Illustrated Pediatric Dentistry - Part 1

Cover
Title
Copyright
End User License Agreement
Contents
Foreword
1
FOREWORD 2
Foreword 2
Preface
Acknowledgements
List of Contributors
Introduction to Pediatric Dentistry
Satyawan Damle1,2,*
INTRODUCTION
Definition
DENTISTRY ENCOMPASSES DIFFERENSES DIFFERENT ASPECTS
An Important Aspect of Children Being Treated in a Separate Speciality.
The Key Role of a Pediatric Dentist is
Responsibilities of a Pediatric Dentist Include
Aims and Objectives of Pediatric Dentistry
HISTORY OF PEDIATRIC DENTISTRY
PEDIATRIC DENTISTRY PROCEDURES
Why Is Pediatric Dentistry Important? (Fig. 11)
Pediatric Dentistry takes into Consideration
The First Dental Visit
Outcomes of a First Dental Visit
Anticipatory Guidance
Considerations of Child Management in Dentistry
Concept of Dental Home
Dental Conditions
Why Pediatric Dentistry is Better for Children?
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Emotional Development of a Child
Raghavendra M. Shetty, Trisha Gadekar and Aditi Pashine
INTRODUCTION
EMOTION
Types of Emotions in Children
Emotional Development in Children
Commonly Seen Emotions in Children
Crying
Obstinate Cry
Frightened Cry
Hurt Cry
Compensatory Cry
Anger
Fear
Objective Fear/real Fear
Subjective Fear/anticipated Fear
Anxiety
Types of Anxiety
Phobia
Fear and Anxiety Assessment Scale
Corah’s Dental Anxiety Scale (CDAS)
The Modified Child Dental Anxiety Scale (MCDAS)
Dental Fear Survey Scale
Children’s Dental Fear Picture (CDFP) Test
Venham’s Picture Scale (VPS)/Venham’s Picture Test (VPT)
DA5 Scale
Smiley Faces Program (SFP)
Abeer Children Dental Anxiety Scale (ACDAS).
Anxiety Thermometer
RMS-Pictorial Scale (RMS-PS)
Chhota Bheem Chutki (CBC) Scale
RMS-Tactile Scale (RMS-TS)
Animated Emoji Scale (AES)
Animated Visual Facial Pain/Anxiety Rating Scale
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Psychological Development of a Child
H. Sharath Chandra1,*, M.H. Raghunath Reddy1 and Vidya Iyer2
INTRODUCTION
Definition
Importance of Child Psychology
Theories of Child Psychology
PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORIES
Psychosexual/ Psychoanalytic Theory
Psychosexual Development
Psychosocial Theory
Stages of Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory (Fig. 10)
Stage 1: Seen in Infant (0- 18 months)
Dental Implications
Dental Implications
Dental Implications
Dental Implications
Dental Implications
Dental Implication
Cognitive Theory
Stages of Cognitive Development
Volume: Classical Beaker Experiment
Number: Coin Experiment
Features of the stage
Clinical Implications
Formal Operational Stage (12 Yrs and Above)
BEHAVIOUR LEARNING THEORIES
Classical Conditioning Theory
Clinical Implications
Operant Conditioning Theory
Skinner Described 4 types of Operant Conditioning [1, 9]
Social Learning Theory
HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Non-Pharmacological Behaviour Management
Raghavendra M. Shetty1,*, Aditi Pashne2 and Trisha Gadekar3
INTRODUCTION
Behavioural Classification
Wright’s Classification (1975)
Behaviour Rating Scales
Effect of Dental Office Environment and Parental Presence
Non-Pharmacological Behaviour Guidance Techniques
Communication and Communicative Guidance
Prerequisites for Effective Communication
Desensitization
Tell Show Do (TSD) Technique
Modification of TSD
Role Play and Drawings
Flooding Technique or Implosion Therapy
Contingency Management
Modelling
Types of Modelling
Distraction
Audio-Visual Distraction
Protective Stabilisation
Types of Restraints
Audio Analgesia
Hypnosis/ Psychosomatics/ Suggestion Therapy
Cognitive Restructuring - Reframing
Newer Methods of Behaviour Guidance
ATP Technique
Applied Behaviour Analysis (ABA)
Essential Oil Therapy – Aromatherapy
Mobile Dental Application
Virtual Reality-Based Distraction
WITAUL [Writing in the Air Using Leg] Technique
Thaumaturgy
Animal Assisted Therapy (AAT)
Robotic Approach
Acupuncture and Acupressure
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Dental Caries: Etiology, Pathogenesis, and Caries Activity Tests
Armelia Sari Widyarman1,*, Enrita Dian R.2 and Eko Fibryanto3
INTRODUCTION
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Dental Plaque and Biofilm
Demineralization Process
Caries Activity Tests
Definitions
A Caries Activity Test Helps to:
Objectives
Uses
For a Clinician
For the Research Worker
Ideal Requirements for Caries Activity Tests (Fig. 5)
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Diagnosis of Dental Caries
Armelia Sari Widyarman1,*, Eko Fibryanto2 and Tri Erri Astoeti3
INTRODUCTION
Definitions
Dental Caries Classification
Dental Caries Classification
A). Location
B). Size
Transmission of Microorganisms from Mother to Child
Intrafamily Transmission of Microorganisms to Children
Diagnosis
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCE
Role of Diet in Dental Caries
Satyawan Damle1,*, Prachi Goyal2 and Dhanashree Sakhare3
INTRODUCTION
Definition
Cariogenicity of Diet
Nature of the Diet
Retention and Oral Clearance Time of Dietary Components
Intake Frequency
Chemical Composition
Protective Component in the Diet (Fig. 6)
Sugar Studies
Sucrose – The Arch Criminal
Studies Assessing Relationship Between Sugar and Caries [9 - 11], Observational Human Studies-
Modern Diet Versus Primitive Diet
Human Observational Studies
Results
CONCLUSION
Low Sugar Diet Has Low Levels of Dental Caries
High Sugar Diet Has High Levels of Dental Caries
Nikiforuk and Fraser in 1981
Worldwide Epidemiological Observational Studies, Sreebny Lm 1982
Tristan Da Cunha, (Fisher 1986)
Hereditary Fructose Intolerance (Hfi) (Newbrun 1909)
World War II Rationing
Interventional Studies
Vipeholm Study (Gustaffson et al. 1954) (Fig. 12)
CONCLUSION
RESULTS
Sugar Clock (Fig. 16)
Diet Counseling
FOOD PYRAMID
Dietary Advice for Different Age Groups
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Early Childhood Caries
Neerja Singh1,* and Monika Rathore1
INTRODUCTION
Definitions
Rampant Caries
Classification
Epidemiology
Etiological Factors
A. Dietary Factors
B. Microbiological Factors
C. Other Modifying Factors
DIETARY FACTORS
Breastfeeding
Bottle Feeding
The Diet and ECC
Microbiological Factors
Host Factors
Saliva
Enamel Defects
GENETIC FACTORS
OTHER MODIFYING FACTORS
The Maternal-Child Link to ECC
Socio Economic Status
Parental Education and Awareness
Oral Hygiene Practices
Low Birth Weight and Preterm Babies
CLINICAL FEATURES
CONSEQUENCES OF UNTREATED EARLY CHILDHOOD CARIES
EFFECTS OF UNTREATED CARIOUS LESIONS ON QUALITY OF LIFE OF THE CHILD
EFFECTS OF UNTREATED CARIOUS LESIONS ON PARENTS’ QUALITY OF LIFE
EFFECTS OF UNTREATED CARIOUS LESIONS ON SUCCEDANEOUS TEETH
MANAGEMENT OF EARLY CHILDHOOD CARIES
PREVENTION
SALIVA DIAGNOSTICS
CARIES RISK ASSESSMENT
PRIMARY PREVENTION
NON-FLUORIDE AGENTS
REPLACEMENT THERAPY AND PROBIOTICS
Secondary Prevention
Tertiary Prevention
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Craniofacial Growth and Development in Children
Arun M. Xavier1,*, H. Sharath Chandra2 and M. Vijay3
INTRODUCTION
Terminologies
Growth
Development
Factors Affecting Growth
Genes and Heredity
Family Size and Birth Order
Secular Trends
Socioeconomic Factors
Climate and Seasonal Variations
Nutrition
Hormones
Growth Factors
Muscular Functions
Exercise and Adult Physique
Illness
Psychological Disturbances
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
Continuity
Sequentiality
Generality to Specificity
Differentiality
Variability
Growth Spurts
Importance of Growth Spurts:
Orthodontic Correction Considerations
Differential Growth
Cranial Base Synchondroses
Fontanelles
Theories of Craniofacial Growth
Other Theories Related to Craniofacial Growth are:
Bone Remodelling Theory
Genetic Theory / Genetic Blueprint
Cartilaginous Theory / Scott's Hypothesis, Nasal Septum Theory, Nasocapsular Theory
Limitations
Sutural Growth Theory / Sicher's Hypothesis, Sicher’s Sutural Dominance Theory
Limitations
Functional Matrix Hypothesis (FMH)
Neurotropism
Neurotropism is of Three Types
Van Limborgh Multifactorial Hypothesis / Van Limborgh's Composite Hypothesis
Servo System Theory / Cybernetics Theory
Application of Servo System
Enlow's Expanding ‘V’ Principle
Enlow's Counterpart Principle / Growth Equivalents Concepts
Functional Matrix Hypothesis Revisited (1997)
Methods of Studying Physical Growth
Growth Assessment Parameters
Chronological Age
Somatotypic Age
Sexual Age
Facial Age
Skeletal Age
Hand and Wrist Radiographs
Determination of Skeletal Age
Indications of Hand and Wrist Radiographs
Dental Age
Computerized Growth Forecasting
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Growth and Development of Maxilla and Mandible
Bhavna Gupta Saraf1,*, Dhanashree Sakhare2 and Parag Kasar3
INTRODUCTION
Scope
Prenatal Growth and Development of Maxilla and Mandible-Maxilla
1. Maxilla Proper
The Ossified Tissue Appears as a Thin Strip of Bone. It Spreads in Different Directions as:
2. Premaxilla
3. ACCESSORY CARTILAGES
DIVISIONS OF DEVELOPMENTAL SCIENCE
Molecular Biology
Developmental Biology
PRINCIPLES AND THEMES OF DEVELOPMENT
Principles
SHIFTS FROM COMPETENT TO FIXATION
SHIFTS FROM DEPENDENT TO INDEPENDENT
The Ubiquity of Genetic Control Modulates by Environment
MANDIBLE
Meckel’s Cartilage
Meckel's Cartilage Ossification (Fig. 6)
OSSIFICATION OF THE MANDIBLE (TABLE 1).
ENDOCHONDRAL BONE FORMATION
A. Condylar Cartilage
B. Coronoid Cartilage
C. Symphyseal Cartilage
Postnatal Growth of Maxilla and Mandible Maxilla
Growth Centers
Growth Sites
Mandible
Mandibular Growth after 1st Year of Life
Mandibular Remodeling
Growth At Ramus
Lingual Tuberosity
Body of the Mandible
Condylar Neck
Coronoid Process
Antegonial Notch
The Mandibular Foramen
The Alveolar Process
Mental Foramen
The Chin
Recent Advances to Study the Growth and Development of Mandible
Age Changes in Maxilla and Mandible in mandible (Table 2)
In Maxilla
At Birth
In Adults
In Old
Applied Aspects of Development of Maxilla and Mandible (Table 3)
Reasons
Recent Updates on Growth and Development
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Development of Dentition and Occlusion in Children
Pratik Kariya1,* and Bhavna Dave1
INTRODUCTION
Evolution of Dentition
Characteristics of Human Dentition
▪ Based on the Mode of Attachment to Jaw:
▪ Based on the Number of Successional Teeth sets:
▪ Based on the Type or Shape of Teeth
Development of Dentition-
A). Development during Prenatal Period
During the 5th week of IUL
1) Beginning of the Primary Dentition Development
2) The Formation of the Successional Lamina
3) Initiation of the Permanent Dentition
Morphological Changes in the Dental Lamina Occur in the Following Phases (Table 1):
Advanced Bell Stage-
B). Status of Development at Birth
C). Development of Postnatal Period
Hertwig's Epithelial Root Sheath and Root Formation
Eruption of Teeth
Two types of Eruption
Patterns of Eruptive Tooth Movements
Theories of Tooth Eruption-
Histology of Tooth Movement
Factors Affecting Eruption
1. Genetic Factors
2. Environment Factors
Chronology of Primary and Permanent Dentition
Developmental Anomalies of Teeth
Development of Occlusion
Definition
Periods of Developing Occlusion
1. Pre-Dentate Period
a). Gum Pads
b). Neonatal Jaw Relationship
c). The Status of Dentition
2. Deciduous Dentition Period
Ovoid Arch Form
Interdental Spacing
Spacing in Primary Dentition
Significance of Primate Spaces
Molar Relationship in Deciduous Dentition
Upright Incisors
Shallow Intercuspal Interdigitation (Fig. 14):
Flat curve of Spee (Fig. 15):
3. Mixed Dentition Period
Phases of Mixed Dentition (Table 9):
First Transition Period:
First Transition Stage
Early Mesial Shift
Late Mesial Shift
Incisal Exchange
Incisal Liability
The Following Factors Overcome the Incisal Liability
Overjet and Overbite (Fig. 22):
Edge to Edge Bite
Inter-Transitional Period
Second Transition Period-
Ugly Duckling Stage
PERMANENT DENTITION
Features of Permanent Dentition
Andrew's Keys to Normal Occlusion
Self-Correcting Anomalies
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Morphology of Primary Dentition
Parag D. Kasar1,*, Dhanashree Sakhare2 and Shailaja Chatterjee3
INTRODUCTION
Tooth Numbering System
Maxillary First Molar
Maxillary Second Molar
Mandibular Canine
Mandibular First Molar
Mandibular Second Molar
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Teething in Children – Fact and Fiction
Shruti Balasubramanian1,* and Dhanashree Sakhare2
INTRODUCTION
Historical Perspective
Definitions
Signs and Symptoms
Management of Teething [5, 6]
Practices- Not Recommended [6]
Problems Associated with Teething
Their Removal is Indicated
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Developmental Disturbances of Oral Structure
Jay Gopal Ray1,*, Deepika Bablani Popli2, Aman Chowdhry3 and Priyanka Bhaje4
INTRODUCTION
DISTURBANCES OF TEETH (FIG. 2)
Anomalies related to number of teeth (Fig. 3)
Hyperdontia
Hypodontia (Figs. 5 and 6)
Abnormalities Related to the Size of Teeth
Microdontia (Fig. 7)
Macrodontia (Fig. 8)
Abnormalities of Tooth Form
Fusion (Fig. 9)
Concrescence
Gemination (Fig. 10)
Treatment
Dens in Dente (Dens Invaginatus/tooth within a Tooth/ Invaginatedodontome/ Dilated Gestantodontome/dilated Composite Odontome/ Dentinoid in Dente) (Fig. 11)
Dens Evaginatus
Talon Cusp (Fig. 12)
Taurodontism (Fig. 13)
Dilaceration (Fig. 15)
Abnormalities of tooth structure (Fig. 16)
Enamel Hypoplasia (Figs. 17 and 18)
Classification
Amelogenesis Imperfecta (Fig. 21)
Dentinogenesis imperfecta (Fig. 22)
Shell Teeth (Fig. 23)
Dentin Dysplasia (Fig. 24)
Regional Odontodysplasia
Syphilitic Hypoplasia (Fig. 25)
Anomalies of tongue (Fig. 26)
Macroglossia (Fig. 27)
Microglossia and Aglossia
Ankyloglossia (Fig. 28)
Treatment
Cleft Tongue
Fissured tongue (Fig. 29)
Treatment
Coated Tongue (Fig. 30)
Strawberry Tongue (Fig. 31)
Geographic Tongue (Benign Migratory Glossitis)
Median Rhomboid Glossitis (Fig. 32)
Black Hairy Tongue
DEVELOPMENTAL LESIONS OF ORAL MUCOSA (FIG. 33)
Fordyce’s Granules
Focal epithelial hyperplasia or Heck disease (Fig. 34)
Epstein’s pearls and Bohn’s nodules (Fig. 35)
Treatment
Persistent Buccopharyngeal Membrane
Treatment
Congenital Pits and Fistulas of the Lip (Fig. 36)
Treatment
Cheilitis Granulomatosa
Treatment
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Lesions of Oral Mucosa
Jay Gopal Ray1 and Priyanka Bhaje2,*
INTRODUCTION
White lesions of the Oral Cavity (Fig. 2)
Benign Migratory Glossitis (Geographic Tongue)
Candidiasis/Moniliasis
White Spongy Nevus
Vesicular, Erythematous, and Ulcerated Lesions of Viral Etiology (Fig 6)
Primary Herpetic Gingivostomatitis (Fig 7)
Herpangina (Fig 8).
Pigmented lesions (Fig 9)
Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia (Rendu-Osler-Weber syndrome) (Fig 10)
Hemangioma (Fig 11)
Sturge Weber Syndrome (‘Encephalo- Trigeminal Angiomatosis’) (Fig 12)
Black Hairy Tongue (Fig. 13)
Autoimmune Disorders (Fig 14)
Pemphigus/Pemphigoid (Fig 15)
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (Fig 16a, 16b)
Ectodermal Dysplasia (Fig. 17a, 17b, 17c)
Papillon–Lefèvre Syndrome (PLS) (Fig 18a, 18b)
Aphthous Stomatitis
Lesions of Idiopathic Etiology
Pterygoid Ulcer or Bednar’s Ulcer (Fig. 20)
Lesions of Bacterial Origin (Fig. 21)
Impetigo (Fig. 22)
Staphylococcal Scalded Shock Syndrome
Scarlet Fever
Syphilis
Oral Tuberculosis (Fig 24)
Actinomycosis (Fig. 25)
Noma (Cancrum Oris, Gangrenous stomatitis)
SOFT TISSUE ENLARGEMENTS
Mucocele (Fig 27)
Ranula (Fig 28)
B). Tumors or Neoplasms
(I). Benign Tumours of Epithelial Origin
Oral Papilloma (HPV)
II). Benign Tumours of Mesenchymal Origin
Pyogenic Granuloma: (Fig 30)
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Subject Index