Hybrid Nanomaterials: Biomedical, Environmental and Energy Applications

Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
About the Editors
1 Introduction to Organic–Inorganic Nanohybrids
1 Introduction
2 History of Modern Hybrids
2.1 Silicon Chemistry and Silicates
2.2 Hybrids Based on Clay
2.3 Zeolite-Based Hybrids
2.4 Ceramics and Glasses Derived from Sol–Gel Technique
2.5 Mesoporous Nanomaterials
2.6 Hierarchically Structured and Multiscale Materials
2.7 Coordination Polymers
3 Organic–Inorganic Materials in Energy and Environment Applications
3.1 Polysaccharide-Based Hybrids
3.2 Protein-Based Hybrids
4 Coordination Polymers for Medical Applications
4.1 Crystalline Versus Amorphous
4.2 Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) and Photothermal (PTT) Therapy
4.3 Biomedical Imaging
5 Concluding Remarks
References
2 Structural Design of Organic–Inorganic Nanohybrids
1 Introduction
2 History of Structural Design of OINHS
3 OINHS Classification Based on Interactions
4 Classification of Nanohybrids on the Basis of Material Used
References
3 Fabrication of Organic–Inorganic Nanohybrids
1 Organic–Inorganic Nanohybrids
2 Strategies of Fabrication for Organic–Inorganic Nanohybrids
2.1 Surface Functionalization
2.2 Method of Wrapping
2.3 Electrospinning Method
2.4 Molecular Layer Deposition
3 Conclusion
References
4 Synthesis of Organic–Inorganic Nanohybrids-Based Polymeric Nanocomposites
1 Introduction
2 Synthesis Routes
2.1 Direct Processing
2.2 In Situ Polymerization
2.3 Sol–Gel Method
2.4 Electrochemical Synthesis
2.5 Nonconventional Methods
3 Conclusion
References
5 Organic–Inorganic Nanohybrids in Medicine
1 Introduction
2 Innovations in Biomedical Nanohybrid Manufacturing
2.1 Organic Species
2.2 Inorganic Nanoparticles
2.3 Nanohybrid Nanofabrication Methodologies
3 Nanohybrids with Organic and Inorganic Components and Their Functions
3.1 Organic Parts
3.2 Inorganic Parts
3.3 Interdependent Characteristics of Organic and Inorganic Parts
3.4 Functional Nanohybrids with Varying Morphological Features
4 Multipurpose Medicinal Applications
4.1 Flexible Imaging
4.2 Diverse Therapies
4.3 Therapy Directed by Imaging
5 Conclusions and Perspectives
References
6 Organic–Inorganic Nanohybrids in Cancer Treatment
1 Cancer
2 Therapeutic Approach
2.1 Immunotherapy
2.2 Surgery
2.3 Radiation Therapy
3 Nanomedicine
3.1 Size
3.2 Shape
3.3 Surface Properties
3.4 Specified Releasing Property
4 Targeted Cancer Therapy
4.1 Passive Targeting
4.2 Active Targeting
5 Nanodrugs in Different Forms
5.1 Nanohybrid
5.2 Organic–Inorganic Nanohybrids
5.3 Preparation of Nanohybrids
6 Functionalization by Hybrid Strategies
6.1 Enhancement of Encapsulation Efficacy and Biocompatibility
6.2 Enhancement in Solubility and Stability
6.3 Improvement of Targeted Delivery
6.4 Drug Release Behavior Control
7 Different Types of the Organic–Inorganic Nanohybrids
7.1 Clay-Based Nanohybrids
7.2 Organic-Based Nanohybrids
7.3 Inorganic and Metal-Based Nanohybrids
8 Conclusion
References
7 Organic–Inorganic NanoHybrids in Tissue Engineering and Drug Delivery Applications
1 Introduction
2 Constituents of Organic–Inorganic Nanohybrids
2.1 Organic Constituents
2.2 Inorganic Constituents
3 Fabrication Techniques of Organic–Inorganic Nanohybrids
3.1 Blended Electrospinning
3.2 Layer-by-Layer (LbL) Method
3.3 In Situ Fabrication
3.4 Co-axial Electrospinning
3.5 Melt Intercalation
3.6 One-Pot Synthesis
3.7 Wrapping Technique
4 Organic–Inorganic Nanohybrids in Tissue Engineering
5 Organic–Inorganic Nanohybrids in Drug Delivery
6 Conclusion
References
8 Organic–Inorganic Nanohybrid-Based Electrochemical Biosensors
1 Sensors and Biosensors
2 Classification of Biosensors
2.1 Classification Based on Bioreceptor
2.2 Classification Based on Transducer
3 Inorganic Materials Used for Biosensors
4 Organic Materials Used for Biosensors
5 Biomolecules
6 Organic–Inorganic Nanohybrids
6.1 In Situ and Ex Situ Method
6.2 Fabricating of Organic–Inorganic Electrospun Hybrid Nanofibers
6.3 Solid-Phase-Incorporated Reagents
6.4 Electrochemical Deposition
6.5 Seeding Approach
7 Immobilization Techniques
7.1 Physical Adsorption
7.2 Covalent Bonding
7.3 Bioactive Linked Entrapment
7.4 Affinity
7.5 Crosslinking
8 Deposition of Organic–Inorganic Nanohybrids on to the Electrode Surface
9 Applications of Electrochemical Biosensors
9.1 Electrochemical Biosensors for Food Analysis Applications
9.2 Electrochemical Biosensors for Environmental Analysis
9.3 Electrochemical Biosensors for Diseases Biomarker Applications
10 Conclusions and Future Prospective
References
9 Organic–Inorganic Nanohybrids Based Sensors for Volatile Organic Compounds
1 Introduction
2 Sources of VOCs
3 Classification of VOCs
4 Detection of VOCs
4.1 Electrochemical Sensor
4.2 Organic–Inorganic Nanohybrid Sensor
4.3 Sensing of Volatile Organic Compounds
5 Conclusion
References
10 Organic-Inorganic Nanohybrid-Based Sensors for Metal Ions Sensing
1 Introduction
1.1 Organic-Inorganic Hybrids
1.2 Types of Organic-Inorganic Hybrids
1.3 Sensing Applications of Organic-Inorganic Hybrids
2 Organic-Inorganic Hybrids as Metal Ions Sensors
2.1 Use of Nanotechnology in Sensing
2.2 Classification of Organic-Inorganic Hybrids Based on Mode of Sensing
2.3 Organic-Inorganic Hybrid as Electrochemical Sensors
3 Mechanism of Metal Ion Sensing by Organic-Inorganic Hybrids
3.1 Complex Formation
3.2 Redox Reaction
3.3 Cation Exchange
3.4 Intramolecular Energy Transfer
4 Performance Evaluation
5 Conclusion and Future Directions
References
11 Organic-Inorganic Nanohybrids-Based Sensors for Gases, Humidity, UV and Others
1 Introduction
2 Organic-Inorganic Nanohybrids-Based Sensors for Sensing of Gases
3 Organic-Inorganic Nanohybrids-Based Biosensors
4 Organic-Inorganic Nanohybrids-Based Sensors for Sensing of Toxic Organic Pollutants
5 Organic-Inorganic Nanohybrids-Based Sensors for Sensing of Humidity and UV
6 Challenges and Future Perspectives
References
12 Application of Organic-Inorganic Nanohybrids in Wastewater Treatment
1 Introduction
2 Potential Role of Organic-Inorganic Nanohybrids for Removal of Pollutants from Wastewater
2.1 Organic-Inorganic Nanohybrids for Removal of Pharmaceuticals
2.2 Organic-Inorganic Nanohybrids for Removal of Heavy Metals
2.3 Application of Organic-Inorganic Nanohybrids for Removal of Pesticides
3 Conclusions
References
13 Organic–Inorganic Nanohybrids for the Removal of Environmental Pollutants
1 Introduction
2 Environmental Pollutants; Sources and Toxic Health Effects
2.1 Dyes
2.2 Volatile Organic Compounds and Gases
3 Application of Organic–Inorganic Nanohybrids for Removal of Dyes
3.1 Adsorptive Removal of Dyes
3.2 Photocatalytic Degradation of Dyes
4 Potential of Organic–Inorganic Nanohybrids for Removal of Gases and VOCs
4.1 Mitigation Technologies
4.2 Membrane-Based CO2 Separation
4.3 Adsorption–Photocatalysis Synergic VOC Removal
5 Regeneration, Stability, and Reproducibility of Nanohybrids
6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
14 Tungstate-Based Nanohybrid Materials for Wastewater Treatment
1 Introduction
2 Waste and Their Sources
3 Metal-Based Tungstate Nanocomposites
3.1 Silver-Based Tungstate Composites
3.2 Copper-Based Tungstate Composites (CuWO4)
3.3 Zinc-Based Tungstate Composites (ZnWo2)
3.4 Barium-Based Tungstate Composite (BaWO4)
3.5 Bismuth-Based Tungstate Composites (Bi2WO6)
3.6 Sodium-Based Tungstate Composite (Na2W4O13)
4 Conclusion
References
15 Organic–Inorganic nanohybrids in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
1 Introduction
2 Basic Architecture of DSSC
2.1 ITO/FTO Coated Glass
2.2 Working Electrode
2.3 Photosensitizer or Dye
2.4 Electrolyte
2.5 Working Principle of a DSSC
3 Organic/Inorganic Hybrids as Efficient Counter Electrode
3.1 Novel Flexible Counter Electrodes
3.2 Graphene and Transition Metal as Counter Electrodes
3.3 NiO NWs with Carbon Shell Counter Electrodes
3.4 In Situ Carbon Template Synthesis
4 Organic/Inorganic Hybrids as Efficient Photo Anode
4.1 Photo anodes Mixed of MgO–ZnO
4.2 Ni-Doped TiO2 Nanoparticles DSSC Photo Anode
4.3 Nickel–Zinc Co-doped TiO2 Photo Anode DSSCS
4.4 Photo Anode Al-Doped ZnO DSSC
4.5 Europium and Terbium Lanthanide with TiO2 Photo Anode DSSC
4.6 Mg-Doped ZnO Photo Anode DSSC
4.7 Cobalt-RGO CO-doped TiO2 Photo Anode DSSC
4.8 Mg-Doping of ZnO Photo Anode DSSC
4.9 La with TiO2 Photo Anode DSSC
4.10 Nitrogen-Doped TiO2/Graphene Nanofibers Photo anode DSSC
4.11 Cu/S with TiO2 Photo anode DSSC
4.12 Titanim-Doped Hydroxyapatites Photo anodes for DSSC
5 Organic/Inorganic Hybrids-Based Quasi-solid Electrolyte
5.1 Classification of Electrolytes Used in DSSCS
6 Techno-Economic Analysis
7 Conclusion
References
16 Organic–Inorganic Nanohybrids in Supercapacitors
1 Introduction
2 Interfaces in Organic–Inorganic Nanohybrids
2.1 Physical Mixtures
2.2 Core–Shell Materials
2.3 In Situ Dispersion
2.4 1D and 2D Materials
2.5 Intimate Contact Materials
3 Conclusion
References
17 Organic–Inorganic Nanohybrids in Flexible Electronic Devices
1 Introduction
2 Classification of Organic–Inorganic Nanohybrids
3 Synthesis of Organic–Inorganic Nanohybrids
3.1 Sol–Gel and Solvothermal Approaches
3.2 (Self) Assembly Approach
3.3 Supramolecular Template Approach
3.4 Combination Approach
4 Applications of Organic/Inorganic Nanohybrids
4.1 Inorganic-Graphene Two-Dimensional (2D) Composites for Flexible Energy Storage Devices
4.2 Inorganic-Graphene Two-Dimensional Composites for Flexible Supercapacitors
4.3 Inorganic-Graphene Two-Dimensional Composites for Flexible Lithium-Ion Batteries
4.4 Inorganic-Graphene Two-Dimensional Composites for Flexible Lithium-Sulfur Batteries
4.5 Inorganic-Graphene Two-Dimensional Composites for Flexible Sodium-Ion Batteries
4.6 Carbon Nanotubes in Flexible Electronic Devices
4.7 Porphyrin-Based Hybrid Materials for Photocatalytic Applications
4.8 Polyimide-Based Nanohybrids in Advanced Optoelectronics
4.9 Cellulose-Based Nanohybrids
4.10 Polysilsesquioxane-Based Organic–Inorganic Hybrids for Organic Photovoltaics
4.11 Organic–Inorganic Hybrids for Flexible Thermoelectric Devices
4.12 Polyaniline-Based Inorganic Thermoelectric Materials
4.13 Poly(3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT)-Inorganic Thermoelectric Nanomaterials
5 Organic–Inorganic Materials for Solar Cells
5.1 Silicon-Based Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Solar Cells
5.2 Zinc Oxide-Based Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Solar Cells
5.3 Titanium Dioxide-Based Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Solar Cells
6 Conclusion
References
18 Organic–Inorganic Nanohybrids for Light Harvesting Application
1 Solar Energy and Light Harvestation
2 Materials for Light Harvesting Applications
2.1 Dendrimers
2.2 Biomaterials
2.3 Organic and Inorganic Hybrids (OIHs)
2.4 Nanohybrids
2.5 Organic/Inorganic Nanohybrids (OINHs)
3 Applications of OINHs for Light Harvesting
3.1 Development of PP-TiO2 Light Harvesting OINHs for Photocatalysis
3.2 Integration of Porphyrin Molecules into QD Doped PVK Nanoparticles for Energy Transfer
3.3 Photodegradation of Azo Dyes Through Polyoxometalates (POMs)
4 Conclusion
References
19 Organic–Inorganic Nanohybrids as Thermoelectric Materials
1 Introduction
2 Scientific Mechanisms of Organic/Inorganic Nanohybrid Thermoelectrics
2.1 Theory of Percolation
2.2 Interface and Grain Boundaries Effects
2.3 Energy Filter Effects/Superlattice Effects
3 Organic and Inorganic Nanohybrids as Thermoelectric Materials
4 Fabrication Techniques and Future Challenges
4.1 Electrospinning Technique
4.2 Hot Pressing
4.3 Solution Processing
4.4 Silk-Screen Printing or Paste Processing
4.5 Layer Deposition Method
4.6 Inkjet Printing Technique
4.7 3D Printing
5 Thermoelectric Devices Based on Organic–Inorganic Nanohybrids
5.1 Thermoelectric Power Generator (TEG)
5.2 Thermoelectric Cooler (TEC)
5.3 Environmental Thermoelectric (TE) Sensors
6 Conclusion
References
20 Organic–Inorganic Nanohybrids in Fuel Cell Applications
1 Introduction
2 Working Principle of Fuel Cells
2.1 Proton Conduction Process
3 Organic–Inorganic Nanohybrids in Fuel Cells
3.1 Nafion-Metal Oxide-Based Nanohybrids
3.2 Graphene-Based Nanohybrids
3.3 Carbon Nanotube-Based Nanohybrids
3.4 Conducting Polymer-Based Nanohybrids
3.5 Novel Green Nanohybrids
4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
21 Organic–Inorganic Nanohybrids in Advanced Batteries
1 Introduction
1.1 Batteries
1.2 Types of Batteries
2 Nanohybrids
2.1 Classes of Nanohybrids
3 Organic–Inorganic Hybrids (OIH)
4 Organic/Inorganic Nanohybrids (OINHs)
4.1 Classification of OINHs
5 Synthesis of OINHs
5.1 Poly(3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene)/V2O5 Nanohybrid for Li-Ion Batteries
5.2 Gel Polymer-NaAlO2 Nanohybrid
5.3 (PEO)9 LiCF3SO3 + Al2O3 Nanohybrids in Lithium Polymer Batteries
6 Applications of OINHs in Advanced Batteries
6.1 Poly(3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene)/V2O5 Nanohybrid for Li-Ion Batteries
6.2 Polymer Electrolyte (PE)/Metal-Ion Nanohybrid for Rechargeable Batteries
6.3 (PEO)9 LiCF3SO3 + Al2O3 Nanohybrids in Lithium Polymer Batteries
6.4 Polyvinyl Alcohol/Ammonium Nitrate (PVA/NH4NO3) Nanohybrid for Batteries
6.5 PEO/LiFSI Polymer Electrolyte for Li-Ion Batteries
6.6 PAN/LiTFSI Polymer Electrolyte
6.7 Polyoxometalate/Graphene Nanohybrid for Battery
7 Structure and Characterization of OINHs
7.1 Powdered X-ray Diffraction
7.2 High-resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM)
7.3 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)
7.4 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
8 Conclusion
References
22 Toxicology, Stability, and Recycling of Organic–Inorganic Nanohybrids
1 Introduction
2 Toxicity of Hybrid Nanomaterials
2.1 Agglomeration and Dispersion of Nanoparticles in Hybrid Nanomaterials
3 Stability of Hybrid Nanomaterials
3.1 Thermal Stability of Hybrid Nanomaterials
3.2 Mechanical Stability of Hybrid Nanomaterials
3.3 Environmental Stability of Hybrid Nanomaterials
4 Recycling of Hybrid Nanomaterials
5 Conclusion
References
23 Application Scope, Challenges and Future Perspectives of Organic–Inorganic Nanohybrids
1 Introduction
2 Organic Species
3 Inorganic Nanoparticles
4 Applications Prospects of Organic–Inorganic Nanohybrids
4.1 Biomedical Applications
4.2 Photocatalytic Applications
4.3 Electrochemical Sensors
5 Challenges and Future Perspectives of Organic–Inorganic Nanohybrids
6 Conclusion
References