This book provides a general overview of the various aspects of the properties, production, storage and application of hydrogen. Emphasis is placed on the thermodynamics of hydrogen as well as its application in automotive engineering using fuel cells and internal combustion engines. Furthermore, possibilities for the energy transition and the sustainable hydrogen economy are presented and further applications of hydrogen in energy technology and industry up to sector coupling are described. This also includes an introduction to materials, safety aspects and legal aspects with a focus on Europe. With reference to research projects at the Graz University of Technology and HyCentA, Hydrogen Center Austria, the current state of the art is presented in a well-founded manner.
Author(s): Manfred Klell, Helmut Eichlseder, Alexander Trattner
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 320
City: Wiesbaden
Preface
Symbols, Indices, and Abbreviations
Contents
1: Energy Revolution and Hydrogen Economy
1.1 Vision
1.2 Motivation
1.2.1 Population, Energy Demand and Resources
1.2.2 Emission, Imission and Health
1.2.3 Greenhouse Effect, Global Warming and the Environment
1.3 Implementation
1.3.1 Technological Approaches
1.3.2 Electro Mobility
1.3.3 Energy Revolution and Hydrogen Economy in Austria
2: Historical Notes
3: Fundamentals
3.1 Occurrence
3.2 Thermodynamic State
3.3 Substance Properties
3.4 Chemical Properties
3.4.1 Isotopes
3.4.2 Atomic Spin
3.4.3 Spectral Lines
3.5 Chemical Compounds
3.5.1 Hydrides
3.5.2 Compounds with Carbon
3.5.3 Decomposition of Hydrogen
3.6 Combustion
3.6.1 Gross Reaction Equation
3.6.2 Chemical Equilibrium
3.6.3 Reaction Kinetics
4: Production
4.1 Overview
4.2 Electrolytic Splitting of Water
4.2.1 Fundamentals
4.2.2 Electrolysis Systems
4.2.3 Power-to-Gas
4.3 Reforming
4.3.1 Steam Reforming
4.3.2 Partial Oxidation
4.3.3 Autothermal Reforming
4.4 Gasification
4.5 Purification
4.5.1 Purification of Feedstock
4.5.2 Purification of the Final Product
4.6 Direct Cracking of Hydrocarbons
4.7 Chemical Splitting of Water
4.8 Biological Production Processes
4.8.1 Enzymes for Hydrogen Production
4.8.2 Photolysis
4.8.3 Fermentation
4.9 Hydrogen as a By-product
4.9.1 Chlorine-Alkali Electrolysis
4.9.2 Gasoline Reforming
4.9.3 Ethene Production
5: Storage and Transport
5.1 Overview
5.2 Gaseous Storage
5.2.1 Compression and Expansion
5.2.2 Tank Systems and Infrastructure
5.3 Liquid Storage
5.3.1 Liquefaction and Compression
5.3.2 Tank Systems and Infrastructure
5.4 Hybrid Storage
5.5 Storage in Physical and Chemical Compounds
5.5.1 Physical and Chemical Adsorption
5.5.2 Chemical Absorption
6: Fuel Cells
6.1 Principle and Characteristics of the Fuel Cell
6.2 Types of Fuel Cells
6.3 Design of Fuel Cells
6.3.1 Single Cell
6.3.2 Cell Stack
6.3.3 Fuel Cell System
6.4 Application in Automotive Engineering
6.4.1 Powertrain Types
6.4.2 Vehicles
6.5 Other Applications
6.5.1 Portable Fuel Cells
6.5.2 Stationary Fuel Cells
6.5.3 Mobile Fuel Cells on Water
6.5.4 Mobile Fuel Cells on Air
7: Internal Combustion Engines
7.1 Relevant Properties of Hydrogen in Internal Combustion Engines
7.2 Classification and Outline Characteristics
7.3 Hydrogen Operation with External Mixture Formation
7.4 Internal Mixture Formation or Direct Hydrogen Injection
7.4.1 Combustion Behavior with Hydrogen Direct Injection
7.4.2 Charge Stratification
7.4.3 Combustion Control
7.4.4 Combustion with Auto-Ignition
7.5 Vehicles with Hydrogen Engines
7.6 Operation with Mixtures of Hydrogen and Methane
7.6.1 Effects on Combustion
7.6.2 Operating Strategies
7.6.3 Construction of a Prototype Vehicle
8: Further Applications
8.1 Haber-Bosch Process
8.2 Hydrofining
8.3 Hydrocracking
8.4 Fischer-Tropsch Process
8.5 Methanol Production
8.6 Semiconductor Industry
8.7 Analytical Chemistry
8.8 Food Chemistry
8.9 Water Treatment
8.10 Reduction and Treatment of Metals
8.11 Welding and Cutting
8.12 Energy Technology and Automotive Engineering
9: Materials, Law and Safety
9.1 Materials
9.2 Law and Safety
9.2.1 Regulations and Directives in the EU
9.2.2 Approval of Motor Vehicles in the EU
9.2.3 Standards and Technical Rules
9.2.4 Comparative Fire Test for Vehicle Tanks
9.2.5 Test Stands for Hydrogen Applications
9.2.6 Safety at HyCentA
Literature
