IEC 61850 Principles and Applications to Electric Power Systems

Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
Editors and Contributors
About the Editors
Contributors
1 IEC 61850 as an Enabler to Meet Power System Challenges
1.1 The Changing Power System and Related Drivers
1.1.1 Changes in Society
1.1.2 Environmental Change
1.1.3 Technology Change
1.1.4 Social Change
1.1.5 Changing Power Systems and Energy Sector
1.2 Resulting Power System Challenges
1.2.1 Climate Change Challenges
1.2.2 Technology Change Challenges
1.2.3 Challenges from Social and Societal Change
1.2.4 Utility Challenges
1.2.5 CIGREs Ten Issues to Address for Network Supply System of the Future [1]
1.3 Features of IEC 61850 that Facilitate Solutions to Meet the Challenges
1.3.1 Protection, Automation and Control to Address Both Emerging and Traditional Challenges
1.3.2 General Features of the IEC 61850 Standard
1.3.3 General Advantages of IEC 61850 Compared with Other Standards
1.3.4 Summary of Applications, Features and Advantages of Applying IEC 61850 Schemes
References
2 Introduction to IEC 61850 Systems
2.1 What is IEC 61850
2.2 Overview of the IEC 61850 Series Concept
2.3 Some Basic Concepts
2.4 Brief History
2.5 Compliance
2.5.1 Editions and Amendments
2.5.2 Forward and Backward Edition/Amendment Compliance Compatibility
2.6 The Need for Expertise—Training
References
3 IEC 61850 User Specifications, Standards and End-Users
3.1 Specification Standards [1]
3.1.1 Process Interface Functions
3.1.2 Protection Functions
3.1.3 Control Functions
3.1.4 Automation Functions
3.1.5 Monitoring Functions
3.1.6 Recording Functions
3.1.7 Reporting Functions
3.1.8 Communications Functions
3.2 Specification Process [2]
3.2.1 Standard Scheme—Template
3.2.2 Standard Scheme—Defined
3.2.3 Standard Scheme—Applied
3.2.4 Standard Scheme—Instantiated
3.3 Specification Tools [3]
3.3.1 System Configuration Language (SCL)
3.3.2 SCL Files
3.3.3 System Specification Tool (SST)
3.4 Documentation [2]
3.4.1 Standard Scheme—Template
3.4.2 Standard Scheme—Defined
3.4.3 Standard Scheme—Applied
3.4.4 Standard Scheme—Instantiated
3.5 End-to-End Users Groups
3.5.1 UCA International Users Group
3.5.2 ENTSO-E
3.5.3 IEC TC 57 WG 10 IEC 61850 User Feedback Task Force
3.5.4 IEEE PES PSRCC IEC 61850 User Feedback Task Force
3.5.5 IEC 61400 USE61400-25—Wind User Group
References
4 IEC 61850 Communication Architectures and Services
4.1 Protection Automation and Control Systems Communication Architecture
4.2 Network Architecture 
4.2.1 Single Ring
4.2.2 Two Rings
4.3 Services Mapped to Concrete Communication Protocols 
4.4 General Requirements for Services
4.4.1 Redundancy Implementation for Networks
4.4.2 Latency Implications for Networks
4.4.3 Transient Immunity for Networks
4.5 Implementation of Services Related to IEC 61850 
4.6 Available Services 
4.6.1 Services and Open Systems Interconnection
4.6.2 SCADA-related Services
4.6.3 Protection and Control Services
4.7 Example of Communication Network 
4.7.1 Communication Networks for Protection, Automation and Control System (PACS) with Process Bus [23]
4.7.2 Future Protection, Automation and Control System Communication Architectures [28]
References
5 Time Synchronisation for IEC 61850 Systems
5.1 Timing Requirements
5.1.1 Time-Related Requirements in IEC 61850
5.1.2 Time in the IEC 61850 Model
5.1.3 Time Synchronisation Concept
5.1.4 Time Synchronisation Accuracy Classes
5.1.5 Indicating Time Synchronisation Accuracy
5.1.6 Synchronisation 
5.2 Methods for Time Synchronisation
5.2.1 Global Primary Reference Sources
5.2.2 Contemporary Time Synchronisation Methods
5.2.3 Legacy Time Synchronisation Methods
5.2.4 General Requirements for the Local Master Clock
5.2.5 Network Architecture Considerations
5.3 Time Synchronisation Redundancy
5.3.1 GNSS
5.4 Practical Implementations of Time Synchronisation
5.4.1 Case Studies of Time Synchronisation
5.5 Performance Testing of Time Synchronisation Systems
5.5.1 Application Tests
5.5.2 Application Testing Tools
5.5.3 System Tests
References
6 Cybersecurity Integration with  IEC 61850 Systems
6.1 Cybersecurity Imperatives
6.1.1 The Onset of Advanced Persistent Threats
6.1.2 Time on Target Doctrine
6.1.3 Fundamental Response Strategies
6.2 Understanding Cyber-Physical Security Issues
6.2.1 Focus on Maturity Assessment Challenges
6.2.2 How Utilities Address APT Challenges
6.2.3 Security Testing Needs Attention
6.3 Leveraging IEC 61850 for Early Threat Detection
6.3.1 Understanding the Kill Chain
6.3.2 Data Fusion in IEC 61850 Systems
6.3.3 New Crypto-Based Technologies for IEC 61850 Systems
6.3.4 Understanding Role-Based Access Control (RBAC)
6.3.5 Extended Access Control Mechanisms
6.3.6 Security Requirements for Remote Services
6.3.7 The Need for Security-Smart PACS Data Objects
6.3.8 Digital Certificate Management
6.3.9 Leveraging Self-Protecting Data Objects
6.4 Security Implementation in R-SV and R-GOOSE
6.4.1 Message Security
6.4.2 Key Distribution Centre—KDC
6.4.3 IEC 61850 Client–Server Security
6.4.4 Role-Based Access Control—RBAC
6.5 Conclusions (Call to Action)
6.5.1 Top 6 CPS Actions to Protect IEC 61850 PACS
6.5.2 Future Study Topics and Objectives
References
7 Planning and Design for IEC 61850 Implementation
7.1 Planning to Implement an IEC 61850 Solution
7.1.1 Impacts on Yard Equipment and Control Room
7.1.2 Impacts on the Utilities
7.2 Designing an IEC-61850-Based Solution
7.2.1 Project Steps and Definitions
7.2.2 Selection of Functionalities
7.2.3 Definition of Requirements
7.2.4 Definition of the Communication Network
7.2.5 Network Requirements
7.2.6 Time Synchronisation
7.2.7 Certification and Homologation Requirements
7.2.8 Definition of Cybersecurity Solution
7.3 Installation
7.4 Definition of Commissioning Plan
7.5 Maintenance Aspects at the Specification
7.6 Decommissioning
References
8 Implementation for IEC 61850 Functional Schemes
8.1 General Recommendations for IEC 61850 Functional Schemes [1]
8.1.1 Semantics of Logic
8.1.2 Logical Device Grouping/Hierarchy
8.1.3 Instance Modelling
8.1.4 Optimising Data sets: PTRC
8.2 RTE Substation Protection Automation and Control Systems IEC 61850 Model [5]
8.2.1 Communication with the Power System Control
8.2.2 Tripping Order of Protection Functions
8.2.3 Protection Function Exemplar: Passive Load Feeder Protection (LDPAP)
8.2.4 Substation Automation Exemplar: Overload Management Function (LDADA)
8.2.5 Process Interface Functional Exemplar: Circuit Breaker Interface (LDDJ)
8.3 IEC 61850-Based Substation SCADA/Automation Platform Application Exemplar [6]
8.4 Transparent Interlocking Via IEC 61850 Interlocking [7]
8.5 IEC 61850 Primary Distribution Substation Functional Application Exemplar: Automatic Bus Transfer Scheme [8]
8.5.1 Overall Functional Scheme Design Philosophy
8.5.2 Functional Protection and Automation Scheme Design
References
9 Testing of IEC 61850 System Solutions
9.1 Data Flow Management of Ethernet-Based Networks [1]
9.1.1 Considerations for VLANs
9.2 Considerations for Network Reliability and Testing [1]
9.2.1 Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (IEEE 802.1w RSTP)
9.2.2 Parallel Redundancy Protocol (IEC 62439-3 PRP)
9.2.3 High-Availability Seamless Redundancy (IEC 62439-3 HSR)
9.2.4 Combined PRP and HSR Networks
9.2.5 Network Bandwidth Considerations
9.3 Features in IEC 61850 Related to Testing [1]
9.3.1 Test Features Defined in IEC 61850
9.4 Application and Implementation of IEC 61850 Test Features [1]
9.4.1 Use of Simulation
9.4.2 Case of Heterogeneous Quality Attributes in Input Data
9.5 Support of Testing-Related Features [1]
9.6 Requirements for Testing Tools [1]
9.6.1 Requirements for the Device Injecting Test Signals
9.6.2 Implementation Considerations for the Test System
9.6.3 Features Required to Support Remote Testing
9.7 Test Methodology and Assessment [1]
9.7.1 Black Box Testing
9.7.2 White Box Testing
9.7.3 Top-Down Testing
9.7.4 Bottom-Up Testing
9.7.5 Positive and Negative Testing
9.8 Testing and Security [1]
9.9 Installation Test
References
10 Vendor Interoperability of IEC 61850 Systems
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Interoperability
10.2.1 Interoperability Versus Interchangeability
10.3 Standardisation Committees and Working Groups Enhancing IEC 61850 Interoperability
10.4 Business Case for Multi-vendor Interoperability
10.4.1 Functional Requirements
10.4.2 Regulatory Requirements
10.4.3 Serviceability
10.5 Role of Standardisation in Ensuring Multi-vendor Interoperability
10.6 Ensuring Interoperability Through System Specifications 
10.6.1 Multi-vendor Engineering Environment and Single System Model Across the Life Cycle
10.7 System Configuration
10.7.1 SCD Engineering
10.7.2 GOOSE Engineering
10.7.3 Report Engineering
10.8 Interoperability Requirements for Testing and Commissioning
10.9 Interoperability Requirements for Operation and Maintenance
10.9.1 Monitoring Requirements
10.10 Backward Compatibility
10.10.1 Upgrading of System Software
10.10.2 Communication Network Interoperability
10.10.3 Replacement of IEDs
10.11 Review of Miscellaneous Aspects of Multi-Vendor Installations
10.11.1 Architecture: HSR and PRP
10.11.2 Data Streams and Functional Interoperability
10.11.3 LPITs, Merging Units and IEDs
10.11.4 Time Synchronisation
10.12 Tools
10.12.1 Engineering Design and Configuration Tools
10.12.2 Testing and Commissioning Tools
10.13 User Case Studies
10.13.1 SP Energy Networks Project FITNESS
10.13.2 LANDSNET Iceland, Digital Substations
References
11 CT/VT Sampled Value Acquisition Applied to IEC 61850
11.1 Evolution of Sampled Value CT/VT Definitions and Configurations
11.1.1 Interim Guideline IEC 61850-9-2LE
11.1.2 IEC 61869-9 Standard
11.2 Additional Important Facts Related to Sampled Values and IEC 61869-9 Standard
11.2.1 General on Complete Digital Acquisition Chain
11.2.2 Some Specific Characteristics of Different Instrument Transformers
11.2.3 Frequency Dependence and Bode Diagram
11.2.4 Dynamic Ranges for Measured Currents and Voltages
11.3 Future Challenges
11.3.1 Needs of High Frequency-Based Directional Earth Fault Protection
11.3.2 Travelling Wave Protection
11.3.3 Required Protection Operating Time
References
12 Process bus Applications in  IEC 61850
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Protection, Automation and Control System with Station bus and Process bus
12.3 Process bus Structures [7]
12.3.1 Process bus Using HSR and PRP Architecture 
12.3.2 Process bus Using PRP Architecture
12.3.3 Choice Between PRP and HSR [7]
12.3.4 Process bus Using Direct Link Architecture
12.3.5 Software Defines Process bus Networks [17]
12.4 Advantages and Drawbacks
12.5 Process bus Sampled Values Other Than CT and VT
12.6 Recommendations
References
13 Wide Area Implementations of IEC 61850 Substation Systems
13.1 Synchrophasors
13.2 Synchrophasor Calculation Window
13.3 Synchrophasor Communication
13.4 IEC 61850 Routable Sample Values and Routable GOOSE
13.4.1 Session Header
13.4.2 Synchro Logical Nodes
13.4.3 Synchrophasor Time Stamp
13.5 Applications: R-GOOSE
13.5.1 Remedial Action
13.5.2 Multi-Terminal Transfer Trip
13.5.3 Demand Side Management
13.5.4 Direct Load Control/Surgical Load Shed
13.5.5 Transactional Energy
13.6 Applications: R-SV
13.6.1 State Estimation through Multicast Synchrophasor Delivery
13.6.2 Frequency Network—FNet
13.6.3 Synchrophasor-Based Fault Location
13.6.4 Broken Wire Detection
13.6.5 Oscillation Monitoring
References
14 IEC 61850 for SCADA Applications
14.1 General Considerations
14.2 Local SCADA Implementation
14.3 SCADA and IEC 61850 Standard
14.4 SCADA Communication
14.5 Management of SCADA System
14.6 Remote Systems
14.7 Cybersecurity Aspects
References
15 Maintenance and Asset Management for IEC 61850 Systems
15.1 General Introduction and Scope
15.2 Asset Management and Maintenance Strategies
15.2.1 Roles and Responsibilities
15.2.2 Knowledge in System and Component Assets of IEC 61850 PACS
15.2.3 Operation and Maintenance Tasks
15.2.4 Remote Operation Capability
15.3 Information Management
15.3.1 Information Assets
15.3.2 Documentation
15.4 Risk Management
15.4.1 Maintenance Management
15.4.2 Obsolescence Management
15.4.3 Change Management, Fault Tracing and Time to Repair of Faulty Equipment
15.4.4 Spare Parts Management
15.5 Performance Management
15.6 Maintenance Testing
15.6.1 Reasons for Testing IEC 61850 PACS in Operation
15.6.2 Tools for Maintenance and Testing
15.6.3 Use Case Example: Fault Diagnostics in the PACS After an Erroneous Breaker Failure Protection Trip
References
16 Applying IEC 61850 Applications Beyond Substations
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Electric Traction Systems
16.2.1 Overview of Electric Traction Systems
16.2.2 Replacement of Conventional AC Traction PACS
16.2.3 Application to Enhanced Interlocking
16.2.4 Application to Traction Wide-Area PACS
16.2.5 Application to DC Traction Systems
16.2.6 Advanced IEC 61850 Traction System Performance Monitoring
16.2.7 Future IEC 61850 Traction Substations—Rationalised Electrification
16.3 Hydropower Plants
16.3.1 Practical Application of IEC 61850 in Hydro Power Plants
16.4 Wind Power Plants
16.4.1 The Wind Information Model, IEC 61400-25
16.4.2 History
16.4.3 Difference Between 61850 Systems and Wind Power Systems
16.4.4 Modelling Approach of the Wind Information Model
16.4.5 Future Outlook
16.5 Distributed Energy Resources
16.5.1 Introduction
16.5.2 Photovoltaic Applications
16.5.3 Battery Storage
16.5.4 Fuel Cell Storage
16.5.5 Ultra-Capacitor Storage
16.6 Electric Vehicles
16.6.1 Electric Road Vehicle Applications
16.6.2 Existing IEC 61850 Integration
16.6.3 Vehicle-To-Grid
16.7 HVDC Systems
16.8 Future Novel Network Integration
References
17 Conclusions
17.1 Overview
17.2 Summary
17.2.1 Needs, Benefits and Concepts
17.2.2 User Specification, Architecture and Services
17.2.3 Time Synchronisation and Cybersecurity Aspects
17.2.4 Planning and Design
17.2.5 System Implementation and Testing
17.2.6 Sampled Value and Process Bus Applications
17.2.7 Inter-substation and SCADA Applications
17.2.8 Maintenance and Asset Management of IEC 61850 Systems
17.2.9 Applications Beyond Substations
17.3 Future Challenges
A Bibliography and References
Standards
CIGRE Technical Brochures
CIGRE Papers and Contributions
CIGRE Papers
B Definitions, Abbreviations and Symbols
CIGRE Terms
Organisation Acronyms
Specific Terms in this Book
Symbols