Hydro-Meteorological Extremes and Disasters

Foreword
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Contents
About the Editors
Part I: Overview and Strategies
1: Hydro-meteorological Extremes and Disasters: Integrated Risk, Remediation and Sustainability
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Integrated Disaster Management: Concept and Scope
1.3 Disaster Management Models
1.3.1 Integration in DRR
1.3.1.1 Challenges of Increasing Disasters
1.3.1.2 Framework of Integrated Disaster Management Strategies
1.4 Initiative Taken for Integrated Disaster Management in India and Globally
1.5 Suggestions for Integrated Disaster Management Strategies
1.5.1 Proposed Approach of Integration for City Resilience
References
2: Public Policy in Environment and Sustainability Strategies: Global & National Scenario
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Policy Implementation
2.3 History of the International Environment Policy
2.4 Policy Initiatives by The Government of India
2.4.1 Indian Policies Towards Environmental Protection
2.5 Indian Policies Towards Disaster Management
2.5.1 Hydro-meteorological Domains and Public Policy
2.5.2 Climate Finance and India´s Nationally Determined Contribution
2.5.3 One Health Approach
2.5.4 Corporate Sustainability Policy
2.5.5 Policy Instruments in Environment Concerns
2.5.6 Present Policy Scenarios in India
2.5.7 Way Forward
References
3: Climate Finance at International and National Level: Needs, Drivers and Sources
3.1 Introduction
3.2 An Overview of Climate Finance at Global Level
3.3 Allocation of Climate Finance
3.4 Climate Finance in India
3.4.1 Importance of Climate Finance in India
3.5 Climate Insurance
3.6 Way Forward
References
4: Economic Impacts of Hydroclimatic Extremes and Disasters in India
4.1 Background
4.1.1 Objective of the Present Study
4.2 Observations at National and Sub-National Levels
4.3 Evidence from Vulnerable Households
4.3.1 Poor Infrastructure Development
4.3.2 Agriculture Is the Main Occupation
4.3.3 Disaster-Induced Migration
4.3.4 Loss in Cropped Land
4.4 Conclusions and Policy Implications
References
Part II: Tools and Techniques
5: Remote Sensing Applications in Drought Monitoring and Prediction
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Remote Sensing
5.1.2 Drought Concept
5.2 Drought Monitoring and Prediction
5.2.1 Drought Prediction Approaches
5.2.1.1 Statistical Approach
5.2.1.2 Dynamical Approach
5.2.1.3 Hybrid Approach
5.3 Remote Sensing in Drought Monitoring and Prediction
5.3.1 Precipitation
5.3.2 Soil Moisture
5.3.3 Evapotranspiration
5.3.4 Surface Water
5.3.5 Ground Water
5.3.6 Vegetation
5.4 Challenges and Future Perspectives
5.5 Case Study
5.5.1 Background
5.5.2 Study Area
5.5.3 Data Used
5.5.4 Methodology
5.5.5 Results and Discussion
5.6 Summary
References
6: Disaster Early Warning Communication Systems
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Disaster Management Scenario in India
6.3 Early Warnings for Disaster Risk Reduction
6.4 Early Warning Communication Procedures and Systems
6.5 Technological Tools for EWS
6.6 Geo-spatial Information Systems
6.7 Satellites for Remote Sensing and Earth Observation and EW Communication
6.8 Disruptive Technologies
6.9 Early Warning and Forecasting Networks in India
6.10 Early Warning Communication
6.11 Conclusion
Further Readings
7: Spatial Data Infrastructure for Suitable Land Identification for Government Projects
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Related Work
7.3 Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) for Land, Rainfall and Temperature Detailing
7.3.1 Spatial Data Infrastructure Architecture for Land, Rainfall and Temperature Detailing
7.3.2 LULC Detailing by Using Satellite Images (Landsat)
7.3.3 LULC Detailing by Using Topo-Sheets from Survey of India (SoI)
7.3.4 Rainfall Detailing by Using Indian Meteorological Department Data
7.3.5 Temperature Detailing by Using Indian Meteorological Department Data
7.3.6 Weighted Sum Overlay for Decision Making or Selection of Piece of Land
7.4 Verification, Accuracy and Use of this Research
7.4.1 Verification Using Actual Ground Control Points
7.4.2 LULC Accuracy Calculation (How Accurate Is Our Classification)
7.4.2.1 Overall Accuracy
7.4.2.2 Errors of Omission
7.4.2.3 Commission Error
7.4.2.4 Producer´s Accuracy
7.4.2.5 User´s Accuracy
7.4.2.6 Kappa Coefficient
7.4.3 Significance of This Research to Federal and Regional Government Agencies
7.5 Summary
References
8: Role of Stable Isotopes in Climate Studies - A Multi-archive Approach Focusing on Holocene to Anthropocene Records
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Basics of Isotopes
8.2.1 Stable Isotopes of Carbon (δ13C), Oxygen (δ18O), Nitrogen (δ15N) and Hydrogen (δD)
8.3 Climate Extremities from Latest Pleistocene to Present
8.3.1 Younger Dryas (YD)
8.3.2 8.2 ka Cold Event
8.3.3 4.2 ka Cold Event
8.3.4 Roman Warm Period (RWP)
8.3.5 Dark Age Cold Period (DACP)
8.3.6 Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA)
8.3.7 Little Ice Age (LIA)
8.4 Challenges and outlook
8.5 Conclusion
References
9: Integration of Climate Model & Hydrology Model-Tools, Bias-Correction, Downscaling, & Future Focus
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Downscaling Techniques
9.3 Integration of GCM and Hydrological Model
9.4 Bias-Correction in Climate Change Impact Analysis
9.5 Uncertainty Analysis in Climate Change Impact Assessment
9.6 Case Study
9.6.1 Study Area
9.6.2 Climate and Rainfall
9.6.3 Climate Model Data
9.6.4 Methodology
9.6.5 Multimodel Uncertainty Analysis
9.6.6 Bias-Correction
9.6.7 Hydrological Modelling
9.6.8 Climate Change Impact Analysis
9.7 Concluding Remarks and Future Focus
References
10: Analysis of Precipitation Extremes at the Intra-seasonal Scale Using a Regional Climate Model
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Data and Methodology
10.2.1 Model and Data Used
10.2.2 Methodology
10.3 Results and Discussion
10.3.1 Intra-seasonal Variability of the Indian Summer Monsoon
10.3.2 Analysis of Low and High Frequency Modes
10.4 Conclusion
References
11: Geospatial BigData and Its Applications
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Geospatial Data as a Big Data
11.2.1 Features of BigData
11.2.2 Gap Analysis of Geo-spatial Data
11.2.3 Categorization of Geospatial Big Data
11.2.3.1 Raster Data
11.2.3.2 Vector Data
11.2.4 Pre-processing
11.2.4.1 Pre-processing Architecture
11.2.5 Feature Extraction
11.2.5.1 Curse of Dimensionality
11.2.5.2 Dimensionality Reduction Techniques
11.2.5.3 Principal Component Analysis
11.2.5.4 Linear Discriminant Analysis
11.2.5.5 Independent Component Analysis Algorithm (ICA)
11.3 Applications of Geospatial Big Data for Monitoring Hazards
11.4 Case Study
11.4.1 Flood Change Detection Using Satellite Images
11.4.2 Wind Power Prediction
11.5 Summary
References
Part III: Case Studies
12: Quantitative Assessment of Impact of Climate Change on Crop Yield over Sikkim and Central Region of India
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Study Area and Data Utilized
12.2.1 Study Area Description
12.2.2 Meteorological Data Utilized
12.3 Methodology
12.3.1 Crop Yield Simulation Using Aquacrop Model
12.3.2 Model Performance Evaluation Using RMSE and Coefficient of Determination (r2)
12.3.3 Evaluating Uncertainty of GCMs for Future Yield Simulation
12.3.4 Adaptation Strategy to Combat Impact of Climate Change on Crop Yield
12.4 Results and Discussion
12.4.1 Aquacrop Model Efficiency During Calibration and Validation for the Sikkim Region
12.4.2 Aquacrop Model Efficiency During Calibration and Validation for the Central Region of India
12.4.3 Future Simulated Yield of Crops
12.4.3.1 Sikkim Region
12.4.3.2 Central Region of India
Adaptation Strategy by Shifting Sowing Dates
12.5 Conclusions
References
13: Understanding of Future Water Challenges in a River Basin Under Ensemble of CORDEX Simulated Projections
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Study Area
13.3 Data Used
13.4 Methodology
13.5 Results and Discussion
13.5.1 Drought Occurrence and Temporal Extent
13.5.2 Drought Trend
13.5.3 Drought Concurrence
13.6 Conclusion
References
14: Drought as a Disaster and Its Characterization over Central India
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Drought: The Creeping Hazard
14.2.1 Drought Types: Meteorological, Agricultural, and Hydrological Drought Types
14.2.1.1 Meteorological Drought
14.2.1.2 Agricultural Drought
14.2.1.3 Hydrological Drought
14.2.1.4 Socio-Economic Drought
14.2.2 Drought Indices
14.2.2.1 Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI)
14.2.2.2 Standardized Runoff Index (SRI)
14.2.2.3 Standardized Soil Moisture Index (SSI)
14.2.2.4 Vegetation Condition Index (VCI)
14.2.3 Impact of Droughts
14.2.3.1 Environmental Impact
14.2.3.2 Economic Impact
14.2.3.3 Social Impact
14.3 Case Study over Central India
14.3.1 Study Area and Data Used
14.3.2 Drought Frequency, Mean Areal Extent, and Mean Duration
14.3.3 Drought Trend
14.3.4 Drought Concurrence
14.4 Drought Mitigation
14.5 Conclusion
References
15: The Implications of Climate Change on Water Resources of Rajasthan
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Study Area and Climate of Region
15.3 Climate Change v/s Evapotranspiration (ET), and Data Used
15.4 Estimation of Evapotranspiration
15.4.1 Evapotranspiration v/s Water Resources
15.5 Water Resources Management Options
15.6 Results and Discussion
15.7 Conclusions
References
16: Thar Desert of India: Application of Geospatial Technology for Extreme Weather Events
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Indian Scenario
16.3 Geospatial Technologies for Extreme Events
16.3.1 Droughts
16.3.1.1 Role of Remote Sensing and GIS in Drought Studies
16.3.1.2 Normalized Difference Wetness Index
16.3.2 Floods
16.3.2.1 Case Study
16.3.3 Surface Temperature
16.4 Sand and Dust Storms (SDS)
16.5 Conclusion
References
17: Addressing Hydro-climatic Risks Through Sectoral Planning: A Case of National Agriculture Disaster Management Plan (NADMP)
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Adaptation at Sectoral Level
17.3 Agriculture Sector and Disasters
17.4 India´s PM Agenda 10
17.5 Purpose and Scope of NADMP
17.6 Significance of NADMP
17.6.1 Addressing Hydro-meteorological Disasters
17.6.2 Human Resource Resilience
17.6.3 Rural Development
17.6.4 Agro Industries and Agribusiness
17.6.5 Green Growth and Sustainable Development
17.6.6 Overall Economy
17.7 Conclusions
References
18: India´s Health Adaptation Plan: Strategic Tool for Minimizing Disaster Related Losses and Damage
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Disaster Implicated Losses and Damage
18.3 How Does Climate Change Affect Human Health?
18.4 Strategic Tools Addressing Health Adaptation
18.4.1 Need for a Strategic Tool
18.4.2 Global Context
18.4.3 Indian Context
18.5 Conclusion
References