Immunology for Life Scientists

IMMUNOLOGY for Life Scientists......Page 3
CONTENTS......Page 9
Preface to the 2nd edition......Page 19
Preface to the 1st edition......Page 21
Glossary......Page 23
1.1 Cells involved in the immune response......Page 33
1.1.1 Cellular origins – the pluripotent stem cell......Page 34
Neutrophils......Page 36
Eosinophils......Page 37
Basophils and mast cells......Page 38
Megakaryocytes and platelets......Page 41
Monocytes and macrophages......Page 42
Dendritic cells......Page 43
Large granular lymphocytes......Page 44
Lymphocytes......Page 45
T cells......Page 47
B cells......Page 48
1.2 Lymphoid tissues......Page 50
The thymus......Page 51
The lymphatic system......Page 53
Lymph nodes......Page 55
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue......Page 56
Key points for review......Page 57
Now test yourself!......Page 58
2.1 Characteristics of antigens and immunogens......Page 61
Foreignness......Page 62
Dose......Page 63
Approaches used to increase immunogenicity......Page 64
2.2 The major histocompatibility complex......Page 65
2.2.1 Class I MHC molecules......Page 67
2.2.2 Class II MHC molecules......Page 69
Key points for review......Page 71
2.3.1 The B cell antigen receptor......Page 72
Immunoglobulins......Page 73
Antibody structure......Page 74
Isotypes......Page 76
Idiotypes......Page 77
Immunoglobulin G......Page 78
Immunoglobulin A......Page 79
2.3.3 Antibody function......Page 81
2.3.5 The T cell antigen receptor......Page 82
The CD3 complex......Page 84
Function of the TCR-CD3 complex......Page 86
2.3.6 The natural killer cell receptor......Page 87
Key points for review......Page 88
2.4.1 Theories concerning antibody diversity......Page 89
V, D and J region heavy chain genes......Page 90
2.4.3 Generation of antibody diversity......Page 91
Combinatorial and junctional diversity......Page 92
Diversity due to somatic mutation......Page 93
"Similarity to self rule" – limited diversity......Page 95
Diverse TCR repertoire......Page 96
Genomic organisation – the TCRg chain......Page 97
Size of the T cell repertoire......Page 98
Bibliography......Page 99
Now test yourself!......Page 100
3 The innate immune response......Page 106
3.1.1 The classical complement pathway......Page 107
C1......Page 108
C3......Page 109
3.1.2 The alternative complement pathway......Page 111
3.1.3 The lectin pathway......Page 113
3.1.4 The membrane attack complex......Page 114
3.1.5 Regulation of complement activation......Page 115
Regulators of complement activation (RCA) family......Page 116
Key points for review......Page 117
3.2.1 Pattern recognition receptors......Page 118
Toll-like receptors......Page 119
Macrophage scavenger receptors......Page 120
3.2.3 Ingestion......Page 122
3.2.4 Digestion......Page 124
3.2.5 The respiratory burst......Page 126
3.2.6 Other antimicrobial activities of lysosomes......Page 127
Key points for review......Page 128
3.3 Inflammation......Page 129
3.3.1 Inflammatory mediators......Page 130
3.3.2 Cellular responses in inflammation......Page 131
3.3.3 Chemokines......Page 134
3.4 Haemostasis and thrombosis......Page 136
3.4.1 Regulation of coagulation......Page 137
Key points for review......Page 138
Bibliography......Page 139
Now test yourself!......Page 140
4.1 Antigen processing and presentation by MHC gene products......Page 144
Assembly and intracellular transport of MHC Class I molecules......Page 145
4.1.2 Generation of peptides presented by MHC Class II molecules......Page 146
Assembly and intracellular transport of MHC Class II molecules......Page 147
Key points for review......Page 148
4.2.2 Antigen presentation by CD1......Page 149
4.3.1 Antigen-specific T cell stimulation......Page 150
T cell responses to antigen stimulation......Page 151
Th(0), Th(1) and Th(2) cells......Page 154
4.3.2 Other cells in cell-mediated immunity......Page 155
Mechanisms of target cell death......Page 157
Macrophages......Page 158
NK cells......Page 160
4.4 B cell adaptive immunity......Page 161
4.4.1 B cell differentiation and antibody production......Page 162
Class switching......Page 164
Key points for review......Page 165
4.5 Lymphocyte memory......Page 166
Key points for review......Page 168
4.6.1 Structure of the mucosal immune system......Page 169
Organised mucosal lymphoid tissue......Page 170
4.6.2 Immunoglobulins and mucosal immunity......Page 171
Key points for review......Page 172
4.7.1 Lymphocyte tolerance......Page 173
Induction time......Page 174
Antigen dose......Page 175
Duration......Page 176
Tissue specificity......Page 177
4.7.2 Mechanisms of tolerance induction......Page 178
Clonal deletion......Page 179
Clonal anergy......Page 180
Clonal exhaustion......Page 181
Regulatory T cells......Page 182
Key points for review......Page 183
Bibliography......Page 185
Now test yourself!......Page 186
5.1 Hypersensitivity......Page 191
5.1.2 Type I hypersensitivity......Page 192
Regulation of type 1 hypersensitivity......Page 193
Humoral events in allergy......Page 195
5.1.3 Type II hypersensitivity......Page 196
5.1.4 Type III hypersensitivity......Page 197
5.1.5 Type IV hypersensitivity......Page 198
Tuberculin-type DTH......Page 199
Contact hypersensitivity......Page 200
Key points for review......Page 201
5.2.1 Causes of autoimmunity......Page 202
Genetic factors in autoimmune disease......Page 203
Viruses in autoimmune disease......Page 204
Antigen mimicry......Page 205
5.2.2 Classification of autoimmune disease......Page 207
5.2.4 The immunology of autoimmune disease......Page 208
Non-specific immunity in autoimmune disease......Page 209
Mononuclear phagocytes in specific immunity......Page 210
Role of T cells in autoimmune disease......Page 211
B cells in autoimmune disease......Page 212
Key points for review......Page 214
5.3 Immunodeficiency diseases......Page 215
5.3.1 Classification of immunodeficiency diseases......Page 216
Selective immunoglobulin A deficiency......Page 217
X-linked agammaglobulinaemia (XLA)......Page 218
X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (Duncan’s syndrome)......Page 219
Congenital thymic aplasia (Di George syndrome)......Page 220
Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome......Page 221
X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (XSCID)......Page 222
Chediak–Higashi syndrome (CHS)......Page 224
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD)......Page 225
Deficiencies of complement components......Page 226
C1INH deficiency – hereditary angioedema (HAE)......Page 227
Iatrogenic immunodeficiencies......Page 228
5.3.9 The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)......Page 229
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)......Page 230
Key points for review......Page 233
Bibliography......Page 234
Now test yourself!......Page 236
6 Infection, immunity, immunopathogenesis......Page 241
6.1.1 The skin......Page 242
Lysozyme......Page 243
Defensins......Page 244
Natural antibodies......Page 245
6.2 Infection – the role of the innate immune system......Page 246
6.2.2 The body’s response to invasion – fever......Page 247
Phagocytic cells......Page 248
Natural killer cells......Page 250
Platelets......Page 252
Endotoxin......Page 253
Key points for review......Page 254
6.3.2 Parasitic infections......Page 255
Opsonisation......Page 256
Toxin neutralisation......Page 257
Polyclonal B cell activation......Page 258
Immune complex formation......Page 259
6.3.5 T cell-mediated immunity......Page 261
Th(1) and Th(2) cells......Page 262
Cytotoxic T cell activity......Page 263
Cytolytic mechanisms......Page 264
6.3.6 Pathology caused by the cell-mediated immune response......Page 266
6.4 Cytokines in immunity to infection......Page 268
Bibliography......Page 271
Now test yourself!......Page 272
7.1 Transplantation......Page 275
7.1.2 Cross-matching......Page 276
7.1.3 Rejection......Page 277
Mechanisms involved in hyperacute rejection......Page 278
Mechanisms involved in chronic rejection......Page 279
The role of the graft endothelium in rejection......Page 280
Pre-sensitisation......Page 281
Cadaveric kidney transplantation......Page 282
Primary non-function and rejection......Page 283
7.1.6 Heart transplantation......Page 284
7.1.7 Bone marrow transplantation......Page 285
7.1.8 Pancreas transplantation......Page 286
Barriers to xenotransplantation......Page 287
7.2.1 The development of maternal and foetal tissues......Page 289
7.2.2 Female reproductive immunology......Page 290
7.2.3 Maternal–foetal exchange......Page 291
Peripheral immunity......Page 292
Human chorionic gonadotrophin......Page 293
7.2.7 Immunocompetent cells in the decidua......Page 294
Decidual antigen presenting cells......Page 295
7.2.8 Recurrent, spontaneous, abortion......Page 296
The blood–testis barrier......Page 297
Key points for review......Page 298
Bibliography......Page 299
Now test yourself!......Page 300
8.1 Atherosclerosis......Page 304
8.1.3 Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis......Page 305
Role of lipoproteins in atherosclerosis......Page 306
8.1.4 Plaque development......Page 307
8.1.5 Mononuclear cells in atherosclerosis – macrophages and dendritic cells......Page 308
8.1.6 Mononuclear cells in atherosclerosis – T cells......Page 309
8.1.9 Cytokines in atherosclerosis......Page 310
Potential autoantigens......Page 311
8.1.11 Infection and atherosclerosis......Page 312
8.2 Tumour immunology......Page 313
8.2.1 The nature of malignant disease......Page 314
Physical carcinogens......Page 315
Oncogenes......Page 316
8.2.3 Tumour antigens......Page 317
Cancer testes antigens (CTAs)......Page 318
Non-mutated shared antigens......Page 319
8.2.4 Tumour suppressor gene – oncogene networks......Page 320
Innate immunity......Page 322
Inflammation and the development of cancer......Page 323
Specific immunity......Page 324
Tumour cell evasion of the immune response......Page 325
Anti-tumour vaccines......Page 326
Biological response modifiers (BRM)......Page 327
Key points for review......Page 328
Bibliography......Page 329
Now test yourself!......Page 330
Answers to "Now test yourself!"......Page 333
Index......Page 357