This book covers the digitalization of the grid from a practical point of view and helps you understand the principles used in the development of the standard and its multiple benefits of how they can help in all aspects of the specialists’ everyday work. The book demonstrates that the IEC 61850 standard is a new communications protocol and a completely new engineering environment using named data objects and attributes that support the interoperability between multifunctional devices from different manufacturers integrated in protection automation and control systems. It highlights the contribution of the standard in introducing high speed peer to peer communications that support different substation and wide area protection and automation related applications. You will be introduced to the different parts of the standard and their evolution from a substation centered approach towards its expansion targeting the coverage of the different domains of the smart grid. It approaches the subject from a practical point utilizing an expert’s years of experience. It provides numerous examples of the application of the standard for protection, automation, and control in smart grid. This is an excellent resource for utility specialists and researchers developing protection, automation and control devices in systems based on the standard; and by consultants helping with the implementation of the standard in different projects.
Author(s): Alexander Apostolov
Publisher: Artech House
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 351
City: Boston
IEC 61850: Digitizing the Electric Power Grid
Contents
Preface
Chapter 1
Smart Grid Definition
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Power System Hierarchy
1.2.1 Megasystem
1.2.2 Power System
1.3 Grid Control Concept
1.4 Reliability
1.5 Electric Power System Security
1.6 Efficiency
1.7 Digitization Versus Digitalization
References
Chapter 2 Smart Grid Functions
2.1 General Function Categories
2.2 Types of Functions
2.2.1 Protection Functions
2.2.2 Control Functions
2.2.3 Automation Functions
2.2.4 Monitoring and Recording Functions
2.2.5 Supervision Functions
2.2.6 Auxiliary Functions
2.3 Components of Smart Grid Systems
2.3.1 Functions and Function Elements
2.3.2 Communication Interfaces in the Smart Grid
2.4 Messages in Smart Grid Systems
2.4.1 Fast Messages
2.4.2 Medium-Speed Messages
2.4.3 Low-Speed Messages
2.4.4 Raw Data Messages
2.4.5 File Transfer
2.4.6 Time Synchronization
2.4.7 Command Messages
Chapter 3 Requirements for IEC 61850
3.1 General Requirements
3.1.1 Interoperability
3.1.2 Free Configuration
3.1.3 Long-Term Stability
3.1.4 Flexibility
3.1.5 Communication Support
3.2 Modeling Requirements
3.2.1 Modeling Requirements for Multifunctional IEDs
3.2.2 Function Elements Modeling
3.3 Requirements for Engineering Support
3.4 Testing-Related Requirements
Reference
Chapter 4 Development of IEC 61850
4.1 IEC International Standard Development Process
4.2 The Development of the IEC 61850
4.2.1 UCA 2.0
4.2.2 IEC 61850
4.3 The Insider’s View
References
Chapter 5 The IEC 61850 Standard and Related Documents
5.1 Introduction
5.2 IEC Standard Document Types
5.3 The Core IEC 61850 Standard Parts
5.3.1 Part 1
5.3.2 Part 2
5.3.3 Part 3
5.3.4 Part 4
5.3.5 Part 5
5.3.6 Part 6
5.3.7 Part 7-1
5.3.8 Part 7-2
5.3.9 Part 7-3
5.3.10 Part 7-4
5.3.11 Part 8-1
5.3.12 Part 8-2
5.3.13 Part 9-1
5.3.14 Part 9-2
5.3.15 Part 9-3
5.3.16 Part 10
5.4 The IEC 61850 Standard-Related Documents
Reference
Chapter 6 Substation Communication Basics
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Communication Requirements
6.2.1 Who Is Sending and Who Is Receiving the Information?
6.2.2 What Is the Information That We Need to Exchange?
6.2.3 What Is the Reason That We Need to Exchange Information?
6.2.4 How Can We Exchange the Information?
6.3 Communication Nodes
6.4 Transmission Modes
6.4.1 Definition
6.4.2 Simplex Mode
6.4.3 Half-Duplex Mode
6.4.4 Full-Duplex Mode
6.5 Communication Media
6.5.1 Wired Media
6.5.2 Wireless Media
6.6 Network Area
6.6.1 PAN
6.6.2 LAN
6.6.3 MAN
6.6.4 WAN
6.7 Network Topology
6.7.1 Network Topology Definition
6.7.2 Bus Topology
6.7.3 Ring Topology
6.7.4 Star Topology
6.7.5 Mesh Topology
6.7.6 Tree Topology
6.7.7 Hybrid Topologies
6.8 Functional Relationships
6.8.1 Relationships
6.8.2 Master/Slave
6.8.3 Client/Server
6.8.4 P2P
6.9 Communication Protocols
6.9.1 Protocol Definition
6.9.2 Message Encoding
6.9.3 Message Formatting
6.9.4 Message Timing
6.9.5 Message Size
6.9.6 Message Delivery Option
Chapter 7
Technology Fundamentals
7.1 Introduction
7.2 The OSI Model
7.3 MMS
7.4 ASN.1
7.5 TCP/IP and UDP/IP
7.6 The Ethernet
7.7 PRP and HSR
7.8 UML
7.9 XML
References
Chapter 8 Object Modeling and Virtualization
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Object-Oriented Design Principles
8.3 Functional Decomposition
8.4 Functional Hierarchy: Functions, Subfunctions, and Function Elements
8.5 Data Objects and Attributes
8.6 Data Sets
Chapter 9
IEC 61850 Model Details
9.1 Introduction
9.2 The IEC 61850 Logical Node Object Model
9.3 The IEC 61850 Logical Device Model
9.4 The IEC 61850 Server Object Model
9.5 The IEC 61850 Data Model
9.5.1 Data Modeling Principles
9.5.2 Data Modeling of Measurements
9.5.3 Data Modeling of Protection-Related Data Objects and Attributes
9.6 The IEC 61850 Transformer Protection IED Model
References
Chapter 10 GOOSE Communications and Their Applications
10.1 Introduction
10.2 GOOSE in UCA 2.0
10.3 IEC 61850 GOOSE
10.4 GOOSE Applications to Adaptive Distribution Protection
10.4.1 Adapting to Changes in Substation Configuration
10.4.2 Adapting to Faults on Adjacent Feeders
10.4.3 Adapting to the Loss of Protection IED
10.5 GOOSE Applications to Transmission Line Protection
10.6 GOOSE Applications to System Integrity Protection Schemes
10.7 GOOSE Benefits
References
Chapter 11
Sampled Value Communications and Their Applications
11.1 Introduction
11.2 How Sampled Values Were Developed
11.3 IEC 61850 Sampled Value Model
11.4 Implementation Agreement IEC 61850 9-2 LE
11.5 IEC 61869-9
11.6 Using Sampled Values for High-Voltage Bus Protection
11.7 Using Sampled Values for Disturbance Recording
References
Chapter 12 Standards-Based Engineering
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Object-Oriented Standards-Based Engineering of Protection Systems
12.2.1 Standard Bays
12.2.2 Standard Substations
12.3 IEC 61850 Substation Configuration Language
12.3.1 The Substation Model
12.3.2 The Product (IED) Model
12.3.3 The Communication System Model
12.3.4 Data Flow Modeling
12.3.5 Modeling of Redundancy
12.4 SCL Files
12.4.1 IED Specification Description
12.4.2 IED Capability Description
12.4.3 Instantiated IED Description
12.4.4 System Specification Description
12.4.5 Substation Configuration Description
12.4.6 Configured IED Description
12.4.7 System Interface Exchange Description
12.5 IEC 61850 SCL Engineering Process
12.6 SCL-Based Standardization Process
12.6.1 Standard Scheme Template
12.6.2 Defined Standard Scheme
12.6.3 Applied Standard Scheme
12.6.4 Instantiated Standard Scheme
References
Chapter 13 Time and Its Applications in Protection and Control Systems
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Time in PAC Systems
13.3 Time-Related Definitions
13.4 Time-Related Requirements
13.5 Time in the IEC 61850 Model
13.6 Time Settings for Protection Functions
13.7 Time in the GOOSE Model
13.8 Time in Sampled Value Communications
13.9 Time Protocols
13.10 Time Synchronization Systems
13.11 Time Synchronization Sources
References
Chapter 14 Testing of IEC 61850-Based Devices and Systems
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Requirements for Isolation During Testing
14.2.1 Device Development Tests
14.2.2 Conformance Test
14.2.3 Device Acceptance Test
14.2.4 Device Interoperability Test
14.2.5 Integration Test
14.2.6 Factory Acceptance Test
14.2.7 Commissioning Test
14.2.8 Site Acceptance Test
14.2.9 Maintenance Testing
14.3 IEC 61850 Testing-Related Features
14.3.1 Modes of a Function
14.3.2 Mirroring Control Information
14.3.3 Simulation of Messages
14.3.4 Advanced Simulation Possibilities
14.4 Testing Methods
14.4.1 Black Box Testing
14.4.2 White Box Testing
14.4.3 Top-Down Testing
14.4.4 Bottom-Up Testing
14.5 Requirements of Testing Tools
14.6 Testing of Low-Power Instrument Transformer-Based Systems
14.7 Testing of Protection Systems
14.8 Remote Testing Requirements and Benefits
14.9 CIGRE Technical Brochure 760
References
Chapter 15 Digital Substations
15.1 Introduction
15.2 IEC 61850-Based Digital Substation
15.3 Data in Digital Substation
15.4 Digital Substation Architecture
15.5 Process Interfaces in Digital Substations
15.5.1 Standalone Merging Unit
15.5.2 Low-Power Instrument Transformer Interface
15.5.3 Optical IT with a Direct Sampled Value Interface
15.6 The Business Case for Digital Substations
Chapter 16 Cybersecurity
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Attack Vectors and Attack Surface
16.2.1 Attack Surface Components
16.3 GOOSE Attack
16.3.1 Basic Attack
16.3.2 Sophisticated Attack
16.3.3 Transmission Line Protection Attack
16.3.4 Breaker Failure Protection Attack
16.4 Cybersecurity Regulations and Standards
16.4.1 NERC Critical Infrastructure Protection
16.4.2 IEC 62351 Communication Network and System Security
16.4.3 IEC 62443 Industrial Communication Networks—Network and System Security
16.4.4 IEEE Power and Energy Society Standards
References
Chapter 17 DER Integration
17.1 Introduction
17.2 IEC 61850-7-420
17.3 DER Function Modeling Principles for Protection and Control Applications
17.4 Ride-Through Modeling Requirements
17.5 DER Management
17.6 DER Controller IEC 61850 Modeling Principles
17.7 Electrical Reference Point Modeling Considerations
17.8 DER Controller Interface Requirements
17.9 Protection of Systems with a High Penetration of DERs
References
Chapter 18 Migration Strategy
18.1 Introduction
18.2 The Evolution of PAC Systems
18.2.1 Electromechanical Systems
18.2.2 Electromechanical and Solid-State Systems
18.2.3 Electromechanical and Microprocessor-Based Protection Systems
18.2.4 Hybrid Digital Substations
18.2.5 Fully Digital Substations
18.2.6 Centralized Digital Substations
18.2.7 Cloud-Based Substations
18.3 Integration of Legacy Devices
18.3.1 Integration in Existing Installations
18.3.2 Integration of Legacy IEDs
18.3.3 Integration of Electromechanical or Solid-State Relays
18.3.4 Using GOOSE with Legacy Devices
18.4 Migration Process
18.5 Organizational Changes
About the Author
Index
