Language: English
Pages: 383
IEEE Std 493-2007......Page 1
IEEE Recommended Practice for the Design of Reliable Industrial and Commercial Power Systems......Page 3
Abstract/Keywords......Page 4
Acknowledgments......Page 5
Introduction/Notice to users......Page 7
Participants......Page 8
Contents......Page 11
1.1 Objectives and scope......Page 15
1.2 Summary of contents of each chapter......Page 16
1.4 Normative references......Page 19
2.2 Definitions......Page 21
2.3 Calculation reference......Page 23
2.4 Acronyms and abbreviations......Page 24
2.5 Review of basic probability......Page 25
2.6 Reliability and availability......Page 26
2.7 Defining frequency and duration of outages and interruptions, l, MTBF......Page 29
2.8 Probability distributions......Page 30
2.9 Methods of reliability and availability analysis......Page 37
2.10 Performing reliability and availability analyses......Page 41
2.11 Bibliography......Page 42
3.1 Introduction......Page 43
3.2 Fundamentals of power system reliability evaluation......Page 44
3.3 Examples of reliability and availability analysis of common low- voltage industrial power dis.........Page 46
3.4 Cost of power outages......Page 79
3.5 IEEE Gold Book Standard Network......Page 92
3.7 Biography......Page 99
4.1 Introduction......Page 103
4.2 Evaluation methodology......Page 104
4.3 Utility supply availability......Page 105
4.4 Configuration......Page 108
4.5 Assessing control and protection......Page 110
4.6 Physical assessment......Page 112
4.7 Operations and maintenance......Page 113
4.8 Other vulnerable areas......Page 116
4.9 Conclusion......Page 117
4.11 Bibliography......Page 118
5.2 Relationship of maintenance practice and equipment failure......Page 119
5.3 Equipment preventive maintenance......Page 121
5.4 Design for preventive maintenance......Page 123
5.5 Reliability centered maintenance......Page 124
5.6 Relationship of RCM to other disciplines......Page 126
5.7 RCM implementation plan......Page 127
5.8 Data collection requirements......Page 128
5.9 Bibliography......Page 131
6.1 Introduction......Page 133
6.2 Emergency and standby power supply types......Page 134
6.4 Normative references......Page 142
7.1 Introduction......Page 143
7.2 Voltage sag characteristics and reporting......Page 145
7.3 Equipment susceptibility to voltage sags......Page 149
7.4 Line faults—A major cause for voltage sags......Page 152
7.5 Voltage sag predictions......Page 153
7.6 Methods of stochastic prediction of voltage sags......Page 163
7.7 Examples for rectangular sag calculations......Page 165
7.8 Nonrectangular sags......Page 173
7.9 Development of voltage sag coordination charts......Page 177
7.12 Conclusions and future work......Page 186
7.14 Bibliography......Page 187
8.2 Special equipment to support continuous operation......Page 191
8.3 Defining failure in a 7 x 24 facility......Page 194
8.4 Reliability and availability as tools in evaluation of critical facilities......Page 196
8.5 Critical distribution system configurations......Page 199
8.6 Reliability and availability of critical distribution system configurations......Page 208
8.8 Bibliography......Page 211
9.1 Introduction......Page 213
9.2 Definition of success ratio......Page 214
9.3 Acceptance sampling plan......Page 215
9.4 Minimizing manufacturer and customer risks......Page 216
9.5 Sequential testing plan......Page 217
9.6 Development of a sequential testing plan......Page 218
9.7 Compliance sequential test acceptance limits......Page 219
9.8 Compliance sequential test rejection limits......Page 220
9.9 Case study......Page 223
9.10 Discussion of sequential tests......Page 224
9.11 Conclusion......Page 225
9.13 Bibliography......Page 226
10.1 Introduction......Page 227
10.2 Part 1: Mechanical and electrical equipment reliability and availability data collection con.........Page 235
10.3 Part 2: Equipment reliability surveys (1976–1989)......Page 273
10.4 Part 3: Equipment reliability surveys conducted prior to 1976......Page 297
10.5 Bibliography......Page 314
11.4 Nameplate information......Page 319
11.7 Data forms......Page 320
Annex 11A (informative) Data collection forms......Page 323
Annexes A–Q......Page 377
Index......Page 379
