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Hydrogen Electrical Vehicles

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HYDROGEN ELECTRICAL VEHICLES

Hydrogen electrical vehicles are an essential component of the “Green New Deal” and this book covers cutting-edge technologies designed for fuel-cell-powered cars.

The realization of the decision of 28 countries to keep global warming at 2 degrees and below, which is stated in the Paris Agreement, and the achievement of minimizing CO2 emissions, can only be accomplished by establishing a hydrogen ecosystem. A new geopolitical order is envisaged, in which sectors dealing with energy production, distribution, and storage, thus decreasing the carbon footprint, are reconstructed. In short, an economic order with new tax regulations is being created in which the carbon footprint will be followed. This global effort called the “Green Deal” is defined as a new growth strategy aiming at net-zero CO2 emissions. We know that the total share of transportation in CO2 emissions is about 24%. Therefore, efforts for reducing emissions must include utilizing hydrogen in transport.

The subjects covered in the book include:

  • An introduction to hydrogen and electrical vehicles;
  • Hydrogen storage and compression systems;
  • Hydrogen propulsion systems for UAVs;
  • Test and evaluation of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles;
  • Hydrogen production and PEM fuel cells for electrical vehicles;
  • The power and durability issues of fuel cell vehicles.

Audience

The book will attract readers from diverse fields such as chemistry, physics, materials science, engineering, mechanical and chemical engineering, as well as energy-focused engineering and hydrogen generation industry programs that will take advantage of using this comprehensive review of the hydrogen electrical vehicles.

Author(s): Mehmet Sankir, Nurdan Demirci Sankir
Series: Advances in Hydrogen Production and Storage
Publisher: Wiley-Scrivener
Year: 2023

Language: English
Pages: 273
City: Beverly

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
Chapter 1 Hydrogen Electrical Vehicles
1.1 Hydrogen Usage in Electrical Vehicles
1.2 Hydrogen Production for Electrical Vehicles
1.3 Hydrogen Storage Methods
1.4 State-of-the-Art for Hydrogen Generation and Usage for Electrical Vehicles
1.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 2 Study on a New Hydrogen Storage System – Performance, Permeation, and Filling/Refilling
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Outline of the New Storage System
2.2.1 Theoretical Tools Used for the System Analysis
2.3 Results
2.4 Conclusions
Abbreviations
List of Symbols
Subscripts
Greek Symbols
References
Chapter 3 A Review on Hydrogen Compression Methods for Hydrogen Refuelling Stations
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Mechanical Compressors
3.2.1 Reciprocating Piston Compressors
3.2.1.1 Basic Components and Operation of Reciprocating Piston Compressors
3.2.1.2 Thermodynamic and Motion Dynamics Principles of Reciprocating Piston Compressors
3.2.2 Reciprocating Diaphragm Compressors
3.2.2.1 Reciprocating Diaphragm Compressor Components
3.2.2.2 Operating Principle of Diaphragm Compressor
3.2.3 Integration of Reciprocating Piston Compressors in Hydrogen Refueling Stations
3.3 Non-Mechanical Compressors
3.3.1 Metal Hydride Compressors
3.3.1.1 Principle of Operation
3.3.2 Typical Metal Hydride Compressor Stage
3.3.2.1 Thermodynamic Analysis of Single Metal Hydride Compressor Stage
3.3.2.2 Metal Hydride Compressor Stage Design
3.3.3 Metal Hydride Compressors Stages Integration
3.3.4 Metal Hydride Compressor Integration in Hydrogen Refuelling Stations
3.4 Electrochemical Compressors
3.4.1 Components and Operation of Electrochemical Compressors
3.4.2 Integration of Electrochemical Compression in a Hydrogen Refuelling Station
References
Chapter 4 Current Technologies and Future Trends of Hydrogen Propulsion Systems in Hybrid Small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
4.1 Introduction of Fuel Cell-Based Propulsion for UAVs
4.2 Unified Classification of the Components | of a Hybrid Electric Power System in UAVs
4.2.1 Converters
4.2.2 Storage Systems
4.3 Fuel Cell-Based Hybrid Propulsion System Architectures
4.4 Experiments on Fuel Cell-Based UAVs
4.5 Energy Management Strategies of Fuel Cell-Based Propulsion
4.6 Conclusions and Future Trends for Fuel Cell-Based Propulsion of UAVs
References
Chapter 5 Test and Evaluation of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Test and Evaluation System
5.2.1 Test and Evaluation System for FCVs
5.2.2 Test and Evaluation System for FCEs
5.2.3 Test and Evaluation System for Main Components
5.3 Safety Performance Requirements for FCVs
5.3.1 Safety Requirements for Whole Vehicle of FCVs
5.3.1.1 Requirements for Vehicle Hydrogen Emission
5.3.1.2 Requirements for Vehicle Hydrogen Leakage
5.3.1.3 Requirements for Reminder of Low Residual Hydrogen Gas in the Tank
5.3.1.4 Requirements for Electrical Safety
5.3.2 Safety Requirements for Hydrogen System Safety
5.3.2.1 Requirements for the Hydrogen Storage Tanks and Pipelines
5.3.2.2 Requirements for Pressure Relief System
5.3.2.3 Requirements for Hydrogen Refueling and Receptacle
5.3.2.4 Requirements for Hydrogen Pipeline Leakage and Detection
5.3.2.5 Requirements for the Function of Hydrogen Leakage Alarm Device
5.3.2.6 Requirements for Hydrogen Discharge of Storage Tank
5.4 Hydrogen Leakage and Emission Test
5.4.1 Analysis of Existing Related Standards
5.4.2 Development of Sealed Test Chamber
5.4.2.1 Internal Dimensions
5.4.2.2 Air Exchange Rate
5.4.2.3 Security Measures Adopted for Test Chamber
5.4.2.4 Arrangement of Key Components
5.4.3 Test Conditions
5.4.4 Test of Two-Fuel-Cell Passenger Cars
5.4.5 Test Results Analysis
5.4.5.1 Hydrogen Leakage in the Parking State
5.4.5.2 Hydrogen Emissions Under Combined Operating Conditions
5.5 Test for Energy Consumption and Range of FCVs
5.5.1 Test Vehicle Preparation
5.5.2 Test Procedure
5.5.3 Requirements for Data Collection
5.5.4 Range and Energy Consumption Calculation for FCVs
5.5.4.1 Data Process Steps for the Plugin FCVs
5.5.4.2 Data Analysis for the Plugin FCVs
5.5.5 Test of Range and Energy Consumption for Fuel Cell Passenger Car
5.5.5.1 Test of Plugin Fuel Cell Car
5.5.5.2 Test of Non-Plugin Fuel Cell Car
5.5.6 Test of Range and Energy Consumption for Fuel Cell Truck
5.5.6.1 Brief Introduction of Test Vehicle and Test Cycles
5.5.6.2 Test Requirements
5.5.6.3 Power Change and Energy Consumption Results
5.5.6.4 Hydrogen Emission and Hydrogen Leakage
5.6 Subzero Cold Start Test for FCVs
5.6.1 Test Method for Cold Start Under Subzero Temperature
5.6.1.1 Test Conditions
5.6.1.2 Vehicle Soaking Under Subzero Temperature
5.6.1.3 Test Process for Subzero Cold Start of FCE
5.6.1.4 Test Process for Subzero Cold Start of FCVs
5.6.1.5 Data Collection and Results
5.6.2 Test for Subzero Cold Start of FCVs
5.6.2.1 Test System Development
5.6.2.2 Analysis of Test Results
5.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6 Hydrogen Production and Polymer Electrode Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cells for Electrical Vehicles
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Energy Challenges and Green Energy Demand
6.1.2 FC in Green Energy Aspect
6.1.3 Recent Developments in FC Vehicles (FCV) Market
6.2 PEMFC Technology
6.2.1 PEMFC Working Principle and Components
6.2.1.1 Proton Exchange Membrane
6.2.1.2 Electrodes
6.2.1.3 Bipolar Plate (BP)
6.2.2 Fuel Cell Efficiency
6.2.3 Challenges to Overcome for FCVs
6.3 Hydrogen Storage for FCs and On-Demand Hydrogen Generation
6.3.1 Hydrogen Storage
6.3.1.1 Physical-Based Hydrogen Storage
6.3.1.2 Material-Based Hydrogen Storage
6.3.2 On-Board Hydrogen Generation
6.3.3 Are the FCs Considered to be 100% Green?
6.4 FCs and Automotive Applications
6.4.1 PEMFC Systems in Automobiles
Summary and Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 7 Power Density and Durability in Fuel Cell Vehicles
7.1 Fuel Cell Performance and Power Density
7.1.1 Introduction
7.1.2 Bipolar Plate
7.1.2.1 Blockages Along the Flow-Field of PEMFCs
7.1.3 Bio-Inspired Flow Fields
7.1.4 Metal Foam
7.1.5 Recent Progress in Bipolar Plates of Vehicular Fuel Cells
7.2 Fuel Cell Degradation Mechanisms
7.2.1 Introduction
7.2.2 Start-Stop Cycling
7.2.3 Open Circuit Voltage (OCV)/Idling Operation
7.2.3.1 H2O2 Generation and Free Radicals’ Attack
7.2.3.2 Pt Catalyst Degradation
7.2.4 Load Cycling
7.2.4.1 Mechanical Degradation of Load Cycling
7.2.4.2 Starvation
7.2.4.3 Chemical Degradation of Load Cycling
7.2.5 High Power
7.2.6 Summary of Aging Mechanisms
7.2.7 Measures to Control and Reduce the Degradation Rate of Fuel Cell
References
Index
EULA