4.5.3 Experimental chromium contact sensitivity in animals......Page 85
4.5.4 Occupational asthma......Page 87
4.5.5 Chromium-induced immunosuppression......Page 90
References......Page 93
5.2 History......Page 102
5.3 Occurrence......Page 103
5.4.1 Absorption......Page 104
5.4.2 Distribution......Page 105
5.4.4 Excretion......Page 107
5.5 General Toxicology......Page 108
5.5.1 Acute toxicity......Page 109
5.5.2 Irritation/sensitization......Page 110
5.5.3 Subchronic toxicity......Page 111
5.5.5 Chronic toxicity/carcinogenicity......Page 112
5.6 Immunotoxicology......Page 113
References......Page 115
6.1 Introduction......Page 120
6.2.1 Sources and uses of lead—lead was a necessary evil......Page 121
6.2.2 The legacy of lead usage......Page 122
6.3.1 Lead poisoniong is an insidious disease......Page 123
6.3.2 Organ systems overtly affected by lead—clinical manifestations of lead toxicity......Page 124
6.4.1 The immune system as a target for lead toxicity......Page 126
Effects of lead exposure on host resistance......Page 127
Effects of lead on delayed-type hypersensitivity......Page 130
Effects of lead on humoral immunity......Page 131
Effects of lead on T-lymphocyte function......Page 133
6.5 Summary......Page 134
References......Page 135
7.1 History......Page 140
7.3 General Toxicology......Page 141
In vitro studies......Page 142
In vivo studies......Page 143
In vitro studies......Page 144
Macrophages......Page 145
Mast cells......Page 146
7.4.5 Mercury-induced autoimmunity......Page 147
Rats......Page 148
Mice......Page 150
7.4.6 Mercury and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)......Page 152
7.4.7 Mercury-induced immunosuppressive effects......Page 154
7.5 The ‘Mercury Paradigm’......Page 158
References......Page 160
8.1 History......Page 170
8.2 Occurrence......Page 172
8.3 Essentiality......Page 174
8.4 General Toxicology......Page 175
8.5 Immunotoxicology......Page 176
8.5.1 Hypersensitivity/allergy......Page 177
8.5.2 Immunosuppression......Page 182
References......Page 188
9.1 Introduction......Page 202
9.3 Occurrence......Page 203
9.4.2 Acute toxicity......Page 204
9.5.1 Human Immunotoxicology......Page 205
Complex platinum salts......Page 207
Platinum-containing chemotherapeutic agents......Page 209
References......Page 210
10.2 Occurrence......Page 214
10.4 General Toxicology......Page 217
10.5 Immunotoxicology......Page 221
References......Page 224
11.2.1 Iron deficiency and overload......Page 238
11.2.2 Humoral-mediated immunity......Page 239
11.2.3 Cell-mediated immunity......Page 240
11.2.4 Non-specific immunity......Page 242
11.2.5 Effects on host defense......Page 245
11.3.1 Zinc deficiency and overload......Page 246
11.3.2 Humoral-mediated immunity......Page 247
11.3.3 Cell-mediated immunity......Page 248
11.3.4 Non-specific immunity......Page 249
11.4.2 Humoral-mediated immunity......Page 250
11.4.3 Cell-mediated immunity......Page 252
11.4.4 Non-specific immunity......Page 253
11.4.5 Effects on host resistance......Page 254
References......Page 256
Introduction......Page 270
Commonly Used Abbreviations......Page 354
Beryllium references......Page 358
Chromium references......Page 359
Lead references......Page 360
Mercury references......Page 361
Nickel references......Page 363
Vanadium references......Page 366
Index......Page 368