Illustrating Concepts and Phenomena in Psychology: A Teacher-Friendly Compendium of Examples

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This compendium of examples of psychological concepts and phenomena is designed to make it easier for both novice and experienced teachers of psychology at all levels to bring new and/or particularly illuminating examples to their lectures and other presentations.

Psychology instructors know that vivid examples bring concepts to life for students, making psychology both more accessible and interesting. Having a good supply of such examples can be particularly important when, as often happens, students fail to immediately grasp particular points, especially those that are complex or difficult. Generating compelling examples can be challenging, particularly when teaching a course, such as Introductory Psychology, in which much of the material is outside one’s main area of expertise, when teaching a course for the first time, or when teaching a course that is entirely outside one’s main area of expertise.

This compendium will serve as a one-stop reference that presents a topic-organized body of compelling examples that instructors can explore as they prepare their teaching materials.  The examples they will find range from simple illustrations (e.g., muting an obnoxious commercial as an example of negative reinforcement), to videos (e.g., of a patient with prosopagnosia), to brief stories (e.g., about how confirmation bias led a man to dismantle a kitchen because he assumed that an electrical stove’s whining clock was a trapped kitten), to short summaries of research that illustrate a concept or phenomenon.

Beyond their value for enhancing the quality and interest level of classroom lectures, the examples in this book can help teachers find ideas for engaging multiple-choice exam and quiz items. They can also serve as stimuli for writing assignments and small group discussions in which students are asked to come up with additional examples of the concept or phenomenon, or link them to other concepts or phenomena.

Author(s): E. Leslie Cameron, Douglas A. Bernstein
Series: Springer Texts in Education
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2022

Language: English
Pages: 484
City: Cham

Foreword
References
Preface
What This Book Is and What It Isn’t
What You Will Find Here
What You Will NOT Find Here
An Invitation to Contribute
References
Acknowledgements
Contents
1 Research Methods and Statistics
Science Versus Pseudoscience
Scientific Method
Experimental Design
Case Studies
Naturalistic Observation
Correlational Research
Survey and Questionnaire Research
Cross Sectional and Longitudinal Research
Meta-Analysis
Research Measures
2 Biological Aspects of Psychology: Functions and Dysfunctions
Biological Bases of Behavior
The Central Nervous System
Syndromes of Neuropsychological Disorder
Assessment of Neuropsychological Disorders
The Peripheral Nervous System
Endocrine System Functions and Dysfunctions
3 Sensation and Perception
Sensory Systems
Artistic Renditions of the Senses
Human and Non-Human Visual Systems
Human and Non-Human Auditory Systems
Human and Non-Human Olfactory Systems
Human and Non-Human Gustatory (Taste) Systems
Human and Non-Human Tactile (Touch) Systems
Proprioceptive Systems
Disorders of Sensory Systems
Psychophysical Measurements
Detection/Absolute Thresholds
Difference Thresholds/Just Noticeable Difference (JND)
Signal Detection Theory (SDT)
Sensory Adaptation/Habituation
Perceptual Processes
Examples Contrasting Sensation and Perception
Failures of Perception
Perceptual Constancies
Depth Perception
Development of Depth Perception
Perceiving Biological Motion
Visual Search
Attention and Perception
Subliminal Perception and Subliminal Messaging
Bottom-Up Perceptual Processes
Top-Down Influences on Perception
Examples of Useful Classroom Demonstrations
4 Learning
Classical Conditioning
Simple Examples of Unconditioned Stimuli (US)
Simple Examples of Unconditioned Responses (UR)
Simple Examples of Conditioned Stimuli (CS)
Simple Examples of Conditioned Responses (CR)
Extinction in Classical Conditioning
Spontaneous Recovery
Stimulus Discrimination
Stimulus Generalization
Applications of Classical Conditioning
Treatment of Anxiety: Systematic Desensitization
Treatment of Enuresis
Predator Control and Animal Health
Airport Security
Operant Conditioning
The Law of Effect
Reinforcers
Examples of Positive Reinforcement (Reward)
Examples of Punishment
Schedules of Reinforcement
Discriminative Stimuli
Shaping
Extinction in Operant Conditioning
Learned Helplessness
Applications of Operant Conditioning
Token Economies
Promoting Health and “Green” Behavior
Observational Learning
Latent Learning
Non-associative Learning
Habituation
Sensitization
5 Memory
Memory Storage
Examples of Sensory Memory (Sensory Registers)
Short-Term (Working) Memory
Long-Term Memory
Storing Long-Term Memories
Retrieval from Long-Term Memory
Encoding and Levels of Processing
Encoding Through Rehearsal
Mnemonic Devices
Flashbulb Memories
Encoding Specificity Principle
Examples of People with Exceptional Memory
Retrieval
Recall
Recognition
Prospective Memory
Context-Dependent Retrieval
State-Dependent Retrieval
Memory Failure and Its Consequences
Eyewitness Testimony
False Memory
Schemas
Biological Bases of Memory
6 Thinking and Cognitive Abilities
The Functions of Thinking
Mental Representations
Thinking and Reasoning
Problem Solving
Obstacles to Problem Solving
Decision Making
Biases and Flaws in Decision Making
Cognitive Abilities
Tests of Cognitive Abilities
7 Consciousness
Studying Consciousness
Levels of Mental Processing
Biological Rhythms
Sleep Disorders
Sleep Deprivation
Dreams and Dreaming
Hypnotic Phenomena and Applications
8 Motivation and Emotion
Sources of Motivation
Specific Sources of Motivation
Theories of Motivation
Arousal Theory
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Intrinsic Motivation
Extrinsic Motivation
Achievement Motivation
Eating Behavior
Obesity
Sexual Behavior
Surveys About Sexual Behavior
Links Between Motivation and Emotion
The Nature of Emotion
Facial Expressions of Emotion
The Biology of Emotion
9 Development
Critical/Sensitive Periods
Imprinting
Newborn Reflexes
Maturation
Teratogens
Cognitive Development
Delayed Gratification
Language
Animal Communication
Language Development/Acquisition
Infant-Directed Speech (“Motherese”)
Cooing
Babbling
One-Word Stage (Holographic Speech)
Telegraphic/2-Word Speech
Examples of Over-Regularization Errors
Social Development
Attachment
Child-Rearing and Parenting Styles
Summarizing Parenting Styles
Examples of Authoritative Parenting (High Support/High Demand)
Examples of Authoritarian Parenting (Low Support/High Demand)
Examples of Indulgent or Permissive Parenting (High Support/Low Demand)
Examples of Indifferent-Uninvolved Parenting (Low Support/Low Demand)
Examples of Free-Range Parenting
Examples of Helicopter Parenting/Overparenting
Miscellaneous Examples Related to Parenting and Child-Rearing
Moral Development
Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development
10 Health, Stress, and Coping
Stressors
Stress Responses
Stress Response Mediators
Burnout
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Other Stress-Related Mental Health Problems
Health Promotion and Disease Prevention
11 Personality
Freudian/Psychodynamic Personality Structures
Ego Defense Mechanisms
Psychosexual Stages
Erickson’s Psychosocial Stages of Development
Trait Theories of Personality
Big Five Personality Dimensions
Humanistic Theories of Personality
Social Cognitive Theory
Projective Personality Tests
Nonprojective Personality Tests
12 Psychological Disorders
Defining Abnormality
Diagnostic Manuals
Examples of Psychological Disorders
Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders
Bipolar and Related Disorders
Depressive Disorders
Anxiety Disorders
Obsessive–Compulsive and Related Disorders
Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders
Dissociative Disorders
Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders
Feeding and Eating Disorders
Sleep–Wake Disorders
Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders
Neurocognitive Disorders
Personality Disorders
Insanity and Competency to Stand Trial
13 Treatment of Psychological Disorders
Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Therapy
Behavior Therapy
Cognitive and Cognitive-Behavior Therapy
Humanistic Therapy
Medical Treatments
14 Social Psychology
Identity Theory
First Impressions
Self-fulfilling Prophecies
Attribution and Attributional Errors
Cognitive Dissonance
Ingroups and Outgroups
Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination
Interpersonal Attraction
Social Norms
Social Loafing
Social Facilitation and Interference
Conformity
Compliance
Obedience
Aggression
Helping
15 Industrial/Organizational Psychology
Job Analysis
Testing Employee Characteristics
Employee Assessment Interviews
Assessment Centers
Assessing Job Performance
Recruiting Employees
Training Employees
Employee Motivation
Job Satisfaction
Occupational Health Psychology
Work Groups and Work Teams
Leadership
Index